AC menotors

1. Fawlt Protechon o 1- and 3-

An Yecmt hme
ha Ineremed

Th: copai 2eneaters

wiH he Yes wlt haat he los an aingl
50 MW to 50o M
A moden qumenatoy aconmplex
wwit m
ay Cause
ytem instabiu
tem hith rtami res m bre Co nsideahion to rdce Outoge bovod
fults
by Tapid cleanance of
qemenato r s
TyeA rotetio
1)Differeutial protection .

9 Stator ground fault votection

eanth fault rote chon
t
m) Rotor
Fild winding protetion
v Stator winding tum to tuu fault protection.

v) f st Protecuon
vi) Los of excitation protdaow
Differuthial Prote ction (stator faults)
Tt coves all taes hase- phase and hose -to ownd
hose staor faulte no rmal
faults. Protecton agaiut
coved by ahigt Aped difeunical
paed nela covend' a h 3
to ho ith
phases Sepanatly .
Tt As aplica ble gewato vs

0
more han
1MVA. he detetion hme mut anound one

Cyele DY ven
l ower Sb Hat buwr age m n i zed

Cireulaing wrrt Muutz Price Diffemutial Prote ction Let w

Atant i H the fi'ret tpe Aeheme Hhat s a e d
di ffewnhial preteetoh. let dramv Ale Lue dtaa
ohieh is opplicable for onlg hase Dn he neutralaid

wel as tuuminal Mda Dhe CurYeut rens fo rmer

(CT) and
and h mun relay ha operati7 coil. So,
So ifthe
Currut hreuala hs cT let <o CT and CT2 .e
cu YYent is T, and J, hen hu s eheme openate on
pYima
h printiple that urrcut tntoting and taung Ahould be Sa ma.
Heme, I showld be emal to 1 The 4tcondany CurTeuts L

whith ane&o ont f phaMe md Aini lanly 2 then hese

 turreut Aheuld aso be ounl ving id eal condiHon .
wD
wD
he
oinding of T The current hat flows
Cr,
T 3emator CTa +hreug obenahing ceil

Tenminal he
absoute dferaunce
und i
and hei
the no tault, th
P:lot
oires value should b O
But,okew Hhn s SD me

inteunal fault, thenthis

value should ba considenable 1 absohate valu of iminus

x eX dCecds
s Aomepicku valuethe relay operats Tf.the
fauclt is xtenal thm the relay chould nat opeate

henenator
CT TA CT
TA

iw
Easthi
Ruut oncs Main
citeut
bveab

TAlio-insl
Relng ceil

Fia 1 Grulaing cu rvEt Di

feential Prote ekion Seheme fer
3
phase
absoute, diffena betwee curresct not Zeo
Tde ally he 44 .

I n þrathice, it is imboi ble to achieve CTs wiH idevuhical

A atwraion chanacteus hes

Stcondan urYeuts of CT Hm eeyual een

tuouy primany
Thos uYYemt kuoon as Spiu curYeut
CuY YeM

This AME throwah Telpu and may mal-operncete the rely f t is

 ts value RxCecdds he Setting h relag
dtad gths.
Anohe reaso foy h siU urresut wnewl Tn
OYdn to weid mal- openah on dfenttial relay soluhions s ed ane

Sis hoiH
A stabi zinq Yeutamce sConnecfed n
Biased diffoneutial prott etion seheme

Hi
High Tmbsdanee Diffunial Protecion
The scheme whene we Connect he stabiu zing remtauce An Semes wite
the rolay Cod s known as higtu mbedan ce diffeeuhial brote ckion
scheme
Heath
CT
Sadt wroted
CT2
GeMeruat or Tenm nal
Earthing wind
Resitonce
RcT
ReT
RL
wA- w
RL Lead resutanee
ReTCT Rustamee RsT
BST Stabilizig
Reutanc Relag coi

Fi 2 Hi Tmpedance Diffeuwtial Protechion SenemMe

Let Us Conude CTand
CTI CT2 on la ch side en hetral side
side
and teminal ide we hawe CuYrenut flowing thvough Secondaies e
CT and diffoune behw aw these flow 4hroua turelay coil,
The primay oprating Currenut As b TRCTR (1 + nTe).

whene TRPrim opehing CurYent4

CTR CT RaHo
n n0,ofCTs m anallel with relay eAemMewt

Je CT magnehizina CMYret

Ts Rlay sethn
Coider am xteunal ault whi eh he sevene Most
Now, let w
LLL flt The CT n tan to fomt e Satwrated when eas T
i,e
is heal amd workinq m the inean ramge CT2 Sakunated .
have inductcum ce hen he
Be cause t hus, fCT and CT Some

Ciruu+ looks Li ke
EMi valeut
RLI VR voltage a Cuoss
Relay .

