Midterm Exam Solutions

Problem 1: For the continuous-time signals 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) given in Fig. 1 below, compute
the convolution 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) ∗ 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) using the graphical (time domain) approach. Plot 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) for
all values of 𝑡𝑡.

𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)

1
1

𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
−1 0 1 0 1 3
Figure 1 for Problem 1

Solution
Assume, we choose 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) to flip and shift. This will look like:
Case 1: 𝑡𝑡 − 1 < −1 ⟹ 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟎𝟎
𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟎𝟎 There is no overlap between the two plots

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆) 𝑥𝑥(𝜆𝜆)

1 1

𝜆𝜆
0 𝜆𝜆
𝑡𝑡 − 3 𝑡𝑡 − 1 −1 0 +1

Case 2 1: 𝑡𝑡 − 1 < 1 & 𝑡𝑡 − 1 ≥ −1 & 𝑡𝑡 − 3 < −1 ⟹ 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟐𝟐

𝑡𝑡−1

𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕) = � 1𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡|𝑡𝑡−1

−1 = 𝑡𝑡 − 1 + 1 = 𝒕𝒕
−1

−1 +1
𝜆𝜆
𝑡𝑡 − 3 𝑡𝑡 − 1

1
𝑡𝑡 − 3 < −1 ⟹ 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟐𝟐 (which is covered above)

1
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Case 3: 𝑡𝑡 − 1 ≥ 1 & − 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 − 3 < 1 ⟹ 𝟐𝟐 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟒𝟒
1

𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕) = � 1𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡|1𝑡𝑡−3 = 1 − 𝑡𝑡 + 3 = 4 − 𝒕𝒕

𝑡𝑡−3

−1 +1
𝜆𝜆
𝑡𝑡 − 3 𝑡𝑡 − 1

Case 4: 𝑡𝑡 − 1 ≥ 1 & 𝑡𝑡 − 3 ≥ 1 ⟹ 𝒕𝒕 ≥ 𝟒𝟒
𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟎𝟎 Ther is no overlap between the two plots

𝜆𝜆
−1 +1 𝑡𝑡 − 3 𝑡𝑡 − 1

so,
𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟐𝟐
𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕) = �
𝟒𝟒 − 𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟒𝟒
𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟒 ≤ 𝒕𝒕
The plot of 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) is given by:

𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)

𝑡𝑡
0 4
2

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Problem 2: For the RLC circuit shown in Fig. 2 below, with the input 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) and the
output 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝐶𝐶 (𝑡𝑡), and 𝐿𝐿 = 1 𝐻𝐻, 𝑅𝑅 = 3 Ω and 𝐶𝐶 = 0.5 𝐹𝐹.

Figure 2 for Problem 2

a) Find its transfer function 𝐻𝐻(𝑠𝑠) of the circuit in Fig. 2.

b) Assume that input 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 2 cos(100𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡) 𝑉𝑉, find 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠).
c) Using the input in b) and the finial value theorem, find 𝑦𝑦(∞), if it exists. Justify your
answer.
d) Now assume that the input 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝑡𝑡) [ramp function], find the output 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) for all values
of 𝑡𝑡 using the inverse Laplace transform method.

Solution
a) There are two ways to solve this problem:
Method 1: Converts everything into Laplace transform (Impedances, Voltages, and Currents).
We get the following circuits.

𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝟏𝟏/𝑪𝑪𝑳𝑳
𝑰𝑰(𝑳𝑳) 𝑹𝑹

𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹 (𝑳𝑳) 𝑽𝑽𝑳𝑳 (𝑳𝑳) 𝒀𝒀(𝑳𝑳)

𝑿𝑿(𝑳𝑳)

Using the voltage divided rules, we get:

1 1
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 1 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
1 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 + 1
2 𝑅𝑅 1
𝑅𝑅 + 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑠 +
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
Replacing the numerical values, we get:
1
0.5 2
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
1 𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2
𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑠𝑠 +
0.5
3
The transfer function is given by:
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) 𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯(𝑳𝑳) = = 𝟐𝟐
𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) 𝑳𝑳 + 𝟑𝟑𝑳𝑳 + 𝟐𝟐
The second method is to use Kirchoff’s Voltage Law:
𝑑𝑑𝑅𝑅(𝑡𝑡)
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑡𝑡) + 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
Knowing that
𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)
𝑅𝑅(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐶𝐶 (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
Combining (1) and (2), we get:
𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 + 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶 + 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2
Taking Laplace transform of the last equation and assuming that all initial conditions equal
zero, we get:
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) + 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) + 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
So,
1
1 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) + 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) + 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 + 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 + 1 𝑅𝑅 1
𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝑠𝑠 +
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
Replacing the numerical values, we get:
1
0.5 2
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
1 𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2
𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑠𝑠 +
0.5
The transfer function is given by:
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) 𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯(𝑳𝑳) = = 𝟐𝟐
𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) 𝑳𝑳 + 𝟑𝟑𝑳𝑳 + 𝟐𝟐
b) Since (with all 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 0) we have:
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠)
𝐻𝐻(𝑠𝑠) = ⇒ 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝐻𝐻(𝑠𝑠)𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
This leads to:
2
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠)
𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2
Since
2𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 2 cos(100𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡) ↔ 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) =
𝑠𝑠 2 + (100𝜋𝜋)2

4
 2 𝟒𝟒𝑳𝑳
𝒀𝒀(𝑳𝑳) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) =
𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2 (𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑𝑳𝑳 + 𝟐𝟐)(𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 + (𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅𝝅)𝟐𝟐 )
c) The poles of 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) are: −2, −1, ±𝑗𝑗100𝜋𝜋
Because the poles (±10𝜋𝜋) do not satisfy the conditions of the final value theorem [i) all poles
have real parts negative or ii) all poles have real parts negative except one pole at the origin
(= 0), the final value does not exist. This is due to the fact that 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) has a term of the form
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠(100𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃).

d) If the input 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝑡𝑡), its Laplace transform is given by:

1
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝑡𝑡) ↔ 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) =
𝑠𝑠 2
This leads to:
2 2 1
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑠𝑠) = 2
𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 2
Its poles are 0 (multiplicity 2), -1, −2. Using the partial faction decomposition, we get:
𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 𝐴𝐴3 𝐴𝐴4
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = + 2+ +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 𝑠𝑠 + 2
This leads to:
2 1 2 1 1
𝐴𝐴4 = (𝑠𝑠 + 2)𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠)|𝑠𝑠=−2 = (𝑠𝑠 + 2) 2
� = 2
� =−
(𝑠𝑠 + 2)(𝑠𝑠 + 1) 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠=−2 (𝑠𝑠 + 1) 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠=−2 2
2 1 2 1
𝐴𝐴3 = (𝑠𝑠 + 1)𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠)|𝑠𝑠=−1 = (𝑠𝑠 + 1) � = � =2
(𝑠𝑠 + 2)(𝑠𝑠 + 1) 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠=−1 (𝑠𝑠 + 2) 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑠𝑠=−1
2

2 1 2
𝐴𝐴2 = 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠)|𝑠𝑠=0 = 𝑠𝑠 2 2
� = � =1
(𝑠𝑠 + 2)(𝑠𝑠 + 1) 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠=0 (𝑠𝑠 + 2)(𝑠𝑠 + 1) 𝑠𝑠=0
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 2 −2(2𝑠𝑠 + 3) −6 −3
𝐴𝐴1 = [𝑠𝑠 𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠)]|𝑠𝑠=0 = = � 2 �� = 2 2
� = =
𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠=0 (𝑠𝑠 + 3𝑠𝑠 + 2) 𝑠𝑠=0 4 2
Hence,
−3 1
1 2 −
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) = 2 + 2 + + 2 ↔ 𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕) = −𝟑𝟑 𝒖𝒖(𝒕𝒕) + 𝒕𝒕𝒖𝒖(𝒕𝒕) + 𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕 𝒖𝒖(𝒕𝒕) − 𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆−𝟐𝟐𝒕𝒕 𝒖𝒖(𝒕𝒕)
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

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