18 CÂU CÔNG NGHỆ CHẾ TẠO MÁY KỲ 2019.

4. Trìnhbàyảnhhưởngcủachấtlượngbềmặttớitínhchấtsửdụngcủachitiếtmáy?
Ảnh hưởng -Effect of surface roughness: because the surfaces of the two parts in contact with each other have micro undulations, at the
của chất first stage these two surfaces only touch each other on a number of high undulating peaks, the contact area only a part of the
lượng bề calculated area and there is a very large pressure, often exceeding the yield limit, sometimes even exceeding the strength
mặt tới tính limit of the material, causing the contact points to be elastically compressed and plastically deformed. protrusion, which is
chống mòn contact deformation.
của chi tiết -Effect of surface hardening layer: Surface hardening layer of machine parts has the effect of improving wear resistance.
máy Surface hardening limits the interaction between the elements and the mechanical interaction at the contact surface. The
surface layer hardening phenomenon also limits the total plastic deformation of the machine part, thereby limiting the
phenomenon of metal melting and abrasion.
Surface residual stresses generally have no appreciable effect on wear resistance, if the part is operated under normal
friction conditions. As for the internal stress, considering the entire section can affect the abrasive properties and intensity
of the machine part.
Effect of -Effect of surface roughness: surface roughness has an influence on the fatigue strength of machine parts, especially when
surface the machine part is subjected to cyclic loads with a change in sign, because at the bottom of the undulations there is a
quality on concentrated stress. medium, sometimes exceeding the fatigue limit of the material.
fatigue -Effect of surface hardening layer: hardening surface can increase fatigue strength by about 20%. The depth and degree of
strength of hardening of the surface layer both have an effect on b=fatigue strength of the machine part, because it limits the possibility
machine of causing micro-cracks that damage the part, especially when the surface parts with residual compressive stress.
parts -Effect of residual stress: compressive residual stress in the surface layer has the effect of increasing the fatigue strength of
the part, while the tensile residual stress is the opposite.

Effect of -Effect of surface roughness: the depressions created by microscopic undulations are places for corrosive substances. Thus,
surface the lower the undulation height, the more corrosion will be.
quality on -Effect of the surface hardening layer: the metal structure has hard Peclite and soft ferrite grains. Soft particles have more
chemical plastic deformation, so the ability to harden is higher, so the energy level is raised unevenly, so the potential energy of the
corrosion particles changes differently. So Ferrit becomes Anot and Peclit becomes katot.
resistance of Residual stress has almost no effect on chemical corrosion.
machine
parts

5. Trìnhbàyảnhhưởngcủacácyếutốmangtínhchấthìnhhọccủadụngcụcắtvàchế
độ cắt tới độ nhám bề mặt?
Effect of cutting speed: + When cutting carbon steel at low speed, the cutting temperature is not high, the metal chips are easily
separated, the deformation of the surface layer is not much, so the surface roughness is low.
+When the cutting speed is increased to about v=20-40 m/min, the cutting temperature increases and has a
large value, causing strong plastic deformation, on the front and back of the metal knife, it melts. When the
metal layer is compacted on the front face and high temperature increases the coefficient of friction in the
cutting area, a stye is formed.
Knives increase the roughness of the machined surface.
+ If the cutting speed continues to increase, the tool will be heated faster, the deformed metal area is
destroyed, the adhesive force of the tool will not overcome the friction force of the chip flow, and the tool
will be swept away (the tool will disappear). lost when v=40-60 m/min). With v>60m/min, the tool stout
cannot be formed, so the surface roughness is reduced, the smoothness is increased.
Lượng chạy dao(s) + When machining carbon steel with the feedrate value s=0.02-0.15mm/rev, the machined surface has a
reduced micro undulation.
+If s<0.02 mm/rev is reduced, the microscopic undulation will increase and the surface smoothness will
decrease because the effect of plastic deformation is larger than the influence of geometrical factors.
+If the feed rate s>0.15 mm/rev, the elastic deformation will affect the formation of microscopic
undulations, combined with the influence of geometrical factors to increase the surface roughness. Thus, to
ensure smooth surface finish and high productivity, the feed rate s=0.02-0.15 mm/rev should be selected.
 Chiều sâu cắt (t) - has the same effect as feed amount on the subtle undulation height, if ignored
runout of machine spindle
+If the cutting depth is too large, the vibration during the cutting process increases so the roughness may
increase
+If the cutting depth is too small, then the cutting edge will slip and cut intermittently, thus increasing the
surface roughness.
+ The phenomenon of tool slip often occurs with the value of cutting depth t=0.02-0.03 mm
Các yếu tố liên quan đến tính + Changing the angle values and 1 not only changes the height of the undulation, but also changes the shape
chất hình học của dụng cụ of the undulation.
cắt + If the tip radius is round r1, the undulation also has a round concave bottom
+If the tip radius is increased to r2, the height Rz decreases
+ When the vertex radius r is small and the feed amount s is large, in addition to the curved part of the
cutting edge, the straight part is also
involved in influencing the undulating shape and height.

