UNIT-4

Television Receivers and Video Standards: Colour TV receiver- block diagram, Digital TVs-
LCD, LED , PLASMA, HDTV, 3-D TV, projection TV, DTH receiver, Video interface:
Composite, Component, Separate Video, Digital Video, SDI, HDMI, Digital Video Interface, CD
and DVD player: working principles, interfaces

2.1 COLOUR TV RECEIVER:

✔ A colour receiver is similar to the black and white receiver.
✔ The main difference between the two is the need of a colour or chroma subsystem.
✔ It accepts only the colour signal and processes it to recover (B-Y) and (R-Y) signals.
✔ These are combined with the Y signal to obtain VR, VG and VB signals as developed by
the camera at the transmitting end.
✔ VG becomes available as it is contained in the Y signal.
✔ The three colour signals are fed after sufficient amplification to the colour picture tube to
produce a colour picture on its screen.
✔ As shown in Fig., the colour picture tube has three guns corresponding to the three pick-
up tubes in the colour camera.
✔ The screen of this tube has red, green and blue phosphors arranged in alternate stripes.
✔ Each gun produces an electron beam to illuminate corresponding colour phosphor
separately on the fluorescent screen.
✔ The eye then integrates the red, green and blue colour informations and their luminance to
perceive actual colour and brightness of the picture being televised.
✔ The sound signal is decoded in the same way as in a monochrome receiver.
 Fig. 2.1 Colour TV Receiver
2.1.1 Color picture tube – Delta gun picture tube:
✔ In this color picture tube the three guns are arranged in a rectangular form and hence the
name delta gun tube. It was developed by Radio Corporation of America.
Main sections:
1. Electron gun section
2. Screen and shadow mask section
Electron gun section:
✔ The three guns are spaced equally at 120 degree with one another. They are tilted inward
with respect to axis of the tube. The three guns are in the three corners and found delta
shape.
✔ The three independent electron beams for each primary color come out of the three guns.
✔ Each gun has a heater filament, cathode, control grid and accelerating anode. The
accelerating anodes are supplied EHT of about 25 kV.
✔ While the focusing grids are provided an adjustable potential of about 5 to 75 kV for
optimum focus.
✔ The deflection yoke design is more complex, since, we have to deflect three electron beams
at a time.
✔ The purity magnets are used to adjust the axis of electron beams so that they can strike the
correct phosphor dot at the screen.
Screen and shadow mask section:
✔ In the screen, the three colour phosphor dots are arranged in a group called trials. It forms
the delta shape.
✔ Each dot represents one primary colour. Depending on the screen size nearly 3 lacs to 4
lacs triads are formed over the screen.
✔ The diameter of the each dot is about 0.42 mm and each spaced some 0.72 mm apart
triangularly.
✔ Shadow mask is a thin perforated metal sheet. It is placed behind the screen. Shadow
mask has one hole for each triad on the screen.
✔ This arrangement moves the electron beam passing through a hole and hit only one triad
on the screen.
 Fig 2.2 a) Gun structure b) Screen and shadow mask c) colour picture tube
Working:
✔ The video signals corresponding to each primary colour are to three electron guns.
Necessary acceleration and focusing are done for each electron beam by its accelerating
and focusing anodes.
✔ Here purity magnet adjusts the axis of each electron beam. Convergence coil assembly will
converge the electron beams.
✔ Due to these arrangements the three electrons beams will strike the corresponding colour
phosphor dots in each of the triads. The shadow mask arrangement makes only one triad
to energize by electron beam at a time.
Advantages:
1. Better focusing, if best possible ratio of gun-to-neck diameter is achieved.
Disadvantages:
1. Shadow mask absorbs 80% of beam current.
2. Beam convergence is a complex process.
2.2 DIGITAL TV:
 ✔ Digital television technology emerged to public view in the 1990s.
✔ Digital Television (DTV) is an advanced broadcasting technology that has transformed the
television viewing experience.
✔ DTV enables broadcasters to offer television with better picture and sound quality, and
multiple channels of programming.
✔ Digital terrestrial
✔ Digital terrestrial TV is received via your existing TV aerial, ensuring minimal disruption
to your TV viewing and little extra cost.
✔ Digital satellite TV
✔ Digital television is received via a satellite dish and is a popular option for those whose
property already has such a dish fitted.
✔ There are no geographical restrictions on this service as the digital TV signal is beamed
directly from satellites orbiting overhead.
✔ Freesat is the satellite equivalent to Freeview and requires a one off payment for a Freesat
box and satellite dish.
✔ The switch from analog to digital broadcast television is known as the Digital Television
Transition.
✔ An important benefit of the switch to all-digital broadcasting is that parts of the valuable
broadcast spectrum have been freed up for public safety communications by groups such
as police, fire departments and rescue squads.
✔ Digital TV types
✔ There is more than one type of digital television service.
✔ Digital cable TV
✔ Digital cable TV is delivered via a network of high speed fibre optic cables.
✔ Telephone line digital TV
✔ This simply refers to digital television delivered to a user via a telephone line. BT Vision
is a prime example of this, although this service is only offered to existing BT phone or
broadband customers.
✔ Internet protocol television
✔ Otherwise known as IPTV, internet protocol television uses a broadband connection to
provide digital television services to home.
2.3 HDTV:
 ✔ High-Definition Television, a new type of television that provides much better resolution
than current televisions based on the NTSC standard.
✔ Types of HDTV displays include direct-view,plasma, rear screen, and front screen
projection.
✔ HDTV is a digital TV broadcasting format where the broadcast transmits widescreen
pictures with more detail and quality than found in a standard analog television, or other
digital television formats.
✔ HDTV requires an HDTV tuner to view and the most detailed HDTV format is1080i.
✔ DTV (high definition television) is a television display technology that provides picture
quality similar to 35 mm.
✔ HDTV generally uses digital rather than analog signal transmission.
✔ HDTV provides a higher quality display with a vertical resolution display from 720p to
1080p.
✔ The p stands for progressive scanning, which means that each scan includes every line for
a complete picture, and
✔ The i stands for interlaced scanning which means that each scan includes alternate lines
for half a picture.
✔ These rates translate into a frame rate of up to 60 frames per second, twice that of
conventional television.
✔ HDTV preserves extra clarity.
✔ All TV programs, DVDs, and DVD players are incompatible with HDTV.
HDTV Minimum Performance Attributes:
✔ Receiver: Receives ATSC terrestrial digital transmissions and decodes all ATSC Table 3
video formats
✔ Display Scanning Format: Has active vertical scanning lines of 720 progressive (720p),
1080 interlaced (1080i), or higher
✔ Aspect Ratio: Capable of displaying a 16:9 image1
✔ Audio: Receives and reproduces, and/or outputs Dolby Digital audio
HDTV tuner:
✔ A device capable of receiving and outputting HDTV signals for display. HDTV tuners can
be a stand-alone device or it can integrate in the HDTV display. HDTV has many different
consumer names including HDTV decoder, HDTV receiver, and set-top box.
Integrated HDTV
✔ A high-definition television or display that has the HDTV tuner built into the set. It does
not need a separate set-top box to receive over-the-air HDTV signals.

