Outline, Practical Procedure, and
Appendices
A. Outline of the Study (Chapters 1–3)
Chapter One – Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Basic Assumptions
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Scope of the Study
1.9 Operational Definitions of Terms
Chapter Two – Review of Related Literature
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Meaning of Water Hardness
2.3 Causes of Water Hardness
2.4 Sources of Water Hardness
2.5 Importance of Water Hardness
2.6 Methods of Removing Water Hardness
2.7 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three – Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Research Instruments
3.6 Sample Collection Procedure
3.7 Method of Water Hardness Analysis
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
B. Practical Procedure
1. Sample Collection
- Collect 10 water samples (5 each from Kurfi and Batagarawa boreholes).
- Use 1L clean plastic containers.
- Rinse each container with borehole water 3 times before collecting.
- Fill completely, cap tightly, and label (location, date, time).
- Store samples in a cooler, test within 24 hours.
2. Laboratory Analysis – EDTA Titration Method
Materials & Reagents Needed:
- Burette (50 mL), pipette (25 mL), conical flask (250 mL).
- Standard EDTA solution (0.01M).
- Buffer solution (NH₄Cl–NH₄OH, pH ~10).
- Eriochrome Black T indicator.
- Distilled water.
Procedure:
1. Pipette 25 mL of water sample into a clean conical flask.
2. Add 2 mL buffer solution (pH 10).
3. Add 2–3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator (solution turns wine red).
4. Fill burette with 0.01M EDTA solution.
5. Titrate by slowly adding EDTA to the flask while swirling.
6. The end point is wine-red to pure blue.
7. Record the burette reading (volume of EDTA used).
3. Calculation of Hardness
Hardness (mg/L as CaCO₃) = (A × B × 1000)
C
A = Volume of EDTA used (mL)
B = Molarity of EDTA (0.01M)
C = Volume of water sample (25 mL)
WHO Standard Classification:
0–60 mg/L → Soft
61–120 mg/L → Moderately Hard
121–180 mg/L → Hard
>180 mg/L → Very Hard
4. Data Analysis
- Compute mean hardness values for Kurfi and Batagarawa.
- Use tables and bar charts for comparison.
- Interpret implications for domestic and industrial use.
C. Appendices
Appendix A: Sample Collection Data Sheet
Sample Code Location Date & Time Remarks
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
Appendix B: Raw Titration Table
Sample Code Initial Burette Final Burette Volume of EDTA
Reading (mL) Reading (mL) Used (mL)
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
Appendix C: Calculated Hardness Values
Sample Code Hardness (mg/L as CaCO₃) Classification
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
Appendices
Appendix A: Sample Collection Data Sheet
Sample Code Location Date & Time Remarks
S1 Kurfi Borehole 1 12/08/2025 9:00AM Clear, no odor
S2 Kurfi Borehole 2 12/08/2025 9:30AM Slightly turbid
S3 Kurfi Borehole 3 12/08/2025 10:00AM Clear, no odor
S4 Kurfi Borehole 4 12/08/2025 10:30AM Clear, small particles
S5 Kurfi Borehole 5 12/08/2025 11:00AM Clear, no odor
S6 Batagarawa Borehole 12/08/2025 12:00PM Clear, no odor
1
S7 Batagarawa Borehole 12/08/2025 12:30PM Slightly turbid
2
S8 Batagarawa Borehole 12/08/2025 1:00PM Clear, no odor
3
S9 Batagarawa Borehole 12/08/2025 1:30PM Clear, small particles
4
S10 Batagarawa Borehole 12/08/2025 2:00PM Clear, no odor
5
Appendix B: Raw Titration Table
Sample Code Initial Burette Final Burette Volume of EDTA
Reading (mL) Reading (mL) Used (mL)
S1 0.00 12.50 12.50
S2 0.00 11.20 11.20
S3 0.00 13.40 13.40
S4 0.00 12.00 12.00
S5 0.00 14.10 14.10
S6 0.00 9.80 9.80
S7 0.00 10.50 10.50
S8 0.00 8.90 8.90
S9 0.00 11.00 11.00
S10 0.00 9.40 9.40
Appendix C: Calculated Hardness Values
Sample Code Hardness (mg/L as CaCO₃) Classification
S1 5.00 Soft
S2 4.48 Soft
S3 5.36 Soft
S4 4.80 Soft
S5 5.64 Soft
S6 3.92 Soft
S7 4.20 Soft
S8 3.56 Soft
S9 4.40 Soft
S10 3.76 Soft
