AENT – 5311 PRE-Q Paper Solutions

(2020-21)
Part B
B1. ETL (Economic Threshold Level)
ETL refers to the popultion density of a pest at which control mesures should be implemented to
prevent the pest population from reaching the Economic Injury Level (EIL), where the cost of
damage exceeds the cost of pest management. It is an important concept in Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) as it helps in reducing unnecessary pesticide use and minimizing
environmental damage.
2. Rodenticide
Rodenticides are chemical substances or agents used to control rodents such as rats and mice,
which can cause significant damage to crops, stored grains, and other resources. These can be
classified into acute (single-dose) and chronic (multiple-dose) rodenticides, with examples
including zinc phosphide and bromadiolone.
3. Acaricide
Acaricides are chemicals used to kill mites and ticks that attack plants, animals, and humans.
These pests can cause severe damage to crops like fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.
Common acaricides include abamectin, sulfur, and bifenazate.
4. Parasitoids
Parasitoids are organisms, usually insects, whose larvae live as parasites that eventually kill
their host. They are highly beneficial in biological pest control. For instance, Trichogramma
species are parasitoids of caterpillars, making them valuable allies in controlling pests in crops
like cotton and sugarcane.
5. Hopper Burn
Hopper burn is a symptom caused by severe infestations of plant hoppers, such as the brown
planthopper in rice crops. The pests suck sap from plants, causing leaf wilting, browning, and
drying, leading to significant yield losses. Controlling hopper populations with proper IPM
strategies can prevent this damage.
6. Bollworm
Bollworms are destructive pests of cotton and other crops. Species such as the pink bollworm
(Pectinophora gossypiella) and American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) feed on cotton bolls,
reducing yield and quality. Control methods include crop rotation, Bt cotton, and the use of
pheromone traps.
7. External Feeder Insect
External feeders are pests that feed on the outer surfaces of plants, such as leaves, stems, and
flowers. Examples include caterpillars and beetles. Damage caused by external feeders includes
defoliation, reduced photosynthesis, and yield losses. Control methods include natural predators
and insecticides.
8. Specific Pest of Arhar
Specific pests of arhar (pigeon pea) include pod borers like Helicoverpa armigera and pod fly
(Melanagromyza obtusa). These pests damage flowers and developing pods, leading to reduced
yields. Management involves timely pesticide applications, biological control agents, and
resistant varieties.
9. Flare Square Symptoms
Flare square symptoms refer to damage signs caused by specific pests or environmental
conditions. For example, in cotton crops, bollworms may damage squares (flower buds), leading
to discoloration, shedding, or deformities. Recognizing such symptoms helps in early pest
detection and control.
10. Thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam is a systemic insecticide belonging to the neonicotinoid class. It is highly effective
against sucking pests like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers. It works by interfering with the
pest’s nervous system, causing paralysis and death. It is often used in seed treatments and foliar
applications.
11. Monophagous Insect Pest
Monophagous pests are species that feed exclusively on a single host plant or a closely related
group of plants. For example, the pink bollworm primarily feeds on cotton plants. Managing
monophagous pests often involves host-specific strategies like crop rotation and resistant
varieties.
As mentioned earlier, rodenticides
12. Rodenticide (Repeated)
are substances used to manage rodent populations that threaten crops and stored food. They
can be chemical-based, like anticoagulants, or natural, such as predators (e.g., owls) introduced
into the ecosystem.

C1. Write the marks of identification of leaf folder.

The leaf folder is a common pest that affects crops like rice and vegetables. The larvae of leaf folders
fold the leaves longitudinally and attach the edges with silken threads, forming a protective shelter
to feed inside. Below is an explanation of their marks of identification and a diagram description.

Marks of Identification:

1. Eggs:
• Laid singly or in small clusters on the leaf surface.
• Oval, flattened, and translucent.
2. Larvae:
• Creamy white to light green in color.
• Smooth body with brownish head capsule.
• Highly active, often seen moving out of folded leaves if disturbed.
3. Pupae:
• Yellowish-brown to light brown.
• Pupation occurs inside the folded leaf or between dried leaves.
4. Adult Moth:
• Small-sized moth, wingspan about 10-15 mm.
• Forewings are yellowish-brown with black or dark brown streaks.
 • Hindwings are pale white with fringed edges.

C2. Damaging symptoms of termites.

Termites are a significant pest affecting various crops, including sugarcane, wheat, maize, rice, and even
horticultural plants. They feed on the roots, stems, and other plant parts, causing considerable damage. Below
are the damaging symptoms of termites in crop plants:

Damaging Symptoms:
1. Hollowed Stems and Roots:
• Termites burrow into stems and roots, hollowing them out.
• Affected plants often appear weak and break easily near the base.
2. Wilting and Drying of Plants:
• Termites sever roots or disrupt nutrient and water transport, leading to wilting.
• Plants may dry up prematurely, especially under drought conditions.
3. Mud Tunnels:
• Visible earthen tunnels on stems, plant surfaces, or soil are a clear sign of termite
activity.
• These tunnels protect termites while they forage for food.
4. Damage to Seeds and Seedlings:
• Termites attack seeds in the soil, leading to poor germination.
• Young seedlings may be chewed and toppled, resulting in patchy crop stands.
5. Dead Heart Symptoms:
• In crops like sugarcane, termites may destroy the growing point, resulting in a "dead heart"
where the central shoot dies.
Crops Commonly Affected:
• Cereals: Wheat, maize, rice, millet.
• Cash Crops: Sugarcane, cotton.
• Horticulture: Vegetables, fruits (e.g., citrus, mango), and ornamental plants.
• Forest Plants: Teak, eucalyptus, and other timber species. Control Measures:
1. Apply termiticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos or fipronil) in soil during planting.
2. Use resistant varieties.
3. Maintain proper field hygiene by removing stubbles and organic debris.
4. Enhance soil moisture to discourage termite activity.

C3. Write down the scientific name, order and family of red caterpillar.
he term "red caterpillar" can refer to several species of caterpillars depending on the context, but
one commonly referenced pest is the red hairy caterpillar, which is a major pest in crops like
groundnut, castor, and other legumes. Below are the scientific classification details:

• Scientific Name: Amsacta albistriga or Amsacta moorei

• Order: Lepidoptera
• Family: Erebidae

C4. Write time and damage by white grub and part of plant they damaged.
White grubs, the larval stage of scarab beetles (family: Scarabaeidae), are destructive soil-
dwelling pests that primarily affect crops, pastures, and trees. Here are the details about their
activity period, damage, and the plant parts they attack:

Time of Activity:
• Emergence of Adults: Occurs after the first monsoon rains, typically between May and July.
 • Larval Feeding: Active from June to September, with peak activity during the rainy season.
• Pupation: Occurs in the soil during the late rainy or early winter season.

Damage by White Grubs:

1. Feeding on Roots:
• The larvae feed on the roots of plants, cutting off the supply of water and nutrients.
• Damaged roots are chewed, resulting in weak anchorage and plant death.
2. Wilting and Stunting:
• Affected plants show signs of wilting despite adequate soil moisture.
• Stunted growth and yellowing of leaves are common symptoms.
3. Patchy Crop Damage:
• Infested areas exhibit patchy damage in the field due to uneven grub distribution.
• Severe infestations lead to complete loss of crops in affected patches.
4. Damage to Tubers and Underground Parts:
• In crops like potatoes, sweet potatoes, and carrots, the larvae bore into tubers, making them
unmarketable.

Parts of the Plant Damaged:

• Roots: Major part affected in cereals, legumes, sugarcane, and pastures.
• Tubers: In root crops like potato and sweet potato.
• Base of Stems: Sometimes attacked, leading to lodging in crops like sugarcane.