Fig 2.3 HDTV transmitter

2.4 LED TV:
✔ An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as
pixels for a video display.
✔ Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors in store signs and billboards, and in recent
years they have also become commonly used in destination signs on public transport
vehicles.

Fig 2.4 LED TV

 ✔ LED displays are capable of providing general illumination in addition to visual display,
as when used for stage lighting or other decorative (as opposed to informational) purposes.
✔ There are two types of LED panels: conventional (using discrete LEDs) and surface-
mounted device (SMD) panels.
✔ Most outdoor screens and some indoor screens are built around discrete LEDs, also known
as individually mounted LEDs. A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together
to form a full-color pixel, usually square in shape.
Flat panel LED Television display:
✔ The first true all-LED flat panel television screen was possibly developed, demonstrated
and documented by James P. Mitchell in 1977.

✔ The modular, scalable display was initially designed with hundreds of MV50 LEDs and a
newly available transistor-transistor logic memory addressing circuit from Texas
Instruments. The ¼-inch thin flat panel prototype and the scientific paper were displayed
at the 29th ISEF expo in Washington D.C. in May 1978.

✔ It received awards by NASA and General Motors Corporation.

✔ A liquid crystal display (LCD) matrix design was also cited in the LED paper as an
alternative x-scan technology and as a future alternate television display method.
✔ Additional recognition was provided by Westinghouse Educational Foundation "Honors
Group" and the concept prototype was also a selected scientific paper at the Iowa Academy
of Science of the University of Northern Iowa.