RCTI
VR T (ReT + RL)
Rs ReT2 V TR CRe t ReT)
So TR= Tf (Rert RL)
Te Rv (RR+RsT)
The knee þoint votage Ck PV) o
CT decides he wov king nge he CT aud it should be iah
for satwation fux dmi t
kPV s v e b VK 2 Vr

NoW RsT VE-RR

Ts
reistance and KR = Relau burden
hene, RR As burde rolay
(Rela Seting)
hen RR added to the cireut, how Aewtiuty of relay to
intemalfaults As Teduced Fur Hu, it
produces hig voltage
CT dwun hea u a l fauts Hemee to awoid ht h a
pIoblem vaue of RAT ean be condvud as neanV s r d

calulated value

Biased Diffuntial Protection

mam dramvback eMetz Price di fferonhal rotection s
The
ARmi iity
the reducthion m
Yelay due to incoovation
Stabil zing Ttance
Hence, t minimize the tFfecf nd auo to intreewse
Aevsihia
diffonutial reda biasd diffemtial rotechion Acheme
wsd

Thu figwu Aho ws diouapam bianed di fferenthal prote ction

S chewme
 Cyedt
GnenerotorY BYeekenTetminod
CTI CT
Nucral R

Gemenat ev
f mmm
Nutral M mmm
Enntfung
Neutral Pilet oives i CT Neutial
ohinove Eordo
Coi
m Pilot oivos

Re troinig oik
Fi4 3 Biased Differentia Prote chion Seheme

s cheme also, we hove cuurreuts flowing throuyk Sacondaruies

C T ,CT ad CT W hewe Oting as wal os Tes hrainina ceil.
The berating, coi ovte Connected to mid eint Testraiin ceils

The absohte diffeenu btwen CT amd CTL

ICTL flows th
thro
ohorating cods ad Hu curreut hat loves throwg reseining
Ce
Col h avernafCuryela tcT aud IeT
This sehtme operates hoo s etfinas
Am
edings
Basie seing| SeniH iha Setting 1,-i1 >Pick u
) Bia beting ( Bias) i
,+iD/a
Omd Bias > Pre set bias
TA The Srd slope is duignd
Lo ad censidedn mismateh betweeu
Thivd teo
Line
slobe CTsohi ch As Aetto
Tyipping Region about 7D '}
i Sesond slo pe
Blecki ng Ta Dffereuhal tuyrout
Rtan T Avg Restyaining cumnt
1r
 The first Alobe qwes basic seting Yelou
he Yeloug and J Art to

the rated Current

5 s sut to (2.0
Bia Atthing is Aho wn n second sLpe ohich
Yated cuneut wih a alope about 30'/

Keves Power Protection

s failure
Revese owenYoteetiOn gainst prime move

an altonator ohew Yime mevo faiuls alteunator will

mo tor taking powU rem b4 Thene s no
a ymchronous
houum for alteunator but it co the twebina
damage the twabina bladas

as prime mov act Load a on he motor

mo tor .

Ths revesal of ohen seusd by ayevse owe relay. T+

basically a directi onal relou with leadina maximum toraque
avgle, ak atenator rum s OM Ovtexeited sgnchro no us mo tor.
T i m e deloued e l a A Proto cion sehume

Te normal flow af ponu

Sien Trput
rom oltenator to He bu
CTs
Tf he input to prime cver

QN oe f altetnator Atobs
Prime bua ban wil feed that alternator
novens
and make ct runa a Aynch
Load
-Yo nok moto Y Pimme move
toil aet as loed bn hto
tor
L This hmea ftow foeen s
revenssd
As ovexheceting f tenbine blades
does not eccw inatant aneoumly
Once Hu eenatDr Atanks achiny
Steam Oufput
Buba
AA a motor so Tevese o wer
rotechi on time dlayed n case of inteenalfawlt, oliffeeutial
At ha hme bu feed the
rote cti on a cts instantaneously .

