PHARMACEUTIC-VIIB
(PHARM 715)
Submitted by:
Name: Ahsan Faryad
Roll No SP20-DOP-0017
Batch: 10
Semester: 10th
Submitted to:
Nosheen Maqbool
Akson College of Pharmacy Mirpur AJK
Table of content
Drug Delivery systems ………………………………………………………………………1
Osmotic Pump Drug Delivery System………………………………………………………..1
Ion Exchange Drug Delivery System…………………………………………………………2
Floating Beads Drug Delivery System………………………………………………………..3
PH-Controlled Drug Delivery System………………………………………………………...3
Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System……………………………………………………....4
References……………………………………………………………………………………...6
Drug Delivery Systems
Introduction:
Drug delivery systems (DDS) are technologies designed to transport a pharmaceutical compound
to its site of action in the body efficiently, safely, and at the correct dosage. These systems aim to
improve therapeutic outcomes by controlling the release, targeting specific tissues, and enhancing
the bioavailability of drugs. DDS includes various forms like oral, injectable, transdermal, and
implantable devices, and is central to modern pharmaceutical and biotechnology developments.
Innovations in DDS enhance drug efficacy and reduce side effects, offering personalized treatment
options.
Osmotic Pump Drug Delivery System:
Drug: Sitagliptin (Osmotic Pump Formulation)
Description:
Sitagliptin is a drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In the osmotic pump formulation, the
drug is released in a controlled manner through an osmotic pump mechanism, where water enters
the tablet and dissolves the drug, allowing it to be released gradually. This helps in maintaining
stable therapeutic levels throughout the day.
Mechanism for preparation:
The osmotic pump formulation consists of a semi-permeable membrane that allows water to enter,
dissolving the drug inside the osmotic core, which pushes the drug out gradually in a controlled
manner over time.
Brand Names:
Januvia XR (by Merck)
Sitagliptin SR (by Mylan)
Janumet XR (by Merck)
Mechanism of action:
Sitagliptin works by inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme, which increases insulin release and decreases
glucagon release, leading to lower blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Pharmaceutical applications:
Sitagliptin is used for the management of type 2 diabetes, often in combination with diet and
exercise to improve blood sugar control.
1
Dosage forms:
Available in extended-release tablets, usually in strengths of 50 mg, 100 mg, and 150 mg for oral
administration.
Specific Ingredients and Mechanism:
The osmotic release formulation contains polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)
and polyethylene oxide to control the gradual release of Sitagliptin.
Ion Exchange Drug Delivery System:
Drug: Metoprolol Succinate (Ion Exchange Formulation)
Mechanism for preparation:
The ion exchange formulation of Metoprolol Succinate uses an ion-exchange resin matrix, where
the active drug is adsorbed onto the resin. The resin releases the drug slowly as it interacts with
the ion concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract.
Brand Names:
Toprol XL (by AstraZeneca)
Metoprolol SR (by Sandoz)
Lopressor SR (by Novartis)
Mechanism of action:
Metoprolol succinate works by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby reducing heart rate and
blood pressure. It is used to manage hypertension, angina, and heart failure.
Pharmaceutical applications:
This formulation is commonly used for hypertension, chronic heart failure, and post-myocardial
infarction to reduce the workload on the heart and prevent further complications.
Dosage forms:
Available in extended-release tablets or capsules for oral administration.
Specific Ingredients and Mechanism:
The ion exchange matrix typically uses resins like sodium polystyrene sulfonate to control the
release of Metoprolol Succinate over time.
2
Floating Beads Drug Delivery System:
Drug: Dexamethasone (Floating Bead Formulation)
Description:
Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, is
formulated in a floating bead system for controlled drug release. This system ensures the drug
stays in the stomach longer, enhancing absorption and reducing gastrointestinal irritation.
Mechanism of Action:
Dexamethasone is encapsulated into floating beads composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
(HPMC) and sodium bicarbonate. These beads float in gastric fluid, ensuring a prolonged release
over time and minimizing side effects like gastric irritation.
Brand Names:
Decadron
Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate
DexPak
Pharmaceutical applications:
Dexamethasone is used for conditions like arthritis, allergies, asthma, and autoimmune diseases
due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.
Dosage forms:
Floating beads, administered orally, provide sustained-release of Dexamethasone over an extended
period.
Specific Ingredients and Mechanism:
The beads are composed of HPMC for drug release control and sodium bicarbonate to facilitate
buoyancy, ensuring that the drug is released gradually in the stomach.
PH-Controlled Drug Delivery System:
Drug: Ranitidine (pH-Controlled Formulation)
3
Description:
Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist used for reducing stomach acid production. In the pH-
controlled drug delivery system, Ranitidine is coated with an enteric polymer that protects the drug
from acidic environments and ensures it is released in the higher pH environment of the small
intestine.
Mechanism for preparation:
Ranitidine is coated with a pH-sensitive polymer (like Eudragit) to prevent it from being released
in the stomach, allowing it to reach the small intestine where the pH is higher and the drug can be
absorbed efficiently.
Brand Names:
Zantac
Ranitidine Sandoz
Ranigast
Mechanism of action:
Ranitidine inhibits histamine H2 receptors in the stomach lining, which reduces gastric acid
secretion and provides relief from acid-related disorders such as GERD and peptic ulcers.
Pharmaceutical applications:
Used for treating conditions such as peptic ulcers, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, where
acid reduction is necessary to heal ulcers and relieve symptoms.
Dosage forms:
Available as enteric-coated tablets and capsules for oral administration.
Specific Ingredients and Mechanism:
The enteric coating typically involves substances like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC),
which dissolves only at a specific pH level in the small intestine.
Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System:
Drug: Theophylline (Gastro-Retentive Formulation)
Description:
Theophylline is a bronchodilator used for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD). In the gastro-retentive drug delivery system, Theophylline is formulated to
4
remain in the stomach for a prolonged period, ensuring steady release and absorption over time,
which provides extended bronchodilation.
Mechanism for preparation:
The formulation typically involves embedding Theophylline into a matrix that uses excipients such
as sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol, which enable the drug to stay in the stomach for a longer
duration, improving absorption and bioavailability.
Brand Names:
Theo-24
Theolair
Uniphyl
Mechanism of action:
Theophylline works by relaxing the smooth muscles of the bronchi and improving airflow to the
lungs, making it easier to breathe in conditions like asthma and COPD.
Pharmaceutical applications:
Used for long-term control of asthma and COPD, Theophylline helps manage symptoms such as
wheezing and shortness of breath.
Dosage forms:
Available in extended-release tablets or capsules for sustained release.
Specific Ingredients and Mechanism:
The gastro-retentive formulation uses polymers like sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol to
ensure that the drug stays in the stomach for prolonged release and absorption
5
References
Bhandari, S. R., & Gajendran, A. (2020). Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets. CRC Press.
Chien, Y. W. (2009). Novel Drug Delivery Systems, 2nd Edition. Marcel Dekker Inc.
Williams, A. C., & Barry, B. W. (2012). Penetration Enhancers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 64(6),
498-505.
Gennaro, A. R. (Ed.). (2000). Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (20th Edition). Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
Vyas, S. P., & Khar, R. K. (2002). Targeted and Controlled Drug Delivery: Novel Carrier Systems. CBS
Publishers & Distributors.
Jain, K. K. (2004). Textbook of Controlled Drug Delivery. CBS Publishers & Distributors.