Key Crops Affected:

• Cereals: Maize, wheat, and millet.
• Cash Crops: Sugarcane, groundnut, and cotton.
• Horticultural Crops: Potatoes, carrots, and other tuberous crops.
• Forest Plants: Teak and eucalyptus.

C5. Write down the life cycle of cotton white fly.

Life Cycle of Cotton Whitefly :

1. Egg Stage :

• Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves,

typically in clusters.
• Each female can lay 100-300 eggs during her
lifetime.
• Eggs are elliptical, initially white but turn
brownish before hatching.

• Duration : 3-5 days.

2. Nymphal Stage :
• After hatching, nymphs go through four instars (developmental stages).
• First instar (crawler stage) is mobile, while subsequent stages are sessile.
• Nymphs are flat, oval, and yellowish-white.
• Duration: 7-14 days (depending on temperature and host plant).
3. Pupal Stage:
• The final nymphal instar forms a pupal case from which the adult emerges.
 • The pupa is sedentary, yellowish, and opaque, often seen on the underside of
leaves.
• Duration: 3-6 days.
4. Adult Stage:
• Adults are small (1-2 mm), with two pairs of white powdery wings and a yellowish body.

• They are highly active, capable of flying between plants and laying eggs.

• Adults feed on plant sap and excrete honeydew, encouraging sooty mold growth.

• Lifespan : 15-40 days.

C6. Write down the marks of identification okra shoot and fruit borer.
The okra shoot and fruit borer ( Earias vittella and Earias insulana ) is a serious pest of okra, causing
significant damage to shoots and fruits. Below are the marks of identification for this pest:

Marks of Identification:

1. Eggs:
• Laid singly on tender shoots, flower buds, or fruits.
• Oval-shaped, creamy white, and turn yellowish before hatching.
2. Larvae:
• Cylindrical and smooth-bodied caterpillars.
• Young larvae are pale green, while older larvae may vary from green to brown with
dark longitudinal stripes.
• Length: Approximately 20–25 mm when fully grown.
3. Pupae:
•Pupation occurs in a silken cocoon within plant debris, dried shoots, or the soil.
•Pupae are brownish and about 10–12 mm long.
4. Adult Moth:
• Small to medium-sized moth with distinctive markings.
• Earias vittella: Forewings are light green with a prominent white stripe, while
hindwings are whitish with brown margins.
• Earias insulana: Forewings are pale green or creamy, with faint patterns, and
hindwings are whitish.
5. Damage Symptoms:
• Shoots: Larvae bore into tender shoots, causing wilting and drooping, leading to the
"dead heart" symptom.
• Fruits: Bored holes in fruits filled with excreta. Damaged fruits become
unmarketable and prone to secondary infections.
• Overall Plant: Stunted growth and reduced yield due to extensive damage.

C7. Write down the scientific name and damaging symptoms of cabbage semilooper.
CabbageSemilooper
• Scientific Name: Trichoplusiani
• Order : Lepidoptera
• Family : Noctuidae

Damaging Symptoms:

1. Feeding Damage:
• Larvae feed on the leaves, creating irregular holes.
 • Initial feeding may result in windowpane-like transparent patches where the leaf
epidermis is left intact.
• Advanced feeding leads to complete defoliation, leaving only leaf midribs and veins.
2. Curling of Leaves:
• Extensive feeding may cause leaves to curl or wilt due to loss of surface area for
photosynthesis.

3. Head Damage:
• In cabbage, larvae can feed on developing heads, causing significant economic
losses.
• Damaged heads become unmarketable due to contamination with frass (larval
excreta).
4. Silken Threads:
• Larvae produce silken threads that may give a webbed appearance to leaves or
heads in severe infestations.

5. Secondary Infections:
• Feeding damage creates entry points for pathogens, leading to rotting and further loss.

Life Stage Responsible for Damage:

• Larvae: The green, semi-looping caterpillars (measuring 30–35 mm at full growth) cause all
the damage. They have a characteristic looping movement as they crawl.

C8. Write down the scientific name and damaging symptoms of guava bark borer.
Guava Bark Borer

• Scientific Name: Indarbela quadrinotata

• Order: Lepidoptera
• Family: Metarbelidae

Damaging Symptoms:

1. Boring into Bark:

• Larvae bore into the bark of guava trees, forming tunnels.
• These tunnels are filled with frass (excreta) and wood particles.
2. Presence of Silk and Frass:
• A silken web mixed with excreta and debris is often seen around the entry holes on
the bark.
3. Branch Weakening:
• Infested branches may weaken and break under stress due to internal damage.
4. Reduced Vigor:
• Continuous damage disrupts the flow of nutrients and water, causing a decline in the
tree's vigor.
5. Wilting and Drying of Branches:
• Affected branches may wilt and dry up due to extensive internal damage caused by
the larvae.
6. Tree Mortality:
• Severe infestations can lead to the death of the tree if not controlled.

Life Stage Responsible for Damage :

• Larvae : The caterpillar stage is responsible for boring into the bark and causing all the damage.
C9. Write the scientific name, order and family of fruit sucking moth.
Fruit Sucking Moth
• Scientific Name : Eudocima fullonia (or related species like Eudocima materna)
• Order: Lepidoptera
• Family : Erebidae
Key Facts :
• These moths are notorious for damaging ripening fruits by piercing them to suck the juice.
• They attack a wide range of fruits, including citrus, guava, pomegranate, and mango.

C10. Write down the chemical control of papaya aphid.

Chemical Control of Papaya Aphid ( Aphis gossypii )
To manage papaya aphids effectively using chemical control, consider the following insecticides:

Commonly Used Insecticides:

1. Neonicotinoids:
• Imidacloprid (0.3 ml/L of water): Effective as a foliar spray to control aphid
populations.
• Thiamethoxam (0.2 g/L of water): Provides systemic protection and long-lasting
control.
2. Organophosphates:
• Dimethoate (1.5–2 ml/L of water): A contact and systemic insecticide targeting
aphids directly.
• Acephate (1 g/L of water): Acts on contact and has residual action.
3. Pyrethroids:
• Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.5 ml/L of water): Fast-acting against aphids but should be
used judiciously to avoid resistance development.

4. Systemic Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs):

• Pyriproxyfen (1 ml/L of water): Disrupts aphid growth and development.

Application Tips:
• Early Intervention: Spray insecticides at the first sign of aphid infestation to prevent
population buildup.
• Coverage: Ensure thorough coverage of the undersides of leaves, where aphids congregate.
• Rotation: Rotate chemical groups to avoid resistance development in aphid populations.
• Avoid Overuse: Excessive reliance on chemicals may lead to resistance and harm beneficial
insects like lady beetles and parasitoids.

Safety Measures:
• Follow label instructions and recommended doses.
• Use protective gear during application.
• Avoid spraying during flowering to protect pollinators.

C11. Write down the scientific name, order, family and nature of damage of khapara beetle.
Khapra Beetle
• Scientific Name: Trogoderma granarium
• Order: Coleoptera
• Family: Dermestidae

Nature of Damage:
 1. Primary Pest of Stored Products:
• Infests a wide variety of stored grains and products, including wheat, rice, barley,
maize, and pulses.

2. Larval Feeding:
• The larval stage is responsible for the majority of the damage.
• Larvae feed on the grain, leaving behind chewed fragments, excreta, and cast skins,
which contaminate the stored product.
3. Grain Quality Deterioration:
• Reduces seed viability by feeding on the embryo.
• Grain becomes unfit for human and animal consumption due to contamination and
nutrient loss.
4. Weight Loss:
• Infested grains lose weight due to larval feeding, leading to economic losses.
5. Infestation Spread :
• Highly invasive pest that spreads rapidly if unchecked, even in low-moisture environments.

Key Identification of Damage:

• Hollowed-out grains with irregular holes.
• Presence of larvae, frass, and cast skins in storage areas.
• Musty odor in heavily infested storage.