inteanalfault if TeverA owe alsp tic imtantaneouuly,

and

oberatovswi be in doubt abbeowt he reAto O riPpg So

Auffici eet ime delau showd browided revent und vired ti bhina
dwtinathrawieut bowe revesals
Protective Seheme
Lbw forio orndpowe relas 32GR,
Tuinal 32 Gy ond 32GB TEmam

oexated condi thon dwing narmal

operadtion altemator
Thesa relaue one 4tt to do
Ganasotor

PT
oh
tohu thaforend pe we

reduc below . 5-3)

the ratdpewe altarwator.
CT

NGT

De Control cireuit 32GR-1

On
Yeveu al ower 32 GR/ly/B) 32Gy-1
do in priecion CA Teut which
Asady t de mug zohien 328-
au xilia Tla 32GX
oben
when 56 32 X de 32 GX-1
-evnengi tes ,
ts
Stea valua
Contact 32 GX - indenloek
stants Aimev
-1
2/32 G Aftupre Att time eiveit

delay alt uunator i s 2/324-1 Centect Timer

Ti
2/326 Timer wel
32 G
 Stator Eath faull Protecion
T+ Oe cws due tofailwne of im wloabion betweun Conductor d corey

As the Condinctor s at a
hig votco amd tu Core being euthed
he break doon w laion betmoec tw tondauctor and core wdl
Tewtm an arc between CO neuctor Omd Cove Ths gre und fouult
CLreut hamuiny hiok tem penatuwe causes fallune eisulotion

behween anui nahons amd ewm smte lami nations

Neutrol goundn qenenatoy Eanth ftlt Curret m

he ematorcom be nted by a inpedamce placd n the
he
heuur al circuut Tt found hat to a e id h oiLibt
ramiet bvo vo tages oue o f o resonounce i+s Valu should
hot be higherthan, Rn 1D 2 46
6 TrfC
C Cabacitance
o eAator Atator
iv cuuit to
= O.25
eant
uF
hase
15, 75 x ID 3
=2.1 A
V3x1246

The neutral the enator no rmally at o poteuhial ohich

mou use to vey hial ve tage C12 85 kV beak for 15. 75 v
rated 3 enunator) duwuna Bant fault
Hence, a hio ohmie resistoY (246) s hiqh va tt age
rating ab86. MM v) Ytapi ved which M ve coztHay
Twttad f high resutor, reutance loaded dutyibuhon ramstor hmes
ane w4 ed.

Neural
Growndun Trawao Ymes NGT
To awoid
lauge magmeM zing Gnewaat indin
CATYt
flow o NGT primovu
oindung Yoltag aing should be
at lea1.5 hmes qcmeoctoY mmmm
rated hase vo lt NGT
age 15,95 Ev).
The seco nd ou Vo ltciqe As kept
Low (2yo v It redues ha valws
neutral oundi ng reutov
b H216 X(210/1575D ) D.985a =
The kVA ratinq o NGT should be atleast, kvA b Va VT
3NR
hene Va haae tohae vo lt ege Yain An kV.
VT Hihvet aje rahin NGTan kV
N Twws ratio
R resistoy value connected ac Aecond aou of NGT
Ahould be alaast,
Simlanly
Simil ong eonhinuous tating Yistor
03 V
3 N'R

employed nalteunator oiHh AmaM

Thu Yote chion Acheme
Cnenenoror n e CT
impedance reundn R
T D VGX P

3 X Zn X 1D0

Vc- houe to p hase ve

tage ofF
alternaor An kV

P-fault location n o
neutral eud NutralCT
o hmic raing neuraM
imped unce
Ren tor

The f o t Current (Tf) iu be nentiq bly small for he fauult neA

nuthal
Let be relag itk expreed CTTahina ond
and PeT
PeT
be prima Taing Ralasy ick i be,
T PeT primaa)A
100
NoW JbPV E PeT P= Per X 3 Zn
3 Zn DO 1DOO VG
 aud 3¢ AC motors
2 Faut pyotection 1 - d
HV induotion haotors ae ed to doive oaterumps
Loa
Lange
D4ho On xi lia te m induutries aud penen
and
9enerotina, plcuts Thene fore o huotor due to Cuas
result.u
ofaclt result Am Aou
f roduetion, oki ehe finally
. Hence þrotr ction bfinduchhon motor s Ve
Jess Yevenle