✔ The replacement of the 70 year+ high-voltage analog system (cathode-ray tube technology)
with a digital x-y scan system has been a significant achievement. Displacement of the
electromagnetic scan systems included the removal of inductive deflection, electron beam
and color convergence circuits. The digital x-y scan system has helped the modern
television to “collapse” into its current thin form factor.
2.5 LCD TV
✔ Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that use LCD display
technology to produce images.
✔ LCD televisions are thinner and lighter than cathode ray tube (CRTs) of similar display
size, and are available in much larger sizes. When manufacturing costs fell, this
combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers.
✔ In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions worldwide for the first
time,[citation needed] and their sales figures relative to other technologies are accelerating.
✔ LCD TVs are quickly displacing the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the
plasma display panel and rear-projection television. LCDs are, by far, the most widely
produced and sold television display type.
✔ LCDs also have a variety of disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses,
including organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), FED and SED, but as of 2014 none of
these have entered widespread production for TV displays.
✔ LCD televisions produce a black and colored image by selectively filtering a white light.
The light was provided by a series of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) at the back
of the screen. Today, most LCD-TV displays use white or colored LEDs as backlighting
instead.
✔ Millions of individual LCD shutters, arranged in a grid, open and close to allow a metered
amount of the white light through.
✔ Each shutter is paired with a colored filter to remove all but the red, green or blue (RGB)
portion of the light from the original white source. Each shutter–filter pair forms a single
sub-pixel.
✔ The sub-pixels are so small that when the display is viewed from even a short distance, the
individual colors blend together to produce a single spot of color, a pixel. The shade of
color is controlled by changing the relative intensity of the light passing through the sub-
pixels.

Fig 2.5 LCD TV

✔ Liquid crystals encompass a wide range of (typically) rod-shaped polymers that naturally
form into thin, ordered layers, as opposed to the more random alignment of a normal liquid.
✔ Some of these, the nematic liquid crystals, also show an alignment effect between the
layers. The particular direction of the alignment of a nematic liquid crystal can be set by
 placing it in contact with an alignment layer or director, which is essentially a material with
microscopic grooves in it, on the supporting substrates.
✔ When placed on a director, the layer in contact will align itself with the grooves, and the
layers above will subsequently align themselves with the layers below, the bulk material
taking on the director's alignment.
✔ In the case of a Twisted Nematic (TN) LCD, this effect is utilized by using two directors
arranged at right angles and placed close together with the liquid crystal between them.
✔ This forces the layers to align themselves in two directions, creating a twisted structure
with each layer aligned at a slightly different angle to the ones on either side.
✔ LCD shutters consist of a stack of three primary elements. On the bottom and top of the
shutter are polarizer plates set at right angles.
✔ Normally light cannot travel through a pair of polarizers arranged in this fashion, and the
display would be black. The polarizers also carry the directors to create the twisted
structure aligned with the polarizers on either side.
✔ As the light flows out of the rear polarizer, it will naturally follow the liquid crystal's twist,
exiting the front of the liquid crystal having been rotated through the correct angle, that
allows it to pass through the front polarizer. LCDs are normally transparent in this mode
of operation.
✔ To turn a shutter off, a voltage is applied across it from front to back.
✔ The rod-shaped molecules align themselves with the electric field instead of the directors,
distorting the twisted structure. The light no longer changes polarization as it flows through
the liquid crystal, and can no longer pass through the front polarizer.
✔ By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal, the amount of remaining twist
can be selected. This allows the transparency of the shutter to be controlled.
✔ To improve switching time, the cells are placed under pressure, which increases the force
to re-align themselves with the directors when the field is turned off.
✔ Several other variations and modifications have been used in order to improve performance
in certain applications. In-Plane Switching displays (IPS and S-IPS) offer wider viewing
angles and better color reproduction, but are more difficult to construct and have slightly
slower response times.
✔ Vertical Alignment (VA, S-PVA and MVA) offer higher contrast ratios and good response
times, but suffer from color shifting when viewed from the side. In general, all of these
displays work in a similar fashion by controlling the polarization of the light source.
2.6 DTH RECEIVER