C12. Write down the scientific name, order and family of sawfly.
Sawfly
• Scientific Name : Numerous species (e.g., Nematus ribesii for the gooseberry sawfly, Caliroa
cerasi for the cherry sawfly) :
• Order Hymenoptera
• Family : Tenthredinidae
General Characteristics :
• Sawflies are often confused with wasps due to their appearance, but they differ in that sawflies are
actually a type of wasp-like insect that belongs to the Hymenoptera order.
• They are known for their saw-like ovipositor used by females to cut into plant tissue to lay their eggs.

PART D

D1. Write down the scientific name, damaging symptoms and management of rice stem borer.
1. Scientific Name
• Rice Stem Borer:
Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

2. Damaging Symptoms
 • Larval Tunneling:
The larvae bore into the rice stem, creating tunnels that disrupt the flow of nutrients and
water.
• Deadhearts:
In the tillering stage, infected young plants often exhibit a “deadheart” symptom where the
central leaves wilt and die.
• Whiteheads:
During the reproductive phase, damage to the stem near the panicle can lead to “whiteheads,”
where the spikelets fail to fill with grain and remain pale or white.
• Stunted Growth:
Overall plant vigor is reduced due to the internal damage, leading to stunted growth and lower
yield.

3. Management
• Cultural Practices:
o Field Sanitation: Remove and destroy crop residues and stubble after harvest to
eliminate breeding sites.
o Deep Plowing: This can help to expose and reduce the pupal population present in
the soil.
o Proper Water Management: Maintain optimal water levels to discourage larval
establishment.
• Biological Control:
o Natural Enemies: Utilize parasitoids (e.g., Trichogramma species) and predators that
naturally attack the borer.
o Entomopathogenic Organisms: Employ beneficial fungi or nematodes that target
the pest.
• Chemical Control:
o Insecticides: Apply insecticides at the early signs of infestation, following
recommended guidelines and timing to target the vulnerable larval stages.
o Monitoring: Regular field scouting and the use of light traps can help in detecting
the pest early for timely intervention.
• Resistant Varieties:
o Growing rice cultivars that are less susceptible to stem borer infestation can
significantly reduce damage.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
o Combining cultural, biological, and chemical strategies to effectively manage the pest
with minimal environmental impact.

D2. Write down the scientific name, order, family , nature of damage and management of wheat stem borer.
1. Scientific Classification
 • Scientific Name: Cephus cinctus Norton
• Order: Hymenoptera
• Family: Cephidae
Note: In many regions, this pest is commonly referred to as the wheat stem sawfly. However, its larval
behavior of boring into the stem gives rise to the common name “stem borer” in some texts.

2. Nature of Damage
• Egg Laying:
The adult sawfly lays eggs in the hollow stems of wheat plants.
• Larval Feeding:
Once hatched, the larvae burrow into the wheat stem and feed on the internal pith. This boring
action weakens the structural integrity of the stem.
• Lodging:
The weakened stems are prone to lodging (bending or breaking), which results in reduced
grain filling and lower yield.
• Overall Plant Health:
Infested plants may exhibit premature drying and reduced vigor, contributing to overall yield
losses.

3. Management Strategies
• Cultural Practices:
o Early Planting: Initiating planting early helps the crop escape the peak activity
period of the pest.
o Stubble Management: Removing or destroying crop residues after harvest
minimizes overwintering sites for the pest.
o Deep Plowing: This practice exposes pupae to predators and unfavorable conditions,
reducing the pest population.
• Resistant Varieties:
o Using wheat cultivars that are less susceptible to stem infestation can significantly
reduce damage.
• Chemical Control:
o Insecticides: Timely application of insecticides during the early larval stages can help
control the pest before significant damage occurs.
o Monitoring: Regular field scouting and the use of traps can aid in early detection and
timely intervention.
• Biological Control:
o Natural Enemies: Conservation and introduction of parasitoids and predators that
target the wheat stem borer can contribute to sustainable management.

D3. Write down the scientific name, order, family, nature of damage and management of gram pod borer.
1. Scientific Classification
• Scientific Name: Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
• Order: Lepidoptera
• Family: Noctuidae
Note: This insect is a polyphagous pest that affects a wide range of crops, with gram (chickpea) being one of
the important hosts.

2. Nature of Damage
• Larval Feeding:
The larvae bore into the pods of gram, feeding on the seeds. This feeding activity creates
entry points for pathogens and leads to seed damage.
• Pod Damage:
Infestation results in shrunken, discolored, or aborted pods, which directly affect yield quality
and quantity.
• Yield Loss:
Severe infestations can cause significant yield losses due to reduced seed development and
quality.

3. Management Strategies
• Cultural Practices:
o Timely Sowing: Adjust sowing dates to avoid peak periods of pest activity.
o Crop Sanitation: Remove and destroy infected pods and crop residues after harvest
to reduce overwintering populations.
o Crop Rotation: Practice rotation with non-host crops to break the pest cycle.
• Biological Control:
o Natural Enemies: Encourage or introduce natural enemies like parasitoids and
predators that target the larvae.
o Biopesticides: Use entomopathogenic fungi or baculovirus-based products where
applicable.
• Chemical Control:
o Insecticides: Apply recommended insecticides during the early larval stages based on
economic threshold levels, following integrated pest management (IPM) guidelines.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
Combine cultural, biological, and chemical measures while regularly monitoring pest
populations (e.g., using pheromone traps) to ensure control measures are timely and effective.

D4. Write down the identification, nature of damage and management of sesamum gall fly.
1. Identification
 • Morphology:
The sesamum gall fly is a small dipteran insect, with adults typically measuring around 2–
4 mm in length. They often exhibit a slender body with characteristic wing venation and are
usually brownish or greyish in color.
• Egg Laying:
Females deposit eggs on the tender, actively growing tissues of the sesame (Sesamum
indicum) plant. These sites are often on leaves or young stems.
• Larval Behavior:
Upon hatching, the larvae penetrate the plant tissues. Their feeding activity induces the
formation of galls (abnormal, swollen growths) on different parts of the plant.

2. Nature of Damage
• Gall Formation:
The larval feeding triggers the plant to form galls on leaves, stems, or even near the flower
buds. These galls disrupt the normal architecture of the plant.
• Disruption of Physiological Functions:
The induced galls interfere with the plant’s nutrient flow and photosynthetic efficiency,
weakening the overall plant vigor.
• Yield Reduction:
Extensive gall formation can lead to significant yield losses by reducing the effective growing
area and predisposing the plant to secondary infections.

3. Management Strategies
• Cultural Control:
o Crop Rotation & Field Sanitation: Rotate with non-host crops and remove or
destroy infected plant parts to break the pest’s life cycle.
o Use of Clean Seeds: Employ healthy planting material to minimize initial infestation.
• Chemical Control:
o Targeted Insecticide Applications: Apply recommended insecticides during the egg-
laying or early larval stages. Follow threshold-based guidelines to avoid unnecessary
chemical use.
• Biological Control:
o Natural Enemies: Encourage or introduce predators and parasitoids that specifically
attack the sesamum gall fly, helping to naturally reduce its population.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
o Monitoring: Regular field inspections and the use of traps can help detect early
infestations.
o Combination Approach: Integrate cultural, chemical, and biological methods for
effective and sustainable management.

D5. Rats and their management.

1. Identification
• Common Species:
o Black Rat (Rattus rattus): Generally smaller with a relatively longer tail, agile, and
excellent climbers.
o Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus): Typically larger with a shorter tail in proportion to
its body.
• Morphological Features:
o Pointed snout, prominent incisors for gnawing, and noticeable ear size.
o Nocturnal behavior with activity mainly during the night.
o Presence of droppings and gnaw marks on various materials (e.g., cables, stored food)
are indicators of infestation.

