EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS AND DESCRIPTIVE -Active space -----
EPIDEMIOLOGY
epidemiological stucly design
Observational Experimental EVidence-based medicine
Descriptive Analytical Randomised Non-randomised Systematie
trials trials
meta-analyss
reviews
[email protected]
Descriptive Studies 00:01:45
Study based on distribution of time, place i person.
Type:
Case reports:Single Case.
Case series : multiple cases.
Time DISTRIBUTION
Trends/Auctuation
Short term Periodic Long term
Short termAuctuation:
AKA outbreaks / epidemics Short term epidemics
Common source (point source) multiple sources
Single exposure multiple exposure Propagated epidemies
Incubotion period: Single mulitple waves
Waves " Icurve, lpeok Secondary uwaves " Person to person
" No ard usove Rapid 4 animal transmission
Ropid rise, rapid fall Sustained rise
* Explosive increase
Otther feotures: Hyper-endemic
Stage of disease HIV transmission
Food poisoning Contaminated well,
intected cook
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--- Active space Control of propagated epidemics :
" Herd immunity
" Vaccination.
*No SuSceptible population.
Periodic luctuations:
Seasonal
Cycical
" monsOon :Vector-borne Dengue i 1-3 yrs.
diseases, Road traffic " measles :a-3 yrs.
accidents. " Rubella : 4-9 yrs.
sudhir.mundepi @gmail.com *winter : Respiratory infections. " Inluenza:7-0 yrs.
Spring Allergies.
Summer:Gastroenteritis,
heat stroke.
Long term luctuation :
" AKA secular trends.
epidemiological transition :Shit of the tupe of diseases over a long period of time.
Note :
Demographic transition : Change in the trend with respect to birth f death.
PLACE DISTRIBUTION:
Disease Predominant area
Kala a2ar west Benqal, Bihar
Japanese encephalitis UP, Bihar, Punjab,Teloangana
Goitre Himachal Pradesh
hongri concer Jammu Kasmir
Lynphatic ilariasis Central India Bihar, Jhankhand, uP, Chattisgarh,
maharashtra, west eenqal, Karnataka, ete.
Pfalciparum malaria North-eastern states
Fedback Stornach cancer
Ca breast
Ca cervK
Japan
Anerica
India
. yellow fever iExotic in India.
Robies-ree areas iLakshadweep, Andaman f Nicobar.
D
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Diseases based on region : -Active space
Rural: 20onotic infection, dermatosis, mycosis.
urban :Coronary artery disease, depression, hypertension, obesity
PERSON DISTRIBUTION
males Tuphoid cases and hypertension.
Females Typhoid carrier, thyroid disorder, anxiety and mental health issues.
Age-wise distribution :
0 year |-5 years S-10 years I0-15 years 5years
Chicken pox under l0 years
Diphtheria Developing >5 years -Developed countries
conuntries
[email protected] Rubella 3-10 years - Developing 15 years -
countries Developed countries
>5 years
measles
6 months - 3years, Developing countries Developed
countries
meningococcal 3-1a months
meningitis
Tuberculosis
IS-20 years
Poliomyelitis Developing countries -
Gune-sept) o months3years Developed countries ->5 yearsand >15 years
Diarrheol disease 6 months - a years
Peak b-llmonths)
Typhoid Peak 5-19 years
Guy-sept)
HooKworms S-85 vears
Bimodal distribution :
"Peoks in tuo age group.
tgi Hodghin's lymphoma C I5-35 yrs
*s0 yrs
OTHER PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE DISsEASES
ethnicty " Behaviour.
" maritol stotus, migrations.
Occupotion.
STEPS OF DESCRIPTIVE STuoy
8 Deining the population urder study 4. measurement of disease.
Detning the disease under study S. Comparing with Knoun index.
G. Deseribing the diseose iBy tine,
LI la. Formulation of etiologjical hypothesis.
place, person distribution.
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