Fig 2.6 DTH RECEIVER

✔ Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) is a type of artificial satellite which usually sends
satellite television signals for home reception.
✔ The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as direct-
broadcast satellite television (DBSTV) or direct-to-home television (DTHTV).
✔ This has initially distinguished the transmissions directly intended for home viewers from
cable television distribution services that are sometimes carried on the same satellite.
✔ The term DTH predates DBS and is often used in reference to services carried by lower
power satellites which required larger dishes (1.7 m diameter or greater) for reception.
✔ In Europe, prior to the launch of Astra 1A in 1988, the term DBS was commonly used to
describe the nationally commissioned satellites planned and launched to provide television
broadcasts to the home within several European countries (such as BSB in the United
Kingdom and TV-Sat in Germany).
✔ These services were to use the D-Mac and D2-Mac format and BSS frequencies with
circular polarization from orbital positions allocated to each country.
✔ Before these DBS satellites, home satellite television in Europe was limited to a few
channels, really intended for cable distribution, and requiring dishes typically of 1.2m.
2.7 PLASMA TV
✔ Plasma is often called the "Fourth State of Matter", the other three being solid, liquid and
gas. A plasma is a distinct state of matter containing a significant number of electrically
charged particles, a number sufficient to affect its electrical properties and behavior.
✔ A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV displays
30 inches (76 cm) or larger.
✔ Plasma display screens are made from glass, which reflects more light than the material
used to make an LCD screen.
✔ A plasma display is a computer video display in which each pixel on the screen is
illuminated by a tiny bit of plasma or charged gas, somewhat like a tiny neon light.
✔ Plasma displays are thinner than cathode ray tube ( CRT ) displays and brighter than liquid
crystal displays ( LCD ).
✔ They are called "plasma" displays because the technology utilizes small cells containing
electrically charged ionized gases, or what are in essence chambers more commonly known
as fluorescent lamps.
✔ Plasma is a state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are
ionized.
✔ Heating a gas may ionize its molecules or atoms (reduce or increase the number of electrons
in them), thus turning it into a plasma, which contains charged particles: positive ions and
negative electrons or ions.
✔ In the universe, plasma is the most common state of matter. Some common plasmas are
stars and neon signs.
✔ Power consumption is 400 watts for a 127 cm (50 in) screen.
✔ 200 to 310 watts for a 127 cm (50 in) display when set to cinema mode.
✔ Principle
✔ In plasma display panels the light of each picture element is emitted from plasma created
by an electric discharge.
✔ The dimensions of the discharge are in the 100 micro-meters range at a pressure of a few
hundred torrs, and the voltage applied between electrodes is in the 100-200 V range.
✔ General Characteristics
✔ Plasma displays are bright (1,000 lux or higher for the module).
✔ They have a wide color range.
✔ They can be produced in fairly large sizes up to 3.8 meters (150 in) diagonally.
✔ They have a very low-luminance "dark-room" black level compared with the lighter grey
of the unilluminated parts of an LCD screen (i.e. the blacks are blacker on plasmas and
greyer on LCDs).
✔ The display panel itself is about 6 cm (2.4 in) thick, generally the device's total thickness
(including electronics) to be less than 10 cm (3.9 in).
 Fig 2.7 PLASMA TV
2.8 3D TV
✔ At first, films were silent, then sound was added;
✔ Cinema and television were initially black-and-white, then colour TV was introduced.
✔ Computer imaging and digital special effects have been the latest major novelty.
✔ Nowadays markets are flooded with HDTV,LCD & Plasma TVs.
✔ Three dimensional TV(3D TV) is expected to be next revolution in the TV history.
✔ Binocular parallax-Binocular parallax refers to the ability of the eyes to see a solid object
and a continuous surface behind that object even though the eyes see two different views.
✔ Depth perception-It allows the beholder to accurately gauge the distance to an object. It is
the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.
✔ Stereographic images- It means two pictures taken with a time separation that are then
arranged to be viewed simultaneously.
✔ Stereoscope-It is an optical device for creating stereoscopic (or three dimensional) effects
from flat (two-dimensional) images; D. Brewster first constructed the stereoscope in 1844.
✔ Holographic Images-A luminous, 3D,transparent,coloured and nonmaterial image
appearing out of a 2D medium, called a hologram.
✔ Artificial 3D
✔ If we look at a standard flat TV screen, we're looking at a flat 2D picture.
✔ It is of course possible for a TV to create the illusion of 3D.
✔ The basics of 3D TV
 ✔ Just like any other artificial 3D, 3D TV works by feeding a separate image to each eye, so
that the brain can unite those two separate images into a 3D picture