2. Nature of Damage
• Structural Damage:
o Gnawing on electrical wiring, insulation, and building materials can lead to fire
hazards and structural deterioration.
• Food Contamination:
o They contaminate food supplies and storage areas with droppings, urine, and hair,
posing health risks.
• Disease Transmission:
o Rats are known carriers of diseases such as leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and
hantavirus, which can spread to humans and other animals.
• Agricultural Losses:
o They damage stored grains and crops, leading to significant economic losses in
agricultural settings.

3. Management Strategies
• Sanitation and Habitat Modification:
o Cleanliness: Remove garbage, spilled food, and other potential attractants.
o Exclusion: Seal cracks, holes, and entry points in buildings to prevent access.
o Proper Storage: Secure food in rat-proof containers and maintain clean storage
areas.
• Physical/Mechanical Control:
o Trapping: Use snap traps, live traps, or glue boards strategically placed where rat
activity is high.
o Barriers: Install physical barriers and screens to block access to sensitive areas.
• Chemical Control:
 o Rodenticides: Apply appropriate rodenticides in tamper-proof bait stations. Always
follow label directions and local regulations to minimize risks to non-target species
and the environment.
• Biological Control:
o Natural Predators: Encouraging the presence of natural predators like cats or certain
birds of prey can help reduce rat populations. However, these should complement—
not replace—other control methods.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
o A combined approach that incorporates sanitation, physical exclusion, mechanical
trapping, and chemical control while monitoring rat activity to adjust strategies as
needed.
• Monitoring:
o Regular inspections for signs of rat activity (droppings, gnaw marks, tracks) are
crucial for early detection and timely intervention.

D6. Write down the scientific name, damaging symptoms and chemical control of tobacco caterpillar.
1. Scientific Name
• Tobacco Caterpillar:
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

2. Damaging Symptoms
• Leaf Defoliation:
The larvae feed on the foliage of tobacco plants, resulting in significant defoliation that
reduces the plant’s photosynthetic capacity.
• Skeletonization & Window Feeding:
The feeding pattern often leaves behind a “skeletonized” appearance where only the veins
remain, or creates window-like areas on the leaves.
• Holes and Blotches:
Feeding damage produces irregular holes, blotches, and sometimes complete destruction of
leaf tissue, affecting overall plant vigor and yield.
• Yield Reduction:
Severe infestations weaken plants and lead to lower quality and quantity of tobacco harvest.

3. Chemical Control
• Early Intervention:
Chemical treatments are most effective when applied during the early larval stages before
significant damage occurs.
• Recommended Insecticides:
o Organophosphates: Such as chlorpyrifos or monocrotophos.
o Synthetic Pyrethroids: Such as cypermethrin or deltamethrin.
 • Application Guidelines:
o Follow the recommended dosage and safety guidelines provided on the product label.
o Use treatments based on economic threshold levels to avoid unnecessary applications
and minimize environmental impact.
o Rotate chemicals when possible to prevent the development of resistance.

D7. Write down the scientific name and family of chilli thrips with cultural and chemical control.
1. Scientific Classification
• Scientific Name: Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood)
• Family: Thripidae

2. Cultural Control
• Field Sanitation:
Remove weeds, alternate host plants, and plant debris that can harbor thrips. This minimizes
potential breeding sites.
• Crop Management:
o Practice crop rotation and timely removal of infested plant parts.
o Use reflective mulches or barrier crops to reduce thrips landing on host plants.
o Avoid over-fertilization (especially nitrogen) to prevent overly tender growth that
attracts thrips.
• Monitoring:
Regular field scouting and the use of sticky traps can help in early detection, allowing for
timely cultural interventions.

3. Chemical Control
• Insecticide Application:
o Recommended Insecticides: Products based on spinosad, acetamiprid, or other
selective insecticides are commonly used.
o Timing: Apply at early stages of infestation to effectively reduce the population
before severe damage occurs.
o Rotation: Rotate chemicals when necessary to prevent the development of resistance.
• Integrated Approach:
Chemical treatments should be incorporated into an overall integrated pest management
(IPM) strategy that includes cultural controls and regular monitoring.
 2022-23
PART C
C1. Damaging Symptoms of Gall Midge in Paddy
• Gall Formation:
Formation of abnormal swellings (galls) on the leaves and tillers at the base of young rice
plants.
• Deadheart Symptoms:
Infected tillers often show “deadheart” symptoms where the central shoot dies.
• Stunting and Deformation:
Affected plants exhibit reduced growth, abnormal tillering, and overall decreased vigor
leading to yield reduction.

C2. Scientific Name, Order, and Family of Wheat Stem Borer

• Scientific Name: Cephus cinctus Norton
• Order: Hymenoptera
• Family: Cephidae

C3. Scientific Name of the Insect Which Is Both a Field and Storage Pest
• Scientific Name: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)
Note: This insect, commonly known as the cowpea weevil, infests pulses in the field (in the
pods) and later in storage (attacking the seeds).

C4. Host Range, Distribution, and Dose of NPV per Hectare in Cotton Bollworm
• Host Range:
Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) is highly polyphagous; its hosts include cotton,
tomato, chickpea, soybean, and several other crops.
• Distribution:
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions across Asia, Africa, Australia, and parts
of the Americas.
• Dose of NPV:
The recommended dose of nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) for managing cotton bollworm is
typically around 3–5 × 10^12 occlusion bodies per hectare, applied according to manufacturer
guidelines.

C5. Damaging Symptoms of Termites

• Structural Damage:
o Formation of mud tubes along walls, foundations, and wooden structures.
o Hollowed-out wood that sounds hollow when tapped.
 • Aesthetic and Functional Damage:
o Cracked or damaged wooden surfaces, sagging floors, and potential structural
weakening of buildings.
• Crop and Plantation Damage:
In some cases, termites can also attack tree stumps, roots, or stored wooden materials, causing
economic loss.

C6. Damaging Symptoms, Time of Damage, Storage, and Affected Plant Parts by White Grub
• Damaging Symptoms:
o Feeding on roots leads to wilting, yellowing, stunted growth, and eventual plant
decline.
• Time of Damage:
o Most damaging during the active feeding period (often mid to late growing season)
when the larval stage is vigorous.
• Storage (Habitat):
o White grubs are soil-dwelling larvae; they reside in the soil (often among
decomposing plant residues) where they feed on roots.
• Plant Parts Affected:
o Primarily the roots; severe damage disrupts water and nutrient uptake, compromising
overall plant health.

C7. Scientific Name and Damaging Symptoms of Guava Bark Borer

• Scientific Name: Gonocausta sabulalis
• Damaging Symptoms:
o Larvae bore into the bark of guava trees, causing cracks and fissures.
o Exudation of gum and subsequent dieback of branches occur.
o Over time, continuous boring weakens the tree structure, making it prone to further
infections and decline.

C8. Scientific Name, Order, Family, and Nature of Damage of Pulse Beetle
• Scientific Name: Callosobruchus chinensis
• Order: Coleoptera
• Family: Bruchidae
• Nature of Damage:
o The beetle infests stored pulses; females lay eggs on the surface of seeds.
o The hatched larvae burrow into the seeds, causing internal damage, weight loss, and
reducing nutritional value and marketability.
C9. Biology and Behaviour of Mango Hopper
• Biology:
o Mango hopper (Idioscopus nitidulus or similar species) is a small, sap-sucking insect
belonging to the order Hemiptera.
o It undergoes a life cycle comprising eggs, several nymphal instars, and adults.
• Behaviour:
o Both nymphs and adults feed on the sap from young leaves and shoots.
o Their feeding causes leaf curling, yellowing, and premature leaf drop.
o They are highly mobile and tend to hop from leaf to leaf, leading to scattered
infestations that reduce the photosynthetic area and overall tree vigor.

