Data Visualiza on Cheat Sheet
1. Matplotlib:
Line Plot:
Usage: Display the rela onship between two con nuous variables over a con nuous interval.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# Data for plotting
t = np.arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.01)
s = 1 + np.sin(2 * np.pi * t)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(t, s)
ax.set(xlabel='time (s)', ylabel='voltage (mV)',
title='About as simple as it gets, folks')
ax.grid()
fig.savefig("test.png")
plt.show()
Sca er Plot:
Usage: Show the distribu on of individual data points and the rela onship between two
con nuous variables.
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make the data
np.random.seed(3)
x = 4 + np.random.normal(0, 2, 24)
y = 4 + np.random.normal(0, 2, len(x))
# size and color:
sizes = np.random.uniform(15, 80, len(x))
colors = np.random.uniform(15, 80, len(x))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.scatter(x, y, s=sizes, c=colors, vmin=0, vmax=100)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Bar Plot:
Usage: Compare values across different categories or display the frequency distribu on of
categorical data.
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data:
x = 0.5 + np.arange(8)
y = [4.8, 5.5, 3.5, 4.6, 6.5, 6.6, 2.6, 3.0]
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.bar(x, y, width=1, edgecolor="white", linewidth=0.7)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Histogram:
Usage: Illustrate the distribu on of a single con nuous variable and its frequency.
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data
np.random.seed(1)
x = 4 + np.random.normal(0, 1.5, 200)
# plot:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.hist(x, bins=8, linewidth=0.5, edgecolor="white")
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 56), yticks=np.linspace(0, 56, 9))
plt.show()
Box Plot:
Usage: Display the summary sta s cs (median, quar les) and iden fy outliers in a dataset.
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data:
np.random.seed(10)
D = np.random.normal((3, 5, 4), (1.25, 1.00, 1.25), (100, 3))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
VP = ax.boxplot(D, positions=[2, 4, 6], widths=1.5, patch_artist=True,
showmeans=False, showfliers=False,
medianprops={"color": "white", "linewidth": 0.5},
boxprops={"facecolor": "C0", "edgecolor": "white",
"linewidth": 0.5},
whiskerprops={"color": "C0", "linewidth": 1.5},
capprops={"color": "C0", "linewidth": 1.5})
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Pie Chart:
Usage: Show the composi on of a whole in terms of percentages.
# make data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
colors = plt.get_cmap('Blues')(np.linspace(0.2, 0.7, len(x)))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.pie(x, colors=colors, radius=3, center=(4, 4),
wedgeprops={"linewidth": 1, "edgecolor": "white"}, frame=True)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Polar Plot:
Usage: Visualize data in a circular graph, o en used for cyclic phenomena.
r = np.arange(0, 2, 0.01)
theta = 2 * np.pi * r
fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw={'projection': 'polar'})
ax.plot(theta, r)
ax.set_rmax(2)
ax.set_rticks([0.5, 1, 1.5, 2]) # Less radial ticks
ax.set_rlabel_position(-22.5) # Move radial labels away from plotted
line
ax.grid(True)
ax.set_title("A line plot on a polar axis", va='bottom')
plt.show()
2. Seaborn:
Distribu on Plot:
Usage: Combine histogram and KDE to visualize the distribu on of a single variable.
penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins")
sns.displot(data=penguins, x="flipper_length_mm", kind="kde")
Pair Plot:
Usage: Explore pairwise rela onships in a dataset, useful for iden fying pa erns.
penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins")
sns.pairplot(penguins, hue="species")
Violin Plot:
Usage: Combine aspects of box plot and KDE to show the distribu on of a variable for
different categories.
df = sns.load_dataset("titanic")
sns.violinplot(x=df["age"])
Heatmap:
Usage: Display the correla on between variables in a matrix form.
glue = sns.load_dataset("glue").pivot(index="Model", columns="Task",
values="Score")
sns.heatmap(glue)
Strip Plot:
Usage: Show individual data points in rela on to a categorical variable.
tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
sns.stripplot(data=tips, x="total_bill")
Swarm Plot:
Usage: Similar to strip plot, but points are adjusted to avoid overlap.
tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
sns.swarmplot(data=tips, x="total_bill")
PairGrid:
Usage: Create a grid of subplots to visualize pairwise rela onships.
g = sns.PairGrid(penguins, diag_sharey=False)
g.map_upper(sns.scatterplot)
g.map_lower(sns.kdeplot)
g.map_diag(sns.kdeplot)
3. Plotly:
Choropleth Map:
Usage: Display spa al varia ons and distribu ons over geographical regions.
import plotly.express as px
df = px.data.gapminder().query("year==2007")
fig = px.choropleth(df, locations="iso_alpha",
color="lifeExp", # lifeExp is a column of gapminder
hover_name="country", # column to add to hover informat
ion
color_continuous_scale=px.colors.sequential.Plasma)
fig.show()
Sca er Mapbox:
Usage: Visualize geographical data on an interac ve map.
geo_df = gpd.read_file(gpd.datasets.get_path('naturalearth_cities'))
px.set_mapbox_access_token(open(".mapbox_token").read())
fig = px.scatter_mapbox(geo_df,
lat=geo_df.geometry.y,
lon=geo_df.geometry.x,
hover_name="name",
zoom=1)
fig.show()
Bubble Chart:
Usage: Show data points in a sca er plot with varying size.
df = px.data.gapminder()
fig = px.scatter(df.query("year==2007"), x="gdpPercap", y="lifeExp",
size="pop", color="continent",
hover_name="country", log_x=True, size_max=60)
fig.show()
Treemap:
Usage: Represent hierarchical data as nested rectangles.
fig = px.treemap(
names = ["Eve","Cain", "Seth", "Enos", "Noam", "Abel", "Awan", "Enoch",
"Azura"],
parents = ["", "Eve", "Eve", "Seth", "Seth", "Eve", "Eve", "Awan", "Eve
"]
fig.update_traces(root_color="lightgrey")
fig.update_layout(margin = dict(t=50, l=25, r=25, b=25))
fig.show()
Funnel Chart:
Usage: Illustrate stages in a process and visualize the flow of data.
data = dict(
number=[39, 27.4, 20.6, 11, 2],
stage=["Website visit", "Downloads", "Potential customers", "Requested
price", "invoice sent"])
fig = px.funnel(data, x='number', y='stage')
fig.show()
Area Chart:
Usage: Display the cumula ve contribu on of different variables over me.
df = px.data.gapminder()
fig = px.area(df, x="year", y="pop", color="continent", line_group="country
")
fig.show()
Donut Chart:
Usage: A modified version of a pie chart with a hole in the center.
labels = ['Oxygen','Hydrogen','Carbon_Dioxide','Nitrogen']
values = [4500, 2500, 1053, 500]
# Use `hole` to create a donut-like pie chart
fig = go.Figure(data=[go.Pie(labels=labels, values=values, hole=.3)])
fig.show()