Fig 2.8 3D TV
✔ Acquisition
✔ Acquisition stage consist of an array of the hardware synchronized cameras.
✔ MPEG-2 Encoding
✔ PCI card.
✔ Gigabit Ethernet
✔ A transmission technology, enables super net to deliver enhanced network performance.
2.9 PROJECTION TV
✔ A projection TV is a television set that uses a video projector to display its picture. With
the projector, the TV is able to cast a much larger image than most standard models,
making the TV set into a small-scale cinema screen, which many owners use in their home
theaters.
✔ A projection television uses a projector to create a small image or video from a video signal
and magnify this image onto a viewable screen. The projector uses a bright beam of light
and a lens system to project the image to a much larger size.
✔ Types
✔ CRT (cathode ray tube)
✔ LCD (liquid crystal display)
✔ DLP (digital light processing)
 ✔ LCOS (liquid crystal on silicon)
2.10 VIDEO INTERFACE
✔ Video interfaces are used to transfer the information from computer memory to the monitor
for visualization.
✔ Analog Video
✔ Composite video
✔ Separate video
✔ Component video
✔ Digital Video
✔ HDMI
✔ DVI
✔ SDI
2.10.1 Analog Video
✔ There are many types of analogues and many are included below:
✔ PAL (Phase Alternating Line), SECAM (Sequential color for memory and NTSC (National
television system committee).
✔ These all are analogue television color encoding system that are used in broadcast
television systems in many countries. These analogues help the national television systems
to have good quality and good color encoding in countries around the world.
✔ It can be represented as a series of sine waves. It is described as any fluctuating, evolving
or continually changing process.
✔ Broadcast and telephone transmission have used analog technology.
2.10.2 Composite Video
✔ In a composite video signal the Brightness and the Color signals are put together into one
signal but for the component signal the brightness and color consists of three different
signals.
✔ Everything is put together in one cable so it is easier rather than the Component video
signal as that has many signals.
✔ It can easily be directed to any broadcast channel.
✔ It is a signal that combines on one wire for color as well as frame
✔ Strengths: -easier to use because its all in one cable.
 ✔ Weaknesses: - Carrying the color information means everything is on one signal and has
to be encoded in one way. It has to be compatible.
✔ Requires less processing to feed analog televisions but more complex processing.