C10. Marks of Identification of Red Cotton Bug

• Coloration:
o Typically exhibits a reddish to reddish-brown body.
• Body Structure:
o Soft-bodied and elongated with distinctive red markings, sometimes with contrasting
darker areas.
• Mouthparts:
o Possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts used for feeding on cotton bolls and seeds.
• Behavioural Signs:
o Frequently found on cotton plants where their feeding leads to staining of the cotton
lint and seeds.

C11. Host Range and Damaging Symptoms of Sweet Potato Weevil

• Host Range:
o Primarily infests sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas).
o Can also attack other members of the Convolvulaceae family (e.g., certain wild
morning glories).
• Damaging Symptoms:
o Larvae bore into the tubers, creating extensive galleries inside.
o External entry/exit holes, tunnelling, and subsequent rot lead to weight loss.
o Damage results in tubers that are unmarketable due to reduced quality and structural
integrity.

C12. Scientific Name and Damaging Symptoms of Groundnut Leaf Miner

 • Scientific Name: Aproaerema modicella
• Damaging Symptoms:
o Larvae mine the leaves of groundnut plants, forming narrow, serpentine tunnels.
o This mining reduces the photosynthetic area of the leaves.
o Severe infestation can cause premature leaf drop and overall weakening of the plant,
leading to reduced yield.

PART D
D1. Sorghum Shoot Fly
Scientific Classification and Taxonomy
• Scientific Name: Atherigona soccata
• Order: Diptera
• Family: Muscidae
Nature of Damage
The sorghum shoot fly is a serious pest of sorghum that targets young seedlings. The adult female lays her
eggs on the whorl of the sorghum plant, often near the emerging shoots. Once the eggs hatch, the neonate
larvae migrate into the tender tissue of the young shoots. Their feeding activity is highly destructive—by
tunneling into the central shoot, the larvae disrupt the vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients. This
results in a phenomenon commonly known as "deadheart," where the central shoot dies, causing the plant to
lose its growing point. The damage is not only visible in the form of dead, withered central leaves but also
leads to overall stunting of the plant, ultimately reducing the number of tillers and thereby decreasing the
potential yield.
Management Strategies
1. Cultural Controls:
o Early Planting: Adjusting the planting time can help the crop avoid the peak period of
shoot fly activity. Early or staggered sowing can sometimes reduce the exposure of
vulnerable seedlings.
o Crop Residue Management: Post-harvest field sanitation, including the removal and
destruction of crop residues, minimizes breeding sites for the fly.
o Resistant Varieties: The use of sorghum varieties that are less attractive or more
resistant to shoot fly attack can reduce the severity of infestations.
2. Chemical Controls:
o Insecticide Applications: Timely applications of recommended insecticides (for
example, pyrethroids) during the early larval stage are crucial. Application is usually
timed when the first signs of shoot fly activity are detected, to protect the seedlings
before the damage becomes irreversible.
o Targeted Sprays: Using sprays directed at the base of the seedlings may help reduce
larval establishment while minimizing the amount of insecticide applied.
3. Monitoring and Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
 o Field Scouting: Regular monitoring and the use of traps can help in early detection of
the pest, enabling prompt intervention.
o IPM Approach: Combining cultural, chemical, and, where possible, biological
measures (like natural enemy conservation) helps reduce reliance on insecticides and
mitigates the risk of resistance.

D2. Cotton White Fly

Scientific Name and Taxonomy
• Scientific Name: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
Damaging Symptoms
Cotton white fly is one of the most damaging sucking pests found in cotton fields. This pest feeds by inserting
its piercing-sucking mouthparts into the underside of the leaves to extract plant sap. This feeding not only
weakens the plant by removing vital nutrients but also results in a range of visual symptoms:
• Chlorosis and Yellowing: The loss of sap causes localized yellowing and overall chlorosis,
which reduces the photosynthetic capacity of the plant.
• Stunted Growth: Continuous feeding leads to a reduction in overall plant vigor and can result
in stunted growth.
• Honeydew Excretion: As the white fly feeds, it excretes a sugary substance known as
honeydew. This sticky residue promotes the growth of sooty mold—a black fungal growth
that further inhibits photosynthesis by covering the leaf surface.
• Virus Transmission: In addition to direct damage, cotton white fly can transmit a number of
plant viruses, compounding the economic impact on the crop.
Chemical Control Measures
1. Insecticide Options:
o Systemic Insecticides: Neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid can be effective because
they are absorbed by the plant, providing internal protection against the pest.
o Contact Insecticides: Pyrethroids are often used for their rapid knock-down effect.
o Insect Growth Regulators: Chemicals like pyriproxyfen disrupt the development of
immature stages, reducing future populations.
2. Application Strategy:
o Timing: It is essential to apply insecticides when white fly populations are at an early
stage, before they have built up to damaging levels. Regular monitoring should guide
the timing of treatments.
o Rotation and Resistance Management: To delay the development of resistance, rotate
between insecticides with different modes of action. Follow manufacturer guidelines
for dosages and intervals between applications.
3. Integration into IPM:
o Chemical control should be part of an integrated pest management strategy that
includes cultural and biological methods. Combining these approaches can lower the
dependency on chemicals and reduce the overall pest pressure.
D3. Rice Stem Borer
Scientific Name and Taxonomy
• Scientific Name: Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)
Damaging Symptoms
The rice stem borer is a notorious pest in rice fields. Its damage is primarily caused by the larval stage, which
bores into the rice stem:
• Internal Tunneling: Larvae penetrate and tunnel within the stem, causing internal damage that
disrupts the transport of water and nutrients.
• Deadheart Symptoms: During the tillering stage, the central shoot of the young rice plant
often dies as the larva feeds, leading to “deadheart” symptoms.
• Whitehead Formation: In the reproductive stage, damaged plants may form “whiteheads”
where the panicles remain empty or only partially filled because the damage interrupts the
flow of nutrients required for grain development.
• Yield Loss: The cumulative effect of these symptoms is a significant reduction in plant vigor
and yield, as weakened stems cannot support full grain development.
Management Strategies
1. Cultural Practices:
o Water Management: Maintaining optimal water levels can discourage the
establishment of the borer by creating less favorable conditions.
o Stubble Management: Post-harvest removal of crop residues helps to reduce
overwintering pupae.
o Resistant Varieties: Planting rice cultivars that show inherent resistance or tolerance
to stem borer damage can limit yield loss.
2. Biological Control:
o Natural Enemies: The use of biological agents such as parasitoids (e.g.,
Trichogramma spp.) can reduce larval populations. Conservation of natural predators
is also beneficial.
3. Chemical Control:
o Timely Insecticide Applications: Insecticides should be applied at the early larval
stage when the pest is most vulnerable. Monitoring and economic threshold levels
help determine the right timing and dosage.
o Selective Insecticides: Utilizing chemicals that specifically target the pest while
sparing beneficial organisms is key for sustainable management.
4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
o An integrated approach that combines cultural, biological, and chemical measures is
most effective in managing the pest while minimizing adverse environmental effects.

