MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PRACTICAL RECORD
COURSE CODE- EC-23202
SUBJECT- MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
NAME- ANRICHMANROY RYNTATHIANG
ROLL NO.:- D/22/EC/014
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025
MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:- To simulate the rectangular waveguide (WR90 wave guide) using CST
studio suite.
Software required: CST Student suite.
THEORY:-
Rectangular waveguides are one of the earliest type of the transmission lines. They are used in many
applications. A lot of components such as isolators, detectors, attenuators, couplers and slotted lines
are available for various standard waveguide bands between 1 GHz to above 220 GHz.
A rectangular waveguide supports TM and TE modes but not TEM waves because we cannot define a
unique voltage since there is only one conductor in a rectangular waveguide. The shape of a
rectangular waveguide is as shown below. A material with permittivity e and permeability m fills the
inside of the conductor.
The cutoff frequency of a rectangular waveguide for the 𝑇𝐸𝑚𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑀𝑚𝑛 mode is given by the
formula:
1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑓𝑐(𝑚𝑛) = √( ) + ( )
2𝜋√𝜇𝜖 𝑎 𝑏
Or more commonly in terms of the speed of light ccc in vacuum:
𝑐 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐(𝑚𝑛) = √( ) + ( )
2 𝑎 𝑏
PROCEDURE:-
1. First we need to select the Microwave template in CST Studio Suite.
2. Next, we choose the Waveguide and Coupler option.
3. We then proceed to set the frequency range, with a minimum of 5 GHz and a maximum of
20 GHz.
4. After that, confirm the provided design specifications.
5. Enter all the necessary design parameters required for constructing the waveguide.
6. Use the Brick tool to define the waveguide structure by entering the appropriate
parameters.
7. In a similar manner, kindly create the air region using another brick with suitable
dimensions.
8. Then, create and assign the waveguide ports at the appropriate locations.
9. Once everything is set up, please proceed to simulate the waveguide.
10. Finally, examine the resulting S-parameters and compare them with the corresponding
theoretical values.
CALCULATION AND OBSERVATION:-
MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
a= 22.86 mm
b=10.16 mm
c=3*1011 mm/sec
CUTOFF FREQUENCIES:
S2(1),1(1) = 6.5634 GHz
S2(2),1(2) = 13.115 GHz
S2(3),1(3) = 14.757 GHz
𝑐 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐(𝑚𝑛) = √( ) + ( )
2 𝑎 𝑏
1st case: m=1 and n=0
f_c = (3×10^11 / 2) × sqrt((1 / 22.86)^2 + 0)
= 1.5×10^11 × (1 / 22.86)
≈ 1.5×10^11 × 0.04374
≈ 6.561×10^9 Hz
= 6.56 GHz (TE_10 mode)
2nd case m=0 and n=1
f_c = (3×10^11 / 2) × sqrt(0 + (1 / 10.16)^2)
= 1.5×10^11 × (1 / 10.16)
≈ 1.5×10^11 × 0.09843
≈ 1.476×10^10 Hz
= 14.76 GHz (TE_01 mode)
3rd case m=2 and n=0
f_c = (3×10^11 / 2) ⋅ sqrt((2 / 22.86)^2 + 0)
= 1.5×10^11 ⋅ (2 / 22.86)
= 1.5×10^11 ⋅ 0.08748
≈ 1.312×10^10 Hz
= 13.12 GHz (TE_20 mode)
Conclusion: We successfully simulated the rectangular waveguide using CST Studio Suite.
MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
1st case
for m=1 and n=0
MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
2nd case m=0 and n=1
3rd case m=2 and n=0
MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
Experiment 2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:- To design the quarter wave transformer using cst
Software required: CST Student suite.
THEORY:-
A quarter wave transformer, sometimes referred to as a quarter-wave impedance transformer, is a
matching network or transmission line used in microwave and radio frequency (RF) engineering. Its
main function is to match the impedance of a transmission line segment to another, facilitating
effective power transfer between various radio frequency circuit components.
The Quarter Wave Transformer's basic idea is derived from the connection between a transmission
line's physical length and electrical wavelength (λ). A transmission line experiences a 90-degree
phase change in impedance when it is a quarter wavelength long at a specific frequency. This
characteristic is utilized to convert the impedance between two values.
The characteristic impedance (Z0) of a quarter-wave transformer is determined by the square root of
the product of the input impedance (Zin) and the output impedance(load impedance)
𝑧0 = √𝑧𝑖𝑛 𝑧𝑙
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open CST Studio Suite and select the Microwave template.
2. Choose the Waveguide and Coupler option.
3. Set the frequency range:
o Minimum Frequency: 4 GHz
o Maximum Frequency: 16 GHz
4. Confirm the following design specifications:
o L_50 = 20 mm
o h = 1.8 mm
o t = 0.015 mm
o w_50 = 3.723 mm
o l_100 = 15 mm
o w_100 = 0.8863 mm
o w_qwt = 1.975 mm
o l_qwt = 4.4375 mm
5. Define the main line using a brick with the following dimensions:
o X_min = -L_50, X_max = 0
o Y_min = -w_50/2, Y_max = w_50/2
o Z_min = -h, Z_max = h + t
6. Define the QWT section using a brick with:
o X_min = 0, X_max = l_qwt
o Y_min = -w_qwt, Y_max = w_qwt
o Z_min = h, Z_max = h + t
7. Define the PEC section using a brick with:
o X_min = l_qwt, X_max = l_qwt + l_100
o Y_min = -w_100/2, Y_max = w_100/2
MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
o Z_min = h, Z_max = h + t
8. Define the substrate (subs) using a brick with:
o X_min = -L_50, X_max = l_qwt + l_100
o Y_min = -5 * w_50, Y_max = 5 * w_50
o Z_min = 0, Z_max = h
9. Define the ground (gnd) using a brick with:
o X_min = -L_50, X_max = l_qwt + l_100
o Y_min = -sw/2, Y_max = sw/2 (Note: Define sw = 10 * w_50, if not already specified)
o Z_min = -t, Z_max = 0
10. Define the E-field and H-field monitors at frequency: 0.5003 GHz.
11. Set up the excitation sources at all ports and proceed with simulation.
12. View the output in the S-parameter results.
OBSERVATION AND OUTPUT:-
Fig: Quarter Wave Transformer
MICROWAVE PRACTICAL
Output of S-Parameter in S1,1 andS2,1
