INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (IRDP)-DODOMA

DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL PLANNING

FACTORS AFFECTING PADDY PRODUCTION AMONG SMALLHOLDER

FARMERS IN CETRAL DISTRICT: A CASE OF CHEJU SHEHIA, ZANZIBAR

BY

MOZA RASHID MISBAHU

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN PROJECT

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF RURAL

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, DODOMA,

TANZANIA

AUGUST, 2023
ii
 ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in Central District in order to assess factors affecting its

production among smallholder producers. Interview, observation, focus group

discussion and documentary review were used to collect data from a sample of 67

respondents. In this study were use descriptive statistics for analysis, were used to

analyse size of paddy farming operation, application of water management

technologies in paddy farming and analysis the uses of mechanized tools for farming.

Also descriptive analysis was used to analyse economic factors affecting paddy

production in study area. Finding reveals that the paddy farming contains 38.8%

were diseases, 25.4% were costs of inputs and also 35.8% were shortage of land.

Tractors used by majority (88.1%) of farmers as a main tool for cultivativation . Also

failure of farmers to owns large area of land leads to reduce paddy productivity the

result show 37.3 % were owns quater hacter, 34.3% were owns half hacter and 28.4

% were own one hacter It is concluded that smallholder paddy producers own small

farm size and most of them indicated that limited capital is a major factors to their

interest to expand production area because there is a significant relationship between

paddy yields and size per hacter under paddy production. The larger the land

allocated, the higher the output to produces. .It is recommended smallholder paddy

producers should be emphasised to adopt modern production techniques while

government should invest in agricultural research and extention services to develop

region-specific solutions and support to small holders.

i
 DECLARATION

I, Moza Rashid Misbahu, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and

that it has not been presented to any other institute for a similar or any other degree

award.

Candidate’s name: Moza Rashid Misbahu

Candidate’s Signature: ..........................................................

Date: ..................................................................

ii
 COPYRIGHT

No part of this paper may be produced or transmitted in any form and any means

without permission of the writer or Institute of Rural Development Planning

iii
 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION

I Mr. Luhivilo Lupondo certify that I have read and hereby recommend for

acceptance by the Institute of Rural Development Planning the dissertation titled,

Factors affecting paddy farming among smallholders in Central District, Zanzibar’ in

fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor degree in Project Planning and

Management of the Institute of Rural Development Planning.

Supervisor’s name: Mr. Luhivilo Lupondo

Date: ……………………………….

Signature ………………………

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, my sincere thanks are to Almighty GOD for the opportunity of my fully

participation and submission of this dissertation.

I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the academic staff of the institute of

Rural Development Planning. Foremost thanks are directed to staff in the department

of Rural development and Regional Planning. Special salutes are to my supervisor

Mr. Luhuvilo Lupondo, for his intellectual guidance and encouragements during the

proposal development and dissertation writing.

I would also like to acknowledge the Staff of Central District who worked hard to

provide me with data for this work. Grateful thanks are also saluted to my classmates

for their advisory and cooperation during my studies

Last but not least, my sincere thanks are directed to my family members, for their

support, and social care throughout my studies.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................i

DECLARATION..........................................................................................................ii

COPYRIGHT..............................................................................................................iii

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION....................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................v

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................x

LIST OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................xi

LIST OF PLATES......................................................................................................xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..................................................xiii

LIST OF APPENDECES..........................................................................................xiv

DIFINITION OF KEY TERMS.................................................................................xv

CHAPTER ONE...........................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1

1.1 Background Information.........................................................................................1

1.2 Problem Statement..................................................................................................3

1.3 Significance of the Study........................................................................................4

1.4 Research Objective.................................................................................................5

1.4.1 General objective:................................................................................................5

1.4.2 Specific objectives:..............................................................................................5

1.5 Research Questions/Hypotheses.............................................................................5

1.6 Scope of the Study..................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO..........................................................................................................7

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................7

2.1 Definition of key concepts......................................................................................7

2.1.1 Green Revolution.................................................................................................7

2.1.2 Intensive Rice Farming Systems.........................................................................7

2.1.3 System of Rice Intensification (SRI)...................................................................7

2.1.4 Agro-ecology.......................................................................................................7