RA3eu'alfov ts Aatisfactory obrkin

Tke tabe f prodechen acheme a b d to metor depends mainlg
On site f he otor, its impovt ance aud Hu lotd Connected

t he hotor
The mje-it foult u due to insulation foiluune and meeh -

The man Cause of failuwne omotor is

- n i cal
fuhwre
hsating I f
oi l f i n ally
it u Awtauinecd e
b r n Dut
a

Ovenheating
Lon eiod ha
Long
auo reduces
motor
f e t i na of

he motor

Fault tondihi ons in Induction Motors

vi) Eath fault
)Oveulo odin
Vn) Lecked rotov
)Sinole Phosin
n) Phae Unbalance vIu) Vnderlocd
1 Phtuse Revers oul
v) Short circuut

Thexma Ovenlo ad Protecibn

The-cmal ovenload elameut, which acconmplished Hhougb metor
theomaM image modelln Acco unt for allthevnal receMes u
h moto Y duing its staina and unning at ho rmaul,
bvevload and Stand si conditions
Th bouic funehien to opeuate he hotor o4hin its bre
definnd temperahune witutad nuit
Curve s an indication o he
Accelenathon anount Curret
H amociated ime for he hmotor to
and acceunate o rm
A t o c ondition to a hormal running condition

Fer lage motors thwo C ce curves ae

prouided
At the rated stator voltage (100'/.)
)AtHhe 8o Yated Stator vo ta

3- motor ane eesiqned sue thot he overlonde ane below

+he Hhonnal hoi thatoud imit Df he ma chine,
The no tor hemMal inits CuYVe consist b three Tunn na
Condi tions o otoY
Locked ro tor oY Atall tondi tio n .

Mo tor accolenation
n) Motor Tutning ovenload.

A cold Tun nin DVeload -

BHot Tunnin overrload4

Tme (s)
Ace CuTve at 8b /. of Tated

B
ve ta
DAcc Curve at l0o f
tated vo t0ae

Mwlh pl4 of rated Cu rventof Tndue

motor A)

The themal relau chanact

ctenutie
ha to match therunal Ainit cwwe
of he motoy
Therma MotoY Thuumal
Rok oug mit erve Hena, Acttin he Yelogs hove
Cay ve to mat cn oith he heumal
Tnveme Hie Curve
Time (
Oven cu Y Yemt
TDMT rela As Aed
rol
foY Loekcd TotoT rote chibn
MotDY SHavhng w heteas the instautaneous
Tha tom O Ver
Curyo
-4uneoWs Cutem
rela As MRd
Teloa
rote chion
for
amst short cir caut
Stator CUrYent (A)
 Unbalante Curvemts
Proteetion against
ithin he hmotor or on hu feaden m roduce
Untymmetrical fruui
ftrult
Tybical cond:kiene
wmbalanced vetaq es
and hemee nb alancad CurYemts
unbalantd Curentu ane
ist to
hat c an we
to he diuconnecion fwse for lange metors
1 Single bhaang dut
2 Unbalanud fault tondihe failwne f and b reakes
3. The moter draosexcem l rYemt
becase of tingfe hasing
wiu be ovelas atad whid Leods to ditnierahien
Heute, ik winding
insulaion .
urrens, T a producd h i e may
5. Th case unbalan&n
Tn tase
truchure
oveheatldamag he re tor
T rotect Jage Motor agomatAueh negai ve raence
nbalance

s sed For Small motors, bhase wnbalauced Tda is sed

relay
Each daigned.or bocifie peisai ble
nno tor u
unbalance rding aceo

to ths industrytamd ards E for allowable heaati ve Seapunce

Current , Txt 4 0
The D4kun þhilesohy to we DMT and TDMT Telags DMT reley
4s Led in ist tag gaive seymnce TOte cHon, herteas

IDMT relouy wed for Ae cond Atage protsetion

7he typi tol Actting TaMae tuis Yelay T I D-50 n steps
e 5 Ths beti n A decided bn he bas hu rakio e He

negahi ve Scauen ce impedanee

(z) to heosi Hve naqSeatd
impedance (z).

Protectiow ag amst Phase Reveual

The induchon motor takeshegative s rouemee curreut if hee s a
A he p hose S nee An up cireuit he hA otor
Tn thws siahion, me to rholl T M he pvzite dire cion
The Loads desianadto run an a specifie direchion may be damagee.