6. Trình bày ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố phụ thuộc biến dạng dẻo của lớp bề mặt tới độ nhám bề mặt?
The influence of the processing material:
+ Flexible and tough materials are easily deformed, so the roughness increases as plastic deformation increases
+ The hardness of the material increases, so the roughness decreases
Reducing the ductility of the material by surface hardening also reduces the roughness
-Effect of cutting speed v: the effect of cutting speed on surface quality through deformation rate, cutting force as well as cutting heat generated
during machining. Cutting speed is an important parameter affecting the quality of machining parts in general and surface roughness in
particular
+When v<20m/min: due to the plastic deformation speed, the cutting heat is small, the surface quality is good
+When v=20-40 m/min: cutting at this speed range is not good due to the appearance of stye. Knife wobble causes the tool parameters to change
+When v>40 m/min: Good surface quality due to the swarm has been melted and swept away by chips

7. Trìnhbàyảnhhưởngdorungđộngcủahệthốngcôngnghệtớichấtlượngbềmặt?
The technology system includes: machines, jigs, knives and workpieces
System vibration causes the relative position between the tool tip and the work surface to change periodically, creating undulations on the
machined surface. If the vibration frequency is low, the amplitude is large, causing waves on the machined surface. If the vibration frequency is
high, the small amplitude will cause the surface roughness.
-The vibration of the machine has the strongest influence on the surface smoothness, so in order to achieve a high surface smoothness, you must
first ensure that the machine is stable enough, must adjust the machine well to reduce the vibration of the machine and reduce the effects of
vibration transmitted by the machines working around. In addition, the vibration of the part is also affected
to the undulating height, so the part must be clamped carefully when machining to limit the bad influence caused by the vibrating part.
 8. Trìnhbàykháiniệmvàđịnhnghĩađộchínhxácgiacôngcủachitiếtmáyvàcác
phương pháp đạt độ chính xác gia công chi tiết máy
- Machining accuracy is the similarity in geometry, mechanical properties of the surface layer of the machined part compared to the part.
analog machine on design drawings.
- In general, machining accuracy is difficult to achieve and expensive to implement.
- In fact, it is difficult to create an absolutely accurate part and must use its deviation value to evaluate the machining accuracy.
- The machining accuracy of the part is evaluated according to the following factors:
+ Dimensional accuracy of the machined surface itself.
+Geometric shape accuracy
+ Relative position accuracy
+ Fine geometrical deviation accuracy
Mechanical properties of the machined surface.
Methods to achieve machine part machining accuracy

Phương pháp cắt thử Phương pháp tự động đạt kích thước
Bản +The essence of the method is that after fixing the workpiece The essence of the method is that before machining the cutting
chất on the machine, the worker gives the knife tool is pre-adjusted to have a fixed relative position relative to
in and proceed to cut a certain amount of residual, then the work piece.
Stop the machine to check the size + In other words, the work piece must also have a definite
ruler. position relative to the cutting tool. This position of the work
+ If the requirements are not met, adjust the depth of the knife piece is ensured by the locating mechanism of the jig and the
again, then test and check again, the work is repeated until the jig also has a definite position on the machine thanks to its own
required size is achieved. positioning mechanism.
+ Before test cutting, the workpiece is usually imprinted so that
the worker can put it into position (imposed) quickly and to
avoid waste (caused by the knife inserted too deeply).