2.1.5 Water Management..............................................................................................8

2.2 Theoretical Review.................................................................................................8

2.2.1 Shifting Cultivation Theory.................................................................................8

2.2.2 Intensive Rice Farming Theory...........................................................................8

2.2.3 System of Rice Intensification (SRI)...................................................................8

2.2.4 Ecological Farming Theory.................................................................................9

2.2.5 Hydroponic Rice Farming Theory.......................................................................9

2.2.6 Climate-Smart Agriculture Theory......................................................................9

2.3 Empirical Literature Review.................................................................................10

2.3.1 Agricultural practices and technologies used in paddy farming........................10

2.3.2 Economic factors that affect paddy farming......................................................11

2.3.3 Institutional factors affect paddy farming..........................................................12

2.4 Conceptual Framework.........................................................................................14

2.5 Research Gap........................................................................................................15

CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................16

3.0 METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................16

3.1 The Study Area.....................................................................................................16

3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................16

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3.3 Data Types and Source.........................................................................................16

3.4 Data Collection Methods and Tools.....................................................................17

3.4.1 Interview............................................................................................................17

3.4.2 Documentary review..........................................................................................17

3.4.3 Observation........................................................................................................17

3.5 Sampling...............................................................................................................17

3.5.1 Sampling frame..................................................................................................17

3.5.2 Sampling unit.....................................................................................................18

3.5.3 Sample size........................................................................................................18

3.5.4 Sampling procedures.........................................................................................18

3.6 Data processing, Analysis, and presentation........................................................19

3.6.1 Data processing..................................................................................................19

3.6.2 Data analysis......................................................................................................19

3.6.3 Data presentation...............................................................................................19

3.7 Limitation of the Study.........................................................................................20

CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................21

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.............................................................................21

4.1 Characteristics of Respondents.............................................................................21

4.1.1 Education level..................................................................................................21

4.1.2 Age of respondents............................................................................................21

4.1.3 Marital status.....................................................................................................21

4.1.4 Sex of respondent..............................................................................................21

4.1.5 Occupation of the respondents...........................................................................21

4.2 Agricultural Practices and Technologies Used in Paddy Farming.......................23

viii
4.3 Economic Factors that Affect Paddy Farming in Cheju, Zanzibar.......................25

4.4 Institutional Factors Affect Paddy Farming.........................................................27

CHAPTER FIVE........................................................................................................29

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATIONS.................................................29

5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................29

5.2 Recommendations.................................................................................................30

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................31

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondent..................................................22

Table 2: Agricultural technologies and practices used in paddy farming..................25

Table 3: Factors affecting paddy farming...................................................................26

Table 4: Institutional factors affecting paddy farming:..............................................28

x
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1Conceptual framework..................................................................................14

xi
 LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Paddy cultivation farm...................................................................................24

Plate 2: Product of paddy yield...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Plate 3: Stunting of paddy due to disease...................................................................27

xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AWD - Alternative Wetting and Drying

FAO - Food and Agricultural Organization

FAOSTAT - Food and Agriculture organization Statistics

IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency

IRDP - Institute of Rural Development Planning

SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Science

SRI - System of Rice Intensification

URT - United Republic of Tanzania

LIST OF APPENDECES

xiii
APPENDIX 1..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

xiv
 DIFINITION OF KEY TERMS

Paddy farming

Is a method of cultivating paddy in flooded fields that involves preparing the land,

transplanting or sowing paddy seedlings, maintaining water levels, and harvesting

the matured crop. Also paddy known as rice.

Agro-ecology

Is a holistic approach to farming that emphasizes the ecological and social aspects of

agricultural systems. It promotes the use of sustainable farming practices,

biodiversity conservation, and the integration of ecological principles into farming

operations. Agro-ecological approaches to paddy farming often involve practices

such as organic farming, crop diversification, and the use of natural pest control

methods.

Water Management

Efficient water management is crucial for paddy farming, as rice cultivation requires

significant amounts of water. Theories and techniques related to water management

in paddy farming include the concepts of controlled irrigation, water-saving

techniques, such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and the development of

efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation.

xv
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

Paddy farming is an important agricultural activity in Zanzibar, Tanzania, with rice

being a staple food for the people of the region. However, paddy farming faces

several challenges that affect its productivity and profitability. This study aims to

identify and analyze the factors affecting paddy farming in Zanzibar, Tanzania, and

their impact on rice production. The findings of this study will help policymakers

and farmers to make informed decisions to improve the productivity and profitability

of paddy farming in the region

According to Makame et al. (2019), paddy farming in Zanzibar faces several

challenges that affect its productivity and profitability. This study aims to identify

and analyze the factors affecting paddy farming in Zanzibar, Tanzania, and their

impact on rice production. The findings of this study will help policymakers and

farmers to make informed decisions to improve the productivity and profitability of

paddy farming in the region.