D4. Sesamum Gall Fly

Identification
The sesamum gall fly is a small, dipteran insect identifiable by its slender body and characteristic wing
venation. In the field, one may observe:
 • Egg Laying Behavior: Females lay their eggs on the tender, actively growing parts of the
sesame plant (Sesamum indicum), usually on young leaves or stems.
• Larval Activity: Once the eggs hatch, the larvae penetrate the plant tissue. Their feeding
induces the plant to form abnormal swellings or galls. These galls are visible as swollen,
distorted patches on the leaves or stems and are a tell-tale sign of infestation.
Nature of Damage
The primary damage caused by the sesamum gall fly is due to the formation of galls:
• Gall Formation: The induced galls disrupt normal growth patterns, reducing the
photosynthetic area and diverting nutrients away from the growing parts of the plant.
• Reduced Plant Vigor: Over time, heavy galling weakens the plant, leading to stunted growth,
reduced flowering, and ultimately, lower yields.
• Aesthetic and Economic Impact: In crops like sesame, where seed quality and yield are
paramount, the presence of galls can significantly impact marketability.
Management Strategies
1. Cultural Controls:
o Crop Sanitation: Removing infected plant parts and proper disposal of crop residues
can reduce the source of infestation.
o Crop Rotation: Rotating sesame with non-host crops minimizes the build-up of pest
populations.
o Use of Clean Seeds: Starting with pest-free seeds helps lower the risk of initial
infestation.
2. Chemical Controls:
o Timely Insecticide Applications: Insecticides applied during the egg-laying or early
larval stages can effectively reduce the pest population. The choice of chemical
should be based on local recommendations and integrated with other control methods.
3. Biological Control and IPM:
o Natural Enemies: Conservation or introduction of predators and parasitoids can help
keep the pest population under control.
o Integrated Approach: Combining cultural, chemical, and biological methods with
regular monitoring forms the backbone of an effective IPM strategy.

D5. Chilli Thrips

Scientific Name and Taxonomy
• Scientific Name: Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood)
• Family: Thripidae
Cultural Control Measures
Chilli thrips are tiny, yet destructive pests that feed on the leaves, buds, and sometimes fruits of chilli plants,
causing significant damage. Cultural practices include:
• Field Sanitation: Removing weeds, alternative host plants, and plant debris that can serve as
breeding grounds for thrips.
 • Reflective Mulches: The use of reflective mulches can deter thrips from landing on the crop
by confusing their visual cues.
• Balanced Fertilization: Avoiding over-fertilization (especially with nitrogen) helps prevent the
development of overly tender plant tissues, which thrips prefer.
• Monitoring: Regular scouting using sticky traps can help detect early infestations, thereby
facilitating prompt intervention.
Chemical Control Measures
1. Selective Insecticides:
o Products based on active ingredients like spinosad and acetamiprid are frequently
used. These insecticides are effective against thrips while minimizing damage to
beneficial insects.
2. Application Timing and Rotation:
o Early Intervention: It is critical to apply insecticides when thrips populations are still
low, which typically coincides with the early stages of infestation.
o Resistance Management: Rotating chemicals with different modes of action helps
prevent the development of resistance within the thrips population.
3. Integration into IPM:
o Incorporating both cultural and chemical methods under an IPM framework provides
a sustainable approach to managing chilli thrips, ensuring that chemical use is
minimized while still maintaining effective control.

D6. Pomegranate Butterfly

Damaging Symptoms
The pomegranate butterfly is a pest whose larval stage causes significant damage to pomegranate plants:
• Leaf Damage:
The caterpillars feed on the leaves, creating irregular window-like patterns where only the
leaf veins remain. This feeding leads to defoliation and a reduction in the plant's
photosynthetic area.
• Bud and Flower Damage:
Feeding on the flower buds can result in their premature drop, leading to fewer blooms and
ultimately lower fruit set.
• Fruit Scarring:
In some instances, larvae may feed on young fruits, causing superficial scars that may affect
the market quality of the fruit.
Management Strategies
1. Cultural Control:
o Sanitation: Remove and destroy damaged leaves and buds to lower the population of
the pest and reduce reinfestation.
o Pruning: Timely and proper pruning can improve air circulation and light penetration,
making the environment less conducive to pest development.
o Nutritional Balance: Maintaining plant vigor through balanced fertilization ensures
that plants are more resilient against pest attacks.
 2. Chemical Control:
o Insecticide Application: Targeted applications of insecticides (for example,
pyrethroids) should be carried out during the larval stage. Early intervention is key to
minimizing the damage.
o Timing: The timing of the chemical control is critical. Applications should ideally be
made when the larval population is emerging and before they cause extensive
damage.
3. Biological Control:
o Natural Predators: Encouraging or introducing natural enemies (such as parasitic
wasps or birds) can help naturally reduce the pomegranate butterfly population.
o IPM Approach: Combining cultural, chemical, and biological measures offers the best
long-term management strategy.

D7. Mango Mealy Bug

Scientific Name, Taxonomy, and Life Cycle
• Scientific Name: Drosicha mangiferae (Maskell)
• Order: Hemiptera
• Family: Margarodidae
Life Cycle Details
The mango mealy bug is a sap-sucking insect that affects mango trees. Its life cycle and behavior can be
summarized as follows:
• Egg Stage:
The adult female lays eggs on the surface of the mango twigs or leaves, often embedding
them in a protective waxy secretion. This waxy covering not only helps in adhesion but also
provides some protection against natural enemies.
• Nymphal Stages:
Upon hatching, the nymphs (or crawlers) are mobile and disperse to find feeding sites on the
tree. As they progress through several instars (developmental stages), they gradually become
less mobile and start to accumulate a mealy waxy coating, which serves as a defense against
predators and environmental stress.
• Adult Stage:
The fully developed adults are sessile or only slightly mobile, feeding continuously on the
phloem sap from the leaves, twigs, and sometimes the fruit. The damage inflicted by these
bugs results in chlorosis, leaf drop, and general decline in tree vigor.
• Overlapping Generations:
Under favorable environmental conditions, several overlapping generations may occur in a
growing season, intensifying the damage if not controlled promptly.
Overall Impact and Management
The persistent feeding of mango mealy bugs weakens the tree over time, reduces photosynthetic capacity, and
can lead to premature leaf drop. Effective management involves both monitoring and timely intervention:
• Cultural Practices: Regular pruning and removal of heavily infested parts can reduce
population buildup.
 • Chemical Control: Targeted application of insecticides, especially during the crawler stage,
can be effective. Systemic insecticides may also be used to provide longer protection.
• Biological Control: Conservation of natural enemies, such as predatory insects, can help in
managing mealy bug populations as part of an IPM program.

PART C
C1. Structure of Pusa Bin
Pusa Bin is a scientifically designed storage structure developed for the safe storage of food grains, mainly to
protect them from insect pests, rodents, and moisture.
• Material: Made of reinforced concrete or metal, ensuring durability and pest resistance.
• Design: Airtight, with a sloping base for easy grain flow and an outlet for grain removal.
• Capacity: Available in different storage capacities, ranging from a few quintals to several
tons.
• Aeration System: Proper ventilation to prevent moisture buildup and fungal growth.
• Rodent and Insect Proofing: The bin is designed with sealed edges and tight lids to prevent
pest entry.

C2. Identification and Uses of Rice Moth

• Scientific Name: Corcyra cephalonica
• Identification:
o Small, pale brown moth with a wingspan of about 12–20 mm.
o The forewings have dark brown patches.
o Larvae are creamy white with a reddish-brown head.
• Uses:
o Larvae of rice moth are commonly used as food for rearing biological control agents
such as Trichogramma spp.
o Used in research and entomology labs for insect diet formulation.

C3. Management of Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis antonii)

• Cultural Control:
o Prune and burn infested branches to eliminate eggs and nymphs.
o Maintain proper shade and avoid dense planting to reduce humidity.
• Chemical Control:
o Spray neem oil or botanicals like azadirachtin.
o Use synthetic insecticides like imidacloprid or lambda-cyhalothrin in case of
severe infestations.
 • Biological Control:
o Natural predators like spiders and lacewings help reduce populations.
o Release of parasitoids like Telenomus spp. can help in egg control.

C4. Four Polyphagous Pests

1. Helicoverpa armigera (Gram Pod Borer)
2. Spodoptera litura (Tobacco Caterpillar)
3. Aphis gossypii (Cotton Aphid)
4. Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid)

C5. Identification and Management of Fruit Sucking Moth (Eudocima fullonia)

• Identification:
o Large-sized moth with a wingspan of 80–100 mm.
o Forewings are dark brown with wavy patterns, while hindwings are bright yellow or
orange.
o Larvae are greenish with a dark dorsal stripe.
• Management:
o Cultural: Use light traps to attract and kill adults.
o Mechanical: Cover fruits with netting bags to prevent moth access.
o Chemical: Spraying cypermethrin or lambda-cyhalothrin on fruiting trees helps
reduce populations.

