Unit 1
INTRODUCTION
• Introduction
• Importance and Necessity of Protected Water Supply
Systems: Safe water is vital for public health, sanitation,
and the prevention of waterborne diseases. Protected
systems ensure the delivery of treated, contaminant-free
water, supporting public well-being and socioeconomic
stability. Inadequate supply or contaminated water can
lead to outbreaks and high morbidity and mortality.
• Waterborne Diseases: Caused by consuming water
polluted by bacteria, viruses, or protozoa, waterborne
diseases include cholera, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and
more. Spread often results from fecal-oral transmission
due to poor sanitation practices.
Planning of Public Water Supply System:
Involves assessing water sources,
forecasting demand, selecting treatment
processes, designing infrastructure
(intake, treatment, storage, distribution),
and considering future expansion to
ensure reliable service.
Components of Public Water Supply Systems:
Water sources (surface/groundwater)
Treatment plants
Storage (reservoirs/tanks)
Distribution network (pipes, pumps, valves)
Consumption points (households, industry)
2. Per Capita Demand and Factors Influencing It
Definition: Per capita demand is the average quantity of
water (liters per person per day) required by an
individual, including all uses—domestic, commercial, and
institutional.
Factors Influencing Per Capita Demand:
City size: Larger cities tend to have higher demands
due to greater industrial/commercial activity and
higher living standards.
Climate: Hot climates require more water for cooling,
drinking, and irrigation.
Socioeconomic status: Wealthier populations
consume more (e.g., more appliances, gardens).
Industrial and commercial activity: Increases overall
demand.
Industrial and commercial activity: Increases overall
demand.
Water quality: Better quality can increase usage.
System of supply: Continuous systems often see more use
than intermittent ones.
Cost and metering: Higher costs or metered systems can
reduce demand.
Sanitation: Better sewage and drainage increase water
demand.
Types of Water Demands and Their Variations
Types:
Domestic: Water for households (drinking, cooking,
cleaning, bathing).
Industrial: Used in manufacturing and processing
industries.
Public/Institutional: For public buildings, schools,
hospitals, parks, firefighting.
Losses: Water lost due to leakage, theft, or other
inefficiencies
Variations:
Fluctuate daily, seasonally, and based on special
circumstances (festivals, emergencies).
Urbanization and population growth drive increasing
demand.
Factors Affecting Water Demand
City size, living standards, climate,
industrial/commercial development, water supply
system design (continuous/intermittent), cost of water,
metering, system of sanitation, and age of the
community all play significant roles. Demand increases
with higher economic status, better sanitation, and
improved supply systems, but rises less in metered or
expensive supply systems.
Design Period
Definition: The design period is the expected future
period (typically 20-30 years) for which a water supply
system is planned to meet projected population and
demand. The chosen period considers population
growth, cost, technological changes, and expected
infrastructure lifespan.
Significance: Too short a design period leads to
frequent expansion; too long results in unnecessary
initial costs or obsolete infrastructure.
Population Forecasting
Purpose: Estimating future population is crucial for sizing
water supply infrastructure, ensuring it meets demand
throughout the design period rather than only for current
conditions.
Methods:
Arithmetic Increase Method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decreasing Rate of Increase Method
Graphical Methods
Zoning or Master Plan Methods