Ưu • • On incorrect machines, it is still possible to achieve •

Điểm • high precision (thanks to the skill of the craftsman) • • Ensure machining accuracy, reduce waste. Machining
• • Eliminates the effect of tool wear when machining a whole accuracy does not depend on the minimum thickness of the
series of parts (because the tool is always adjusted to the correct chip to be cut and the skill level of the worker.
position) • • Only cut once to reach the size, no need to take time to take
• • No need to make expensive jigs, just a precise tool jig. marks and test cut, so the productivity is high
• • Reasonable use of skilled workers capable of adjusting
machines and serving many different machines at the same
time.
• • Improve economic efficiency.
Nhược • Machining accuracy depends on the minimum thickness of the • Costs for jigsaw design, fixture fabrication as well as
điểm chip removed • costs for machine adjustment, knife adjustment may be
• • Workers who work under stress are easily tired, so they may • exceed the economic efficiency of the method.
• cause waste • • The cost of making precision workpieces is sometimes
• • Low labor productivity due to frequent cutting uncompensated
• • Due to low productivity, the cost is not high • can be returned if the number of workpieces is too small.
• • If the tool wears out quickly, the adjusted dimensions will
change rapidly, so repeated adjustment is required. This costs
both time and money, and reduces accuracy.
 Phạm In single and small batch production, in trial or repair In single and small batch production, in trial or repair
vi production, in tool workshops. production, in tool workshops.
Ứng
dụng

10. Trình bàyảnh hưởngcủa độchính xáccủa máy, đồ gávà dụngcụcắt tới độchính xác gia công?
Ảnh hưởng của độ chính xác của máy tới độ chính xác gia công

-When manufacturing, usually machine tools have the following geometrical errors:

+Main shaft runout in the radial

+Rotation of spindle taper hole

+The head run-out of the main shaft

+The run-out and other manufacturing errors of the slide, of the table, etc. will be reflected in whole or in part on the work piece in the form of
systematic error. The formation of machined surfaces is due to the forced movement of the main part such as the spindle of the table or the tool
table... If these movements have errors, of course it will be reflected on the machined surface of the machine part. .

-During the working process, machine wear will also cause machining errors.

Ảnh hưởng của sai số chế tạo, gá đặt và mòn của dụng cụ cắt tới độ chính xác gia công
-When machining with dimensioning tools, the tooling error directly affects the machining accuracy.
-During the cutting process, the tool will wear out and greatly affect the machining accuracy. Depending on the degree of wear, the knife can be
changed
change both shape and size and generate errors on the work piece as a variable systematic error.
-Incorrect tool placement also causes errors in the size and geometry of the workpiece.
-To overcome geometric errors of machines, tools, and jigs, the following measures can be used:
• Periodic repair, adding correction mechanisms
• Reduce the error of fixing details, jigs, reducing the error of fixing. Improve jigsaw fabrication accuracy
• Improve tool making accuracy. Choose good knife materials, good heat treatment and sharpening to increase the life of the knife
• Choose the right cutting mode to ensure productivity with less tool wear

13. Định nghĩa và phân loại chuẩn, cho ví dụ minh hoạ

-Standard is the set of surfaces, lines or points of a part on which one determines the position of the surfaces,
line or other point of the part itself or another.
(Surface/line/point, determine relative position relative to surfaces, on part itself, other part)
Standard classification:
+ Design standards: used in the design process, formed when setting the size chains during the design process
+ Machining standards: used to determine the position of surfaces, lines or points of parts when machining.
* Coarse standards: are the surfaces used as standards but not yet machined.
* Quasars: are machined surfaces used as standards.
/Main Calibration: is the quasar used in the machining process and the mounting process.
/Sub-calibration: is the calibration surface used only in the machining process, not in the installation process.

+ Standard assembly: used to determine the relative position of surfaces, lines, points between different machine parts during assembly to form a
machine part or product.
+ Test standard: used as a basis to check the dimensions, the position of correlation between the geometrical elements of the machine part.
 14. Trình bày khái niệm về quá trình gá đặt và các phương pháp gá đặt chi tiết gia công?
Khái niệm về quá trình gá đặt

The part before processing must be mounted on the machine or jigs. Detailed installation includes 2 processes:

• The positioning process is the determination of the exact position of the part relative to the cutting tool before machining.