C6. Biology of Pomegranate Butterfly (Deudorix isocrates)

• Egg Stage: Eggs are laid singly on flower buds or fruits. Hatching occurs within 4–7 days.
• Larval Stage: The caterpillar bores into young fruits and feeds on seeds. The larval period
lasts 15–20 days.
• Pupal Stage: Pupation occurs inside the fruit or in leaf litter for about 10–15 days.
• Adult Stage: The adult butterfly emerges and starts the cycle again.

C7. Identification of Sesamum Hawk Moth (Acherontia styx)

• Large moth with a wingspan of about 80–120 mm.
• Forewings are brown with wavy patterns, while hindwings are yellow with black bands.
• Caterpillar is green with white oblique stripes and a prominent horn at the rear.

C8. Scientific Name, Order, and Family of Gall Midge in Paddy

 • Scientific Name: Orseolia oryzae
• Order: Diptera
• Family: Cecidomyiidae

C9. Four Stored Grain Pests of Lepidoptera Order

1. Rice Moth (Corcyra cephalonica)
2. Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitotroga cerealella)
3. Almond Moth (Cadra cautella)
4. Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella)

C10. Biology and Nature of Damage of White Grub (Holotrichia consanguinea)

• Biology:
o Eggs are laid in the soil and hatch in 7–15 days.
o Larvae remain in the soil for 3–8 months, feeding on plant roots.
o Pupation occurs in the soil, lasting 2–4 weeks before adult emergence.
• Nature of Damage:
o Larvae feed on roots, causing wilting and plant death.
o Severe infestations result in yellowing, lodging, and reduced crop yield.

C11. Nature of Damage and Management of Sweet Potato Weevil (Cylas formicarius)
• Nature of Damage:
o Larvae tunnel into tubers, making them unfit for consumption.
o Infested tubers emit a foul odor due to microbial invasion.
o Feeding results in reduced market value and yield losses.
• Management:
o Cultural:
▪ Rotate crops to reduce pest buildup.
▪ Use deep planting to prevent egg-laying on tubers.
o Chemical:
▪ Apply chlorpyrifos or deltamethrin to control larvae.
o Biological:
▪ Release parasitic nematodes to target larvae.

C12. Management of Red Pumpkin Beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis)

 1. Cultural Control:
o Remove and destroy beetles from plants.
o Use resistant varieties and crop rotation.
2. Mechanical Control:
o Install yellow sticky traps to attract and capture beetles.
o Hand-picking beetles during early infestation.
3. Chemical Control:
o Spraying malathion or carbaryl at the seedling stage is effective.
4. Biological Control:
o Encourage natural predators like ladybird beetles and parasitic wasps.

PART D
D1. Difference Between Damage Symptoms of BPH and WBPH
Brown Planthopper (BPH – Nilaparvata lugens):
• Feeding Behavior & Damage:
o BPH uses its piercing–sucking mouthparts to extract phloem sap, causing rapid
depletion of nutrients.
o Its feeding results in a condition known as “hopperburn,” where the leaves become
pale yellow and then quickly dry and brown.
o Infested plants often exhibit a marked leaf rolling and desiccation of the entire plant
canopy, leading to early senescence.
• Field Appearance:
o Affected plants tend to collapse quickly because the damage is acute, and there is a
sudden loss of turgor due to the severing of water and nutrient flow.
o Symptoms are typically more severe in younger, actively growing plants.
White-Backed Planthopper (WBPH – Sogatella furcifera):
• Feeding Behavior & Damage:
o WBPH also sucks sap from rice plants but its feeding tends to be more chronic.
o The damage appears as gradual yellowing and a whitish or pale discoloration on the
upper surfaces of leaves, often accompanied by streaking or speckled patterns.
o The symptoms are usually less dramatic initially; plants show slow stunting and
reduced tillering rather than an abrupt collapse.
• Field Appearance:
o Infested fields display a uniform pale or whitish appearance on the foliage instead of
the rapid browning seen with BPH.
 o Although the immediate visual damage may be less pronounced, long-term feeding
reduces the overall vigor of the crop and can result in yield losses.
In summary, while both planthoppers cause chlorosis and stunting, BPH is characterized by rapid, acute
“hopperburn” and plant collapse, whereas WBPH produces more chronic, subtle yellowing and stunting with
a distinctive pale or whitish discoloration.

D2. Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Caste of Termite

Termites are social insects with a well‐defined caste system that ensures the survival, growth, and defense of
the colony:
Reproductive Caste:
• Primary Reproductives (King and Queen):
o These are the founding individuals responsible for establishing the colony.
o The queen, in particular, can lay thousands of eggs over her lifetime.
• Secondary or Neotenic Reproductives:
o When the primary reproductives are lost or the colony expands, certain individuals
(often nymphs or workers) may develop into supplementary reproductives to
maintain colony reproduction.
• Alates (Winged Reproductives):
o These are the sexually mature, winged forms that emerge during the swarming season
to mate and establish new colonies.
Non-Reproductive Caste:
• Workers:
o These are sterile individuals that perform the bulk of the colony’s labor, including
foraging, nest construction, brood care, and feeding.
o Workers are typically soft-bodied and perform continuous tasks essential for colony
maintenance.
• Soldiers:
o Soldiers are morphologically distinct, often with large heads and strong mandibles or
specialized snouts.
o Their primary role is defense against predators and competing colonies.
o They are non-feeding or minimally feeding compared to workers and rely on worker-
fed resources.
This division of labor enables termites to efficiently exploit food resources, maintain complex nests, and
defend against threats.

D3. Nature of Damage and Management of Soybean Girdle Beetle

Nature of Damage:
• Feeding Mechanism:
 o The soybean girdle beetle attacks the vascular tissues of soybean plants by feeding in
a girdling pattern around the stem or pod area.
o This girdling action interrupts the flow of water and nutrients from the roots to the
shoot system, resulting in localized wilting.
• Visual Symptoms:
o Affected plants often show wilting and browning of the tissues at the girdle site.
o In severe infestations, there is premature senescence or death of the part of the plant
above the girdled area, which can lead to reduced pod set and yield losses.
Management Strategies:
1. Cultural Control:
o Crop Sanitation: Remove and destroy plant debris that may harbor the beetle during
off-seasons.
o Crop Rotation: Alternate soybean with non-host crops to break the pest’s life cycle.
2. Chemical Control:
o Insecticide Applications: Use systemic or contact insecticides—applied when beetle
activity reaches threshold levels—to minimize damage.
o Targeted Sprays: Focus applications on the stem and pod areas where girdling is
observed.
3. Biological Control:
o Natural Predators: Encourage or introduce natural enemies such as parasitic wasps
or predatory beetles that attack the girdle beetle.
4. Monitoring:
o Regular scouting is essential to detect early infestations and to time the control
measures effectively.
An integrated pest management (IPM) approach combining these methods can significantly reduce the
damage caused by the soybean girdle beetle.