2.10.3 Component Video

✔ Component video signals is a video signal that has been split into two or more component
channels. The signals are broken up into different bits and are different to Composite video
signals.
✔ All the video information is combined into a single line level signal that is used in analog
television.
✔ Like composite video signals, component video cables do not carry audio.
✔ They are often paired with audio cables.
✔ Strengths: Component video signals have better color quality than composite video signals.
✔ Weaknesses: -They are very expensive to buy
✔ There are many wires and not like the composite video cable where everything is in one
cable
2.10.4 Seperate Video
✔ Separate video, abbreviated S-Video and also known as Y/C (or erroneously, S-VHS and
"super video") is an analog video signal that carries the video data as two separate signals
(brightness and color), unlike composite video which carries the entire set of signals in one
signal line.
✔ S-Video, as most commonly implemented, carries high-bandwidth 480i or 576i resolution
video, i.e. standard definition video. It does not carry audio on the same cable.
✔ S-Video (S for Separate) is another type of component video signal (transferring Y'UV
when used for PAL video and Y'IQ when used for NTSC video), because the luma (Y')
and chroma (UV or IQ) signals are transmitted on separate wires.
✔ This connection type, however, cannot produce high definition pictures with more than 480
interlaced lines of video for NTSC or more than 576 lines of interlaced video for PAL.
2.10.5 Digital Video
✔ Digital video is recorded digitally, as ones and zeros. Since it is stored in a digital format,
digital video can be recognized and edited by a computer, which is also a digital device.
 ✔ A digital system is a technology that uses many values. It is a system that uses continuous
range of values to represent information.
✔ For example, numbers, letters and icons for images and sounds.
✔ When data is transmitted, a certain amount of noise enters the signal.
✔ The opposite of digital is analogue. All data that a computer processes must be encoded
digitally because of the values and the numbers.
✔ Computers are digital because they consist of discrete units and numbers.
✔ A modem is used to convert the digital information in your computer to analog signals for
your phone line.
2.10.6 HDMI
✔ The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is an all-digital audio/video interface
capable of transmitting uncompressed streams. HDMI is compatible with HDCP Digital
Rights Management technology.
✔ HDMI provides an interface between any compatible digital audio/video source, such as a
set-top box, a DVD player, a PC, a video game system, or an AV receiver and a compatible
digital audio and/or video monitor, such as a digital television (DTV).
✔ HDMI define video formats and waveforms. It supports on a single cable.
✔ HDMI are easier to use and are good for audio. All you need for HDMI is one cable so it
works properly and does not interfere with your other cables.
2.10.7 DVI
✔ Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video interface standard designed to maximize the visual
quality of digital display devices such as flat panel LCD computer displays and digital
projectors.
✔ It was developed by an industry consortium, the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG).
It is designed primarily for carrying uncompressed digital video data to a display. It is
partially compatible with the HDMI standard.
✔ DVI (Digital video interface) is a video interface that covers the transmission of video
between a computer and a display device.
✔ Many DVI interface are featured on desktop computers.
✔ DVI works for analogue and digital but does not work for audio.
2.10.8 SDI
 ✔ The Serial Digital Interface (SDI), standardized in ITU-R BT.656 and SMPTE 259M, is a
digital video interface used for broadcast-grade video. A related standard, known as High
Definition Serial Digital Interface (HD-SDI), is standardized in SMPTE 292M; this
provides a nominal data rate of 1.485 Gbit/s.
2.11 CD PLAYER
✔ A CD (Compact Disk) is an optical media storage device, originally developed by Philips
and Sony and introduced as CD-Digital Audio (CD-DA) in 1980.
✔ CD-DA was originally developed to contain only audio information.
✔ The Compact Disc Digital Audio Standard, commonly referred to as the Red Book.
✔ Extensions to the Red Book standard were developed for storing computer data,
compressed audio, video, and graphical information on CD.
✔ It is the electronic recording. Storing, and playing back of audio, video or text, in a digital
form on a flat, round plastic storage medium called a disc.
✔ It is called optical because the information on the disk is read by a laser in a CD – ROM
drive.
✔ Optical format
✔ From 650 MB to 1 GB capacity
✔ Disks made of reflective material; how each bit reflects light--or doesn't reflect it--
determines whether it's a 1 or a 0.
✔ Types
✔ Read only: CD-ROM
✔ Write once: CD-R (Permanently stored)
✔ Rewriteable: CD-RW (Erased and Rewritten repeatedly)
✔ Picture CDs and Photo CDs
✔ Physical details of CD
✔ The compact disc consist of polycarbonate substrate 120mm in diameter 1.2mm in
thickness.
✔ The polycarbonate layer contains microscopic pits. Each pit is 100nm in depth & 500nm
in width.
✔ The space between two pits is called lands.
✔ The polycarbonate substrate is covered by reflective aluminium or gold to increase
reflectivity.
✔ The reflective surface is protected by a layer of lacquer to prevent oxidation.
✔ A CD is flat, round, portable metal disc, which is coated with a thin metal or plastic or
other material that is highly reflective.
✔ Working
✔ Lands reflects the laser beam light.
✔ Pits diffuses the light.
✔ Lands & pits convey binary values.
✔ The reflected light falls on a photo detector.
✔ It sense the presence of a land or pit by the intensity of light falling on it.
✔ A photocell changes light energy into electrical energy.
✔ A transition from a land to pit or a pit to land is interpreted as a ‘1’
✔ Absence of a transition is interpreted as a ‘0’.