• The clamping process is the process of fixing the position of the part after it has been positioned to resist external forces during the part
processing so that the part does not leave the position that was previously positioned.

During mounting, positioning is always done before clamping. Never these two processes occur simultaneously or vice versa.

Các phương pháp gá đặt chi tiết khi gia công

Checking method Automatic method of reaching size

Check out Available adjustment thanks to the price chart structure
Depends on workmanship, low accuracy Less dependence on worker skill, high accuracy
Take advantage of large error blanks The workpiece needs to be made precisely
Unaffected by knife wear Knife wear, re-adjust many times
Low yield, high cost High productivity, low cost with large batches
Single production, small series Mass and mass production

15. Trình bày nguyên tắc sáu điểm khi định vị chi tiết, cho ví dụ minh họa các trường hợp định vị chi tiết cơ bản?
Principle: A solid body placed in 3D space has 6 possibilities of free motion, namely 3 translational motions in 3 directions and 3 rotational
motions in 3 directions. It is called the 6 degrees of freedom of an absolute solid. In order for a solid to have a definite position in the 3-
dimensional space of Oxyz, we must control the 6 degrees of freedom of the absolute solid.
1. Translation of the cube is tangent to the XOY plane, then the cube is controlled for its movements:

Pursuing OZ
Rotate around OY
Rotation around OX
2. Translation of the cube is tangent to the YOZ plane, then the cube is controlled for its movements:

Purify according to OX
Rotate around OZ
3. Translation of the cube is tangent to the XOZ plane, then the cube is controlled for its movements:

Pursuing OY

17. Trình bày những điểm nên tuân thủ khi chọn chuẩn thô, nêu vídụ minh họa?

-If the work piece has an unmachined surface, that face should be selected as the rough reference, as this will cause the position change.

The correlation between the machined surface and the unmachined surface is minimal.

-If there are several unmachined surfaces, the unmachined surface should be selected with the highest relative position accuracy requirements
for roughing reference machining.

-In the surfaces to be machined, should choose the surface with small residual, all as the rough standard

-Try to choose a rough standard surface that is relatively flat, free of burrs, hot beans, pouring beans or too rough.

- The rough reference surface should only be used once during the entire machining process.
-Standard is used once, but must be chosen carefully

18. Trình bày những điểm nên tuân thủ khi chọn chuẩn tinh, nêu ví dụ minh họa?

-Try to choose the quasar as the primary quasar so that the work piece will have the same position as when working.

-Try to choose the positioning standard that coincides with the size origin so that the standard error is zero

-Select the standard so that when machining the part is not deformed because of the clamping force. The standard surface must have enough
area for the details to be stable

-Choose the standard so that the structure of the fixture is simple and convenient to use
-Try to choose a uniform standard, used in many operations of the technological process. Because if you change the standard, it will generate
cumulative errors in the following times

19. Trình bàykhảnăngcôngnghệcủa tiện và cácphươngpháp gá đặtkhitiện?

Khả năng công nghệ của tiện.

-Shapeability: the lathe can be machined on a variety of surfaces such as inner and outer circles, internal and external threads, grooving, end
turning, cutting off, taper surfaces inner, outer taper and profiled faces.
-Machining accuracy: can reach 5÷13 grade accuracy. The accuracy of the turning operation depends mainly on the following factors:
• The accuracy of the machine includes: spindle rotation, parallelism of the slide with the center of the main shaft, the concentricity between the
three moving chutes and the three main shafts...
• Knife Condition
• The rigidity of the technology system
• Skill level of workers
Các phương pháp gá đặt khi tiện.

The choice of standard when turning depends on the position of the machined surface (inside, outside or end), shape, and size of the part and
required accuracy.

Depending on the position of the machined surface and the standard selection method, the following mounting methods may be available:

+ Mounting on a self-centering 3-spoke chuck used for machining parts with a length less than 5 times the diameter, processing inside, outside,
and cutting.

