LINUX
COMMANDS
COMPREHENSIVE AND
CONCISE LIST
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LINUX
COMMANDS
🧭 1. Getting Started with
the Terminal
These commands introduce users to
the terminal environment and system
basics.
pwd – Print the current working
directory
whoami – Show the current
logged-in user
clear – Clear the terminal screen
exit – Exit the terminal session
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LINUX
COMMANDS
📂 2. Navigating the File
System
Understanding how to move around
directories is essential.
ls – List files and directories
ls -l – Detailed listing
ls -a – Show hidden files
cd – Change directory
cd .. – Go up one directory
cd ~ – Go to the home directory
tree – Visual representation of
directory structure (may need to
install)
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LINUX
COMMANDS
📁 3. Working with Files
and Directories
Learn how to create, rename, copy, and delete
files and folders.
touch filename – Create a new empty file
mkdir dirname – Create a new directory
cp source destination – Copy a file or
directory
cp -r dir1 dir2 – Copy directory
recursively
mv oldname newname – Move or rename
a file/directory
rm filename – Delete a file
rm -r dirname – Delete a directory
recursively
rmdir dirname – Remove empty directory
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LINUX
COMMANDS
📄 4. Viewing and Editing
Files
Commands to view and manipulate
file content.
cat filename – Show file contents
less filename – View large files
page-by-page
head filename – Show first 10 lines
tail filename – Show last 10 lines
nano filename – Simple file editor
vim filename – Advanced file
editor (optional for beginners)
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LINUX
COMMANDS
🔍 5. Searching and
Finding Files
Find files and search inside them.
find /path -name filename –
Search for files by name
grep "text" filename – Search for
text within files
grep -r "text" /path – Recursive
search in directories
locate filename – Quickly find file
(needs updatedb)
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LINUX
COMMANDS
📦 6. Installing and
Managing Software
(Debian/Ubuntu-based)
Essential for installing applications.
sudo apt update – Refresh
package index
sudo apt upgrade – Upgrade
installed packages
sudo apt install packagename –
Install software
sudo apt remove packagename –
Remove software
dpkg -i package.deb – Install .deb
files manually
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LINUX
COMMANDS
🖥️ 7. System Information &
Monitoring
Commands to understand system
performance and health.
uname -a – Kernel and system info
top – View real-time system processes
htop – Interactive process viewer (install
separately)
df -h – Disk space usage
du -sh folder – Size of a folder
free -h – Memory usage
uptime – How long the system has been
running
hostname – Show system name
lscpu / lsblk / lsusb / lspci – Hardware info
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LINUX
COMMANDS
👥 8. User and Permissions
Management
Manage users, groups, and file
permissions.
adduser username – Add a new user
passwd username – Change user
password
chmod 755 filename – Change
permissions
chown user:group filename – Change
ownership
id – Show current user's UID and
groups
who / w – See who is logged in
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LINUX
COMMANDS
🔧 9. Networking Commands
Basics for managing network
connectivity.
ip a or ifconfig – Show IP address
and network interfaces
ping hostname – Test network
connection
curl website.com – Retrieve data
from a web server
wget url – Download a file
netstat -tuln – Show open ports
ss -tulwn – Advanced socket
statistics
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LINUX
COMMANDS
🔒 10. File Compression
and Archiving
Useful for backups and transfers.
tar -cvf archive.tar folder/ – Create
tar archive
tar -xvf archive.tar – Extract tar
archive
gzip file – Compress a file
gunzip file.gz – Decompress gzip
file
zip -r archive.zip folder/ – Create a
zip file
unzip archive.zip – Extract zip file
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LINUX
COMMANDS
🔄 11. Redirection and
Pipes
Powerful tools to combine commands
and control outputs.
> – Redirect output to a file
(overwrite)
>> – Append output to a file
< – Input from a file
| – Pipe output from one command
to another
tee – Output to screen and file
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LINUX
COMMANDS
⏱️ 12. Scheduling &
Background Processes
Manage jobs and automate
tasks.
& – Run command in
background
jobs – List background tasks
fg / bg – Move task to
foreground/background
cron – Set up recurring jobs
at – Schedule a one-time
task
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LINUX
COMMANDS
🧪 13. System
Troubleshooting and Logs
Basic tools to investigate issues.
dmesg – Kernel logs
journalctl – System logs (systemd)
tail -f /var/log/syslog – Live log
monitoring
ps aux – See running processes
kill PID – Terminate process by ID
sudo reboot – Restart the system
sudo shutdown now – Power off
immediately
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LINUX
COMMANDS
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