Agricultural crop production remains the mainstay for the majority population in the

rural areas of Tanzania (Reincke et al., 2018). Among other crops, rice production is

the dominant cereal crop in the country ranked second after maize production (Alam

and Effendy, 2017).

According to the Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, approximately total rice

harvested area is 1,109,814 hagrown by small-scale farmers for both households’

consumption and commercial purposes. The production has been varying from time

1
to time due to various challenges including the climate and weather variability

especially with seasonal and insufficient rainfall (Boniphace et al., 2014). Realizing

the importance of the rice industry the Tanzania government has been supporting rice

production by initiating various programs and addressing the prominent challenges.

The programs aimed at reducing the obstacles to increasing production and

productivity. Therefore, the government and private organizations are working

together to investigate and provide amicable solutions for the challenges which hold

back rice productivity. Some of the solutions include an introduction and

recommendation of the adoption of new technologies such as improved seed

varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation services (Mligo and Msuya, 2015) to boost rice

production. Nonetheless, weather variability remains the dominant challenge to crop

production in the country (Kaliba et al., 2018). The situation has led to a decrease in

food and income for most rural families relying on agriculture production (Global

Information Network, 2019). At the household level, most challenges include poor

access to education, poor technology adoption,

lack of extension services, and poor prices (Urassa, 2015; Haji et al., 2018).

Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the main challenges for increasing rice

yield in the study region. Rice has being most important food and commercial crop in

Tanzania after maize. It is among the major sources of employment, income and food

security for Tanzania farming households. According to FAOSTAT (2010), Tanzania

is the second largest producer of rice in Southern Africa after Madagascar with

production level of 1.1 million tons. The rice cultivated area by 2012 was 720,000

hectares and the average yield per hectare from 2003-2012 is very low (i.e. 1.8 tons

per hectare). Currently the Kilombero valley is a major rice production area
2
supplying about 9% of all rice produced in Tanzania (URT, 2004). The central semi

arid areas of Tanzania are endowed with a number of seasonal wetlands which have

potential for agricultural development (Assenga, 2001). According to Liheluka

(2014) in Kilombero district the average yield of output to smallholder paddy

producers is 2.7 tons per hectare (1080 Kg/acre). About 71% of the rice grown in

Tanzania is produced under rain fed conditions; irrigated land presents 29% of the

total with.

1.2 Problem Statement

Paddy farming is an important agricultural activity in Zanzibar and is major sources

of income for many farmers in the region. Despite of play significant to economic of

Zanzibar and potential to contribute to food security and economic growth paddy

farming is faces with various challenges that have hinders its growth and

development .According to Article of Food and security (2014) shown challenges

such as in adequate irrigation system, climatic changes and poor soil fertility, disease

and low yielding rice varieties.

In Zanzibar and other coastal regions are famous for their rice cultivation. Many

small- scale rainfed fields are found in inland valleys, where rice plants are

dependent primarily on runoff from downslope (Kafiriti 2003; Sekiya 2013, 2015).

According to Haji, Salehe and Msinde were determine the factors affecting the

adoption of new technologies in rainfed paddy production practiced by smallholder

farmers in the Central District Zanzibar

Also according to Agronomy for Sustainable Development Article (2020), Tanzania

rice production increase between 1960 to2010s (FAO 2019).This increase was

3
attained mainly through an expansion of the cultivated area rather than yield

improvement, this show yield are not improved.

IAEA and FAO 2020, current around 70% of the rice consumed in Zanzibar needs to

be imported. With the help of nuclear techniques, the government is trying to

produce more rice to meet demand, also more local rice means less dependence on

import, more money and more jobs for Zanzibar and helping to archive its target

under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Cheju, Zanzibar –with one of the fastest growing population in Africa and surge in

tourism, Zanzibar need more rice, and its farmers and authorities are turning to

nuclear techniques for help.

Despite of all challenges of paddy farming but Cheju farmers are still engaged in

farming and produce paddy (rice) for different uses. Therefore this study will identify

and analyze the factors affecting paddy farming in Cheju for improving agricultural

productivity and food security in Zanzibar.

1.3 Significance of the Study

The study was help agricultural productivity that will have a positive impact on food

security and increase economic growth and development in Zanzibar

Also this study were contributed to promoting sustainable agriculture practice. By

identify the factors that affect paddy farming, this study was developed strategies to

minimize negative impacts on the environment

This study was contributed to scientific knowledge in the field of agriculture that can

help the policy makers and researchers better understand the challenges facing

4
farmers and develop effective solution to improve agricultural productivity and

sustainable agricultural practice and techniques.