+ Self-centering and anti-centering three-spoke chuck (4 degrees of freedom positioning) for machining large length parts (5<l/d<10), surface
and thread processing.

+ Two-headed anti-center (fixed-center anti-restriction three degrees of freedom, anti-moving center restricts two degrees of freedom). In the
case of using two center points, if l/d > 10, the part is less rigid, so it is imperative to use luynet to support the work piece to increase the rigidity
of the work piece. front or back of the knife.

+ Four-spoke chuck can attach details of any shape, the accuracy depends on the worker to adjust through the jigsaw process

+ Mounting with two large center noses with rough edges used for processing thin-walled, easily deformed silver details. You can then use

The center point has a rough cut to transmit the cutting torque without the use of speed.

+ Mounting with elastic collet: commonly used for automatic and revolving machines
+ Mounting by mandrel.

20. Trình bày đặc điểm và biện pháp công nghệ khi tiện côn, tiện lỗ?
(TÓM TẮT CHUNG ÉO BIẾT LÀM)
 Tiện lỗ Khoan Khoét Doa

A method of machining holes in A method of finishing holes

A method of machining holes that A method of making holes
a drill, lathe, milling or boring that have been drilled, drilled
is mainly performed on lathes, from solid workpieces on
machine to: or turned. Including: forced
boring machines, milling machines drilling, turning and
reaming, optional reaming.
and sometimes even drilling sometimes even universal • Improved accuracy and
machines. milling machines. surface quality.
• • Prepare for reaming.

Hole turning tools have a larger

Drill bits usually have low
angle than external turning tools The reamer has more cutting The reamer with cutting edge is
stiffness, including the
and are usually mounted higher bits than the drill bit and often distributed
following parts:
than center to reduce friction of the therefore has a higher rigidity asymmetrically, the front angle
back of the tool with the machined • Cylindrical shank than the drill bit is large, so it can cut thin
hole surface and reduce vibrations. installed in the nose clip workpieces.
There are also hand reamers:
wait
reamers for drilling non-
• The body is used to transmit standard holes; knife with a
torque and guide the coolant to straight or twisted blade for
the cutting part boring standard holes
• • Cutting part

Hole turning is only effective The drill is capable of making The hole can be machined with
holes for diameters from 0.1 to Only holes less than 80mm in
when the hole has a non-standard cylindrical holes, step holes, diameter should be drilled.
diameter, large and short hole; 80mm. taper holes and the face is
In mass production, it is Do not drill holes that are too
preformed holes by casting or perpendicular to the center of short, objects that are too hard
forging common to make the initial the hole depending on the
rough hole by casting or or too soft.
structure of the tool.
widening the hole to achieve
the size.
Accuracy is not high due to Relatively low accuracy More precision than drilling High precision
vibration during hole turning

22. Trìnhbàykhảnăngcôngnghệcủaphayvàcácphươngphápgáđặtkhiphay?

-Technological capabilities of milling:

+ Processing plane, step surface, groove surface, swallow tail groove, concave groove, curved surface, convex surface with straight birth line.

+ Milling cylindrical faces, outer cylinders, inner cylinders, and grooves on rotating cylinders on the principle that both the tool and the
workpiece rotate at the same time.

+ Thread milling used in screw processing or machining external and internal threads based on the principle that the tool and the part rotate
together, in addition, there is longitudinal translational movement performed by the tool or the part.

+ Keyway milling is performed after finishing operations

+ Milling profile faces with straight lines such as keyway, gill groove, etc.

+Micro image

Methods of mounting when milling:

+ Take the mark, cut test: at this time, the part can be mounted directly on the table, tracing the mark and lining to determine the position, then
clamping it with screw thread, clamp. It is also possible to mount the details on the eto and then test it and adjust it gradually to reach the size.
+ Use different jigs with tool gauges: depending on the detailed structure, the positioning diagram to determine the position of the part and the
tool.

