1 (a) Identify the following lattice planes:

i ii iii iv v

(b) Sketch the following lattice planes: (i). (212) (ii). (011) (iii). (111) (iv). (001̅)

(c) Write all directions from the family < 111 > and < 110 > .

2 (a) Determine the number of atoms in each of the following unit cells : (i) Simple cubic (ii) Body centred cubic (iii) Face centred cubic .

(b) Define atomic packing factor and calculate the packing efficiency of each of the following structures: (i) sc (ii) bcc (iii) fcc

3 (a) Distinguish between Bravais and Non-Bravais lattices.

(b) Convert the Miller indices(110), (11̅0), (345) and (34̅5̅) into Miller-Bravais indices.

(c) Enumerate any four (4) important properties of the Miller indices.

4 (a) Show that the volume of the primitive cell for a hexagonal space lattice is given by

𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = (√3⁄2) 𝑎2 𝑐 .

(b) Determine the primitive translations of the reciprocal lattice ( i.e 𝐴⃗ , 𝐵

⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶⃗ ).

𝑏 𝑎
5 (a)The expression for the potential energy of two identical atoms is given by 𝑈(𝑟) = − .
𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑚

Show that 𝑛 > 𝑚 if U is minimum at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 .

𝐴 𝐵
(b) The potential energy of a diatomic molecule in terms of the interatomic separation R is given by 𝑈(𝑅) = − + .
𝑅2 𝑅 10

A stable molecule is formed with release of 8.0𝑒𝑉 of energy when the interatomic distance is 2.8Å. Calculate the values of the constants A and
B. Also calculate the interatomic distance at which the dissociation occurs and the force required to break the molecule.
1
4𝑐 2 𝑘𝑎
6 (a) The dispersion relation of one atom per unit cell is given by 𝜔 = ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑚 2

1
𝑐𝑎2 2 1
Show that the group velocity is given by 𝑣𝑔 = ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑎 .
𝑚 2

(b) X rays with wavelength of 0.58Å are used for calculating d200 in nickel. The reflection angle is 9.5°. What is the size of the unit cell ?

7 . (a) Briefly account for the phenomenon of superconductivity and discuss type I and type II superconductors.

(b) State the meaning of SQUID and explain its applications.

(c) Lead in the superconducting state has critical temperature of 6.2𝐾 at zero magnetic field and critical field of 0.064𝑀𝐴𝑚−1 at 0𝐾.
Determine the critical field at 4𝐾. Calculate the superconducting electron density if 𝑛0 is given as 3.29 × 1028 /𝑚3 .

8) Briefly explain the following Crystallographic term

i) Lattice ii) Basis iii) Primitive Cell
b). Copy and complete the table below;
 S/N CRYSTAL BRAVAIS SYMBOL PROPERTIES
SYSTEM LATTICE

1. Cubic

2. Tetragonal 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐

𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90
3. ORTHORHOMBIC P

BCC
FCC
EC

4. MONOCLINIC Primitive

End Base

5. TRICLINIC

6. Simple Cubic P 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐

𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90

7. HEXAGONAL 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐

𝛼 = 𝛽 = 90, 𝛾
= 120

c) Construc the Wiegner-Seitz Primitive cell.

d) Draw the following

i) 3m symmetry element

ii) P2m plane lattice.

9) Given the Structure factor 𝑆𝐺 = ∫𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑉 [∑𝑠𝑖=𝑗 𝑛𝑗 (𝑟 − 𝑟𝑗 )]𝑒 −𝑖𝐺.𝑟̅ . Show that the atomic form
factors 𝑓𝑗 = ∫𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑉 𝑛𝑗 (𝜌)𝑒 −𝑖𝐺.𝜌̅

𝑎 √3 𝑎 𝑎 √3 𝑎
b) For Hexagonal space lattice 𝑎1 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑎2 = − 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑎3 = 𝑐𝑧 . Show that
2 2 2 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
the primitive translations of reciprocal lattice vector 𝑏2 = − 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝑎√3 𝑎

c) Calculate the atomic form factor of the face centred cubic (fcc) crystal.
𝑎 𝑎
10) For face centred cubic (fcc) crystal, the lattice vector 𝑎1 = (𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑎2 = (𝑧 + 𝑥) and
2 2
𝑎 2𝜋
𝑎3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦). Show that the reciprocal lattice vector 𝑏3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧).
2 𝑎
b) With aid of diagram list and briefly explain the crystallographic rotational symmetries

c) The crystal structure for 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 is a cubic lattice, the successive lattice site being occupied by
𝑁𝑎 and 𝐶𝑙 ions respectively. If the molecular weight of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 is 58.5, calculate the spacing
between the nearest neighbor ions (𝜌𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 2.18 × 103 𝐾𝑔𝑚−3 ).

11) Define the term phonons and list five Einstein assumption on classical theory of specific heat
of solid
b) The energy 𝐸 of one-dimensional harmonic oscillator of mass 𝑚 and angular frequency 𝜔𝑜 is
𝑃2 1
given as: 𝐸 = + 𝑚𝜔𝑜2 𝑥 2 . Show that the average energy of each harmonic oscillator
2𝑚 2
𝐸̅ = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇
c) From (4b) above, show that the specific heat of solid at constant volume consisting of N atoms
𝐶𝑣 = 3𝑁𝐾𝐵

12) In the Debye approximation, the average energy of an oscillation having frequency 𝜈 at
ℎ𝜈
temperature T is given by 𝜀̅ = ℎ𝜈 . Show that the specific heat of solid at constant
𝑒 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 −1
3 𝜃𝐷 𝑥 4
𝑇 𝑇 𝑒 𝑥
volume 𝐶𝑣 = 9𝑁𝐾𝐵 ( ) ∫ 0 (𝑒 −1)2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
𝜃 𝐷
4 𝜃𝐷
𝑇 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥4
b) Given that 𝐹𝐷 is a Debye function and are expressed as 𝐹𝐷 = 3 ( ) ∫0 𝑇 (𝑒 𝑥 −1)2
𝑑𝑥 . Show
𝜃 𝐷
that at high temperature, the specific heat at constant volume 𝐶𝑣 = 3𝑅.

c) Gold has the same structure as copper. The velocity of sound in gold is 2100 m/s and that of
copper is 3800 m/s. if the Debye temperature of copper is 348K, determine the Debye
temperature of gold.
(𝜌𝐴𝑢 = 1.93 × 104 𝐾𝑔𝑚−3 , 𝜌𝐶𝑢 = 8960𝐾𝑔𝑚−3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑢 = 197.0 , 𝐴𝐶𝑢 = 63.54).

13) Define the term Superconductivity and Meissner effect.

b) With the aid of diagram, briefly explain Type I and Type II superconductors

c) Lead in the superconducting state has critical temperature of 6.2 K at zero magnetic field and
a critical field of 0.064 Mam-1 at 0 K. Determine the critical field at 4 K