D4. Infestation of Cotton Bollworms Complex

Overview of the Complex:
• Species Involved:
o The cotton bollworm complex typically includes several noctuid moths (e.g.,
Helicoverpa armigera, sometimes Helicoverpa punctigera in some regions) whose
larvae are notorious for attacking cotton bolls.
• Infestation Process:
o Egg Laying: Adult moths lay eggs on various parts of the cotton plant, often on
leaves or directly on the bolls.
o Larval Invasion: Upon hatching, the caterpillars quickly bore into the cotton bolls.
o Feeding: Inside the boll, the larvae feed on developing seeds and internal tissues,
causing direct damage.
Damage Symptoms:
• Boll Damage:
o The larvae create entry and exit holes in the bolls, rendering the cotton lint and seeds
unmarketable.
o Damaged bolls may also show signs of discoloration and tissue decay.
• Yield Reduction:
o Infestation leads to a significant reduction in the number of healthy, mature bolls,
directly affecting the overall yield.
• Secondary Infections:
o The damage often predisposes the bolls to fungal infections and secondary pests,
compounding the economic loss.
Management Strategies:
1. Cultural Practices:
o Crop Hygiene: Timely removal of crop residues and infested bolls can reduce the
larval population.
o Adjusting Planting Dates: Sowing early or late can sometimes help avoid peak moth
activity.
2. Chemical Controls:
o Insecticides: Applications of broad-spectrum insecticides (e.g., pyrethroids) are made
at the early larval stage to prevent establishment.
o Bt Cotton: Use of genetically modified cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
toxins offers an effective, environmentally friendly control option.
3. Biological Control:
o Natural Enemies: Parasitoids, predators (e.g., ladybird beetles, lacewings), and
entomopathogenic organisms can help keep the pest complex in check.
4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
o Combining cultural, chemical, and biological control methods, along with regular
monitoring and threshold-based interventions, offers the most sustainable approach to
managing this pest complex.
The cotton bollworm complex poses a significant challenge due to its polyphagous nature and rapid
development; thus, a multifaceted IPM strategy is essential for effective control.

D5. Nature of Damage of Spotted Pod Borer

Damage Characteristics:
• Feeding Behavior:
o The spotted pod borer targets the pods of leguminous crops, such as pigeon pea or
groundnut, by inserting its mouthparts to feed on the internal contents.
• Pod Damage:
 o Larval feeding creates entry and exit holes in the pods, often accompanied by
tunneling that destroys the developing seeds.
o The damage can cause pods to shrivel or drop prematurely, thereby reducing the
harvestable yield.
• Economic Impact:
o With reduced seed quality and quantity, the overall market value of the crop declines
significantly.
o The presence of frass (insect excrement) around the damaged pods further indicates
the extent of infestation.
Management typically involves timely insecticide applications during the early stages of infestation, combined
with cultural practices such as crop rotation and removal of infested pods to reduce the pest’s survival and
reproduction.

D6. Difference Between Damage Symptoms of Top Shoot Borer and Stem Borer
Top Shoot Borer:
• Feeding Site & Symptoms:
o Attacks the apical (top) portion of the plant, particularly the actively growing shoot.
o Damage is concentrated on the uppermost part of the plant, resulting in the loss of the
growing point.
o Symptoms include premature browning and desiccation of the top shoot, which may
lead to stunted growth or a “bare top” appearance.
• Impact on Plant:
o The loss of the apical meristem affects the overall plant architecture and can reduce
the potential number of productive tillers or branches.
Stem Borer:
• Feeding Site & Symptoms:
o Bores into the stem (internodes) of the plant.
o Causes internal tunneling that disrupts the flow of water and nutrients, often leading
to a “deadheart” symptom where the central portion of the plant dies.
o In reproductive stages, this may result in “whiteheads” where the panicles or flower
clusters remain unfilled due to insufficient nutrient supply.
• Impact on Plant:
o The internal damage is often hidden and may not be visible until significant yield loss
has occurred, making it more insidious.
Thus, while both pests compromise plant health, the top shoot borer primarily removes the plant’s growing tip
(leading to stunting and loss of apical dominance), whereas the stem borer causes internal damage that
disrupts nutrient transport and results in structural failure and yield loss.

D7. Identification and Management of Diamondback Moth (DBM) – LONG ANSWER

Overview:
The Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) is a globally important pest of cruciferous crops such as
cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and mustard. Its widespread distribution, rapid life cycle, and propensity to
develop resistance to insecticides make it a challenging pest for farmers worldwide.
Identification
Adult Moth:
• Appearance:
o The adult DBM is small and slender with a wingspan of approximately 15–20 mm.
o The forewings are mottled with shades of gray and brown, featuring subtle diamond-
shaped patterns—hence the common name “Diamondback.”
o The hindwings are paler, usually grayish, and less distinct in pattern.
• Behavior:
o The moth is crepuscular/nocturnal and is attracted to light, making light traps an
effective monitoring tool.
Larval Stage:
• Appearance:
o The larvae (caterpillars) are typically greenish or yellowish with longitudinal black
stripes running down the body.
o They have a small, dark head capsule and are often found in groups on the undersides
of leaves.
• Feeding Damage:
o The larvae feed on the leaves of cruciferous crops, often causing “windowpane”
damage—a term used to describe the characteristic holes where the soft tissue is
consumed while leaving the tougher leaf veins intact.
o Severe feeding can lead to significant defoliation, reducing the photosynthetic area
and compromising plant health.
Biology and Life Cycle
• Life Cycle Duration:
o Under favorable conditions, the entire life cycle (egg to adult) can be completed in as
little as 14–30 days, leading to multiple overlapping generations per growing season.
• Reproduction:
o Females lay clusters of tiny, greenish eggs on the undersides of host plant leaves.
o The high reproductive rate contributes to rapid population buildup.
• Developmental Stages:
1. Egg: Lasts for about 3–5 days, depending on temperature and humidity.
2. Larval Stage: Consists of several instars (typically 4–6), during which the larvae feed
voraciously on foliage.
3. Pupal Stage: Occurs in a silken cocoon, with the duration varying based on environmental
conditions.
 4. Adult: Emerges to continue the cycle, with the moth’s short lifespan compensated by its high
fecundity.
Nature of Damage
• Direct Damage:
o Larval feeding results in extensive leaf damage, characterized by holes,
windowpaning, and complete defoliation in severe cases.
• Indirect Impact:
o Loss of foliage reduces the plant’s ability to photosynthesize, leading to reduced
growth and lower yields.
• Economic Impact:
o The damage caused by DBM can result in significant yield loss and decreased
marketability of produce.
o Additionally, the moth’s propensity for developing insecticide resistance increases
management costs and complicates control efforts.
Management Strategies
An integrated pest management (IPM) approach is essential to sustainably manage DBM populations:
1. Cultural Control:
o Crop Rotation and Diversification:
▪ Rotating cruciferous crops with non-host crops can help break the pest’s life
cycle.
o Sanitation:
▪ Removal of crop residues and volunteer plants reduces overwintering sites
and potential sources of reinfestation.
o Planting Practices:
▪ Adjusting planting dates to avoid peak DBM populations and using trap crops
can reduce infestation pressure.
2. Biological Control:
o Natural Enemies:
▪ Encourage or introduce predators (e.g., ladybird beetles, lacewings) and
parasitoids (e.g., Diadegma insulare) known to attack DBM eggs and larvae.
o Microbial Insecticides:
▪ Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulations are effective against DBM larvae and
are considered environmentally friendly.
o Conservation Tactics:
▪ Preserve natural habitats around crop fields to support a diverse community
of natural enemies.
3. Chemical Control:
o Insecticide Applications:
 ▪ Timely application of insecticides is crucial. Options include selective
insecticides (e.g., spinosad, indoxacarb) that target DBM while sparing
beneficial organisms.
o Resistance Management:
▪ Due to the high potential for resistance development, it is important to rotate
insecticides with different modes of action and follow recommended dosage
guidelines.
o Monitoring:
▪ Regular field scouting and the use of pheromone traps help determine
population levels and guide the timing of chemical interventions.
4. Integrated Approaches:
o Combining cultural, biological, and chemical methods within an IPM framework is
the most effective and sustainable approach.
o Emphasis is placed on early detection, threshold-based interventions, and minimizing
reliance on any single control measure to delay the development of resistance.