Th rotechion againt phoae l achiwadthreatu T2

maasuYemont For Short areuit An Atator windivgs lae
metors Cbegond 1DoOkw), diffoeuial rotech'on MLed
Tn Drde to minl mi ze the b d and aluo to reduee o r due
to n calble wn, 3 CTs art l a ced withw the switehgea and

Dne CT A oeated an neutro co n ne etion he Mptor

For Amall metors, hase fault protechion s achievid hrou ovencu TY-

ent mtead of difjetial relay as t Aatl en s x eni ve

The bickup he velay is at albove he moxinm m tanhin urremt
he motor AA 0themwise the relay many mal-ohenate 1f the
Actlung bolow Max stauhin Currmt hen r interloek
whi cblocks the relay at hu hime
stanhing He mo tor
Mde digit al
rela
rela se instamt oumeo s lays
yelo along o ith a

de finite me delay unitThe tapi cal sutting Auch reloay

s DD 2000 vola e rated current

Prote etion agamt Stalling(Locked rotor) .

Stalling rodtcion r t i red An mo tor at Hh me stantin
OY Yunnina Ay motor can oussi bate hpye heat d u i na
he
runu ha Condu hon
Hhoun whent 4 tamdstil condion
o
toY fauu to Stant alten the emengizaton them hhe heot
Toduced v reo tor and ctator nding lo to 15 times the
hea
reducad dwing the rated cendi hons
The motor Camwihatandth tpe oRtreune h eahina Condiion only
fer a iited tiu od 7his tim unmat depuels on the abblhed
voltageand t Lit A Yela for Tt chanateistie Cam be e t

fer an miible oVlead

Proteckions ahied a 2 oiffonet wa
) Stalling at the time of tantin4 Ths funchon aachyate
onl devuing HAtaning Hho motor h a t , duing he
Coure tanting tme dlayttnt)7 e d siad
he metor nd the+me delay tctau) On diteehon o
a t a t Hh funchion acti vatedand tha ime
hime delay rouwded
for Aoe atallina tstau) begis A t he nd of this tme
dela ha otoY 4 hould gain he acu'rd peed If he
o tor does netg a he acied e d t is a indieothion
ootedeked rotor ituntiow and he relag meratsa
Com mond
hiphingin

) S t l l i ng a the hinu of running : Th untiow Aa activaed

imdiat aften Atanhing eiod Cant ToD anamete4 a
reamired bebe set An the Yelou )stal rD-tor Cuvemt threeheld
Istau) and ) Staled roto Hme ts tau)
 detects h
current ove Comrd b stallina OUno
The relay
menates tipin command h Ehase CuTYem

he stal value
Thene ane two Aethugs Ataling rday
)The Cure Setin whd e snallg 15060o/.
CUYYeMt
Yelay rated
) T m e Settrna YOng whi th ssa ly 6-60 Axends.
is the
The normal r e chice for Yreut Setting
Cau 3 /y
is do ne on tha
motor 7he 4i
staninga Cu r r e t
of mo tor and ,sae Ataling
aling 7m of
basis accelwating hme
7he hme Aetting highen hau a caelonoti ng ime
the hmotor .

the moto r
amd o wea han An tling im

Load Prote ction o 7nducion Motor

Loss of kno wn a lou
he no to r
The s d d e reduction oload from
Los Load ane brea kage aConveuer
The reasons
lo od a drive pin.It
belt, rime faileon
a
pum or sheaning usual
fhe mo tor his i tuation. The
mond atory to ti
fo wse DMT relay w hi ch e re coomi zes dteremce
bracicei
Lo od ater
lood
application ofLoad and
ho
betweenno
between loadbe fore
Tn thi reloy +h h r a atamadvrs
he apphcahen of load me
namMely,unden eurYent thres he
ld,
ane reauired to be se,
n hi bit stat time delocy
hio hYes held ond
Osotiated hoi-th

.Unden vo ltage
n d e n vo r redueion
Protecion Inducion Motors

ho hen s
theu +he
m volta2e belew the rated ve lta
vol4age
b mo tor increases
An An wing motor, he current drouon motoY
beyend Tated
eurren Df e tor Honce +huinaulahien
damaged b couse ofheatinq Thus, he undenve ltane
indings
indn Th hyp/ent
w rotechon aamt ths phenemenen
rela
hs relo s 70-100 rated vo ltoe
Ating
 Detoiled Prote cthion Sehemes of Tnolnetion Motor
B usb a

TM CBCT CB
CT Phase A
Ammm-
Phase B
mmmm

- mmm Phose C

3 Thdueh'on
Motor
A
3
Te 49/9 PT
51/50
5N/24

Diaital
Rela

Me aus urement t e m pona tuwne b di re ct method ning RTD

Br hen mistors H)s aluo Uus thated The resiomal current
measument cavued owt sinq CBCT