Fig 2.9 CD Player Working

✔ Reading data from CD
✔ A CD-ROM drive reads digital data from a spinning disc by focusing a laser on the disc’s
surface.
✔ Some areas of the disc reflect the laser light into a sensor, and other areas scatter the light.
✔ Reading Speed
✔ Reading speed is measured in kB/s
✔ Reading speed determines the transfer of data in one second.
✔ 1× or 1-speed which gives a data transfer rate of 150 kB/s in the most common data format.
✔ Maximum speed available today is 52x.
✔ Writing data on CD
✔ A laser is used to heat a chemical dye in the disc to create marks that will be read as data.
✔ As marks (pits) are created through burns, this process is also referred as burning.
✔ Burning a CD is comparatively slower than reading it.
✔ Maximum burning speed is 32x.
✔ File System
✔ The format of the CD (file system) describes how the data is stored on the CD.
✔ The earliest file system was High Sierra Standard.
✔ The ISO 9660 format is now the most common format.
✔ Storage capacity of CD
✔ Storage capacity is the maximum limit of data storage on a CD.
✔ A standard compact disc can store 650 MB of data or about 70 minutes of audio.
✔ A new generation of compact disc, however, can hold 700 MB of data or 80 minutes of
audio.
✔ CD Standards
✔ CD-DA(Compact Disc-Digital Audio)
✔ CD-ROM(Compact Disc-Read Only Memory)
✔ CD-i(CD Interactive)
✔ CD-ROM/XA(CD ROM Extended Architecture)
✔ CD-R(Compact Disc-Recordable)
✔ CD-RW(Compact Disc-Rewritable)
✔ Video CD
✔ Advantages & Disadvantages
✔ Advantages of CD
✔ Large storage space
✔ Compact and light
✔ Can be manufactured on a large scale
✔ Disadvantage Of CD
✔ Slow Writing speed
✔ Not easily re-writable
✔ Cost Concerns
2.12 DVD PLAYER
✔ Digital versatile disc or Digital video disc commonly known as DVD is used for digital
optical disc storage
✔ A DVD player is a device that plays discs produced under both the DVD-Video and DVD
Audio technical standards, two different and incompatible standards.
✔ DVD players are connected to a television to watch the DVD content, which could be a
movie, a recorded TV show, or other content.
✔ Additionally, most DVD players allow users to play audio CDs (CD-DA, MP3, etc.) and
Video CDs (VCD).
✔ A few include a home cinema decoder (i.e. Dolby Digital, Digital Theatre Systems(DTS)).
✔ Some newer devices also play videos in the MPEG-4 ASP video compression format (such
as DivX) popular in the Internet.
✔ Parts of a DVD Player
✔ Optical system:
✔ The optical system mainly consists of the laser beam, lenses, prism, photo-detectors and
also mirrors. The output of this mechanism will be the input for the disc-drive. The laser
beam will be a red laser diode which works at a wavelength of 600 nanometres.
✔ Disc drive mechanism:
✔ The disc drive mechanism consists of a motor that will drive the disc in a circular motion.
The mechanism will also have a disc feed – a loading tray that is used to accept the DVD
from the user. Thus the entire disc drive is basically a spindle that holds the disc and a
motor that is used to circle the disc.
✔ Printed Circuit Board:
✔ The electronic outline must be drawn on the PCB with the correct placement of all the IC’s
resistors as well as capacitors. After the outline has been drawn, the components must be
soldered to their respective places. All the primary components of the electronic circuit
should be made out of silicon.
✔ Working of a DVD Player
✔ The pits and bumps in the DVD are hit by the laser from the optical mechanism of the DVD
player. This laser will be reflected differently according to the change of pits and bumps.
✔ Though the laser hits a single spot, the DVD moves in a circular motion so that the entire
area is covered. Mirrors are also used to change the spot.
✔ These reflected laser beams are then collected by a light sensor (e.g.. photo-detector) which
converts the different signals into a binary code.
✔ The optical system helps in converting the data from the DVD into a digital code.
✔ The binary signal is then sent to a Digital to Analog converter which will be setup in the
PCB. Thus the corresponding analog signal of the DVD is obtained.
✔ The PCB also has amplifiers which amplify the signal and then sends it to the graphic and
audio systems of the computer/TV. Thus, the corresponding audio/video signal is obtained.

Fig 2.10 DVD Player Working

✔ Faults in a DVD Player

✔ A DVD Player is a complex set of equipment having mechanical, optical and electronics
components which are prone to faults.
✔ DTS Disabled
✔ Aspect Ratio
✔ Mechanical Connections
✔ Dirty lens or disc
✔ Geographical Conditions
✔ Troubleshooting a DVD Player
✔ It means to locate the faulty component or connection in the equipment and determining
the cause of its becoming faulty.
✔ Troubleshooting includes:
✔ Corrective Maintenance(repair)
✔ Qualitative Maintenance(restoring)
✔ Preventive Maintenance(servicing)
✔ Need of Troubleshooting
✔ Modern electronic devices although reliable, present some potential problems.
✔ Some of the common problems can be given as follows:
✔ The devices are sensitive to dust, vibrations, humidity and transients in power supply
voltage.
✔ The ICs used in the equipment are prone to electrostatic charge and heat.
✔ The above mentioned problems cause the devices to not work in proper manner.
✔ In order to reduce the faults in the device we need to troubleshoot them.
✔ After troubleshooting, the device works in a appropriate manner.