23. Trình bày đặc điểm và ứng dụng của các phương pháp phay thuận và phay nghịch?
Phay nghịch: Phay thuận:
• The tool rotates in the opposite direction of the workpiece • The tool rotates in the same direction as the workpiece

• The chip thickness varies from min to max, the cutting • The thickness of the workpiece varies from max to min,
process has little impact but easily causes slippage at the so there is no slippage, the productivity is higher than that of
moment the tool begins to contact the part, thus increasing reverse milling. However, impact milling occurs at the point
the undulation height, low productivity where the blade begins to contact the workpiece. If the
workpiece is rough, the surface will be hard and the tool will
wear out quickly
• When rough cutting, the surface of the workpiece has a • When finishing cuts with small residues or cutting soft
hard shell, use reverse milling metals, it is more effective to use forward milling

25. Trìnhbàykhảnăngcôngnghệcủakhoan;cácbiệnphápcôngnghệkhikhoan,các sai lệch xuất hiện khi khoan và biện pháp khắc phục?
-Khả năng công nghệ của khoan:

+ Shape ability: drilling and processing holes with diameter from 1-80mm, cannot drill holes larger than 80mm in diameter because the drill
does not have enough capacity. Usually people drill holes with a diameter of less than 35 mm. In mass production, with holes with a diameter of
less than 20 mm, holes are made in the casting or pressure machining and then further processed by drilling and reaming to achieve the required
accuracy while saving needles. type and reduce machining time. On the contrary, when drilling holes that are too small, the drill bit easily
breaks.

-Các biện pháp công nghệ khi khoan:

+ Drilling holes with diameter less than 4mm should use high cutting speed with small feed to reduce lateral vibration and axial force
to avoid breaking the drill bit
Drilling deep holes on short cylindrical parts should be done on a lathe. Before drilling, cut the head face flat, use
center drill to create a primer hole.
+Drilling holes with Ф≥ 20 mm axial cutting force is large, machine capacity is large, drilling machines do not guarantee rigidity. To overcome,
people use the drilling method to expand the hole many times with a drill with an increasing diameter or use a drill with a special structure to drill
the core.
-Differences appear when drilling: deviations in shape, size, relative position

-Remedies:

+ Drilling by turning the workpiece, translation knife (drilling on a lathe)

+Dùng bạc dẫn hướng

+Cho lượng chạy dao nhỏ

+Khi khoan lỗ nhỏ có thể khoan mồi bằng mũi khoan lớn hơn

27. Trìnhbàykhảnăngcôngnghệcủadoavàcácbiệnphápcôngnghệkhidoa?
-Khả năng công nghệ của doa: doa có thể đạt độ chính xác cấp 9-7, Ra=0.63-1.25; đặc biệt có thể đạt cấp 6, Ra=0.63 nhưng chi phí cao, năng suất thấp

-Các biện pháp công nghệ khi doa:

+Doa cưỡng bức: dao doa được lắp cứng với trục máy, có thể có hoặc không có bạc dẫn. Doa cưỡng bức thường xảy ra hiện
tượng lay rộng lỗ doa.

+Doa tùy động: trục dao được nối với trục máy bằng khớp tùy động giữa trục dao và trục máy có chuyển động lắc tương đối với nhau theo cả hai
phương

+Doa tay: doa tay được dùng trong sản xuất đơn chiếc hoặc sửa chữa.

Câu 32: Trình bày các phương pháp phay rãnh then?
-Phay bằng dao phay đĩa 3 mặt trên máy phay ngang bằng một hoặc nhiều chuyển động dao cho năng suất cao nhưng độ chính xác gia công bề mặt rãnh
then kém

-Phay rãnh bán nguyệt bằng dao phay đĩa có đường kính nhỏ chỉ có chuyển động chạy dao hướng kính. Tốc độ cắt hạn chế do
đường kính dao nhỏ

-Phay rãnh then bằng dao phay ngón trên máy phay đứng:

+Dùng dao phay ngón thông thường để phay rãnh then kín phải khoan mồi một lỗ có đường kính bằng chiều rộng rãnh then rồi cho dao phay ngón
xuống lỗ cắt bằng một hoặc hai đường chuyển dọc dao

+Dùng dao phay ngón chuyên dùng để phay rãnh then kín. Ban đầu, thực hiện dọc theo phương thẳng đứng để đạt chiều sâu cắt, sau đó thực hiện theo chiều
dọc để phay hết chiều dài then