1.4 Research Objective.

There are general and specific objectives.

1.4.1 General objective:

The overall objective of this study was to identified and analyzed the factors

affecting paddy farming in Cheju for improving agricultural production.

1.4.2 Specific objectives:

• To determine key agricultural practices and technologies used in paddy

farming in Cheju

• To examine economic factors that affect paddy farming in Cheju, Zanzibar

• To examine institutional factors affect paddy farming in Cheju, Zanzibar

1.5 Research Questions/Hypotheses

 To determine key agricultural practices and technologies used in paddy

farming in Cheju

Variables:

• Irrigation system

• Fertilizer

• Tractor and Hand hoes

 To examine socio-economic factors that affect paddy farming in Cheju,

Zanzibar

Variables:

• Shortage of land

• Cost of inputs
5
 • Disease

 To examine institutional factors affect paddy farming in Cheju, Zanzibar

Variables:

• Availability of agricultural training

• Availability of cooperatives

• Availability of expertise

1.6 Scope of the Study

The research were carried out in Central District inland of Unguja, Zanzibar because

the main sources of income is farming and households are do more faming than other

activities ,so they can be a good position to respond to the study. Therefore the ward

were considered to be a perfect representative sample, the study was focuses on

paddy farming in Cheju.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of key concepts

2.1.1 Green Revolution

The Green Revolution refers to a period of significant advancements in agricultural

technologies and practices that began in the mid-20th century. This revolution aimed

to increase agricultural productivity, including in rice farming, through the use of

high-yielding varieties, improved irrigation techniques, and the application of

fertilizers and pesticides.

2.1.2 Intensive Rice Farming Systems

Intensive rice farming systems focus on maximizing the yield of rice crops within a

given land area. These systems often involve the use of modern technologies,

improved seed varieties, proper water management, and the adoption of

mechanization and agrochemical inputs.

2.1.3 System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

SRI is an innovative methodology for rice cultivation that focuses on improving

yields and resource-use efficiency. It emphasizes the management of soil, water, and

plants to create favorable growing conditions. SRI practices typically involve wider

plant spacing, transplanting younger seedlings, intermittent irrigation, and organic

matter incorporation.

2.1.4 Agro-ecology

is a holistic approach to farming that emphasizes the ecological and social aspects of

agricultural systems. It promotes the use of sustainable farming practices,

7
biodiversity conservation, and the integration of ecological principles into farming

operations. Agro-ecological approaches to paddy farming often involve practices

such as organic farming, crop diversification, and the use of natural pest control

methods.

2.1.5 Water Management

Efficient water management is crucial for paddy farming, as rice cultivation requires

significant amounts of water. Theories and techniques related to water management

in paddy farming include the concepts of controlled irrigation, water-saving

techniques, such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and the development of

efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation.

2.2 Theoretical Review

2.2.1 Shifting Cultivation Theory

This theory suggests that paddy farming initially emerged as a form of shifting

cultivation. Farmers would clear land by burning vegetation and grow rice for a few

years until the soil fertility declined. They would then move on to clear new land,

allowing the previously cultivated land to regenerate.

2.2.2 Intensive Rice Farming Theory

This theory emphasizes the development of intensive rice farming techniques, such

as irrigation systems, terracing, and crop rotation. These practices aimed to maximize

the productivity of rice fields and sustain higher yields over time.

2.2.3 System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

SRI is an agricultural methodology developed in the 1980s that challenges

conventional rice farming techniques. It promotes the use of specific planting

8
practices, such as wider spacing, transplanting younger seedlings, and intermittent

irrigation. SRI claims to increase yields while reducing water usage and reliance on

external inputs.

2.2.4 Ecological Farming Theory

This theory emphasizes the importance of ecological principles in paddy farming. It

advocates for practices that maintain soil health, conserve water resources, promote

biodiversity, and reduce chemical inputs. Ecological farming approaches focus on

sustainable and environmentally friendly rice production.

2.2.5 Hydroponic Rice Farming Theory

Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil and providing essential nutrients

through a water-based solution. Some researchers have explored the application of

hydroponics in rice farming. This theory suggests that hydroponic systems could

increase crop yields, minimize water usage, and allow for year-round rice

production.

2.2.6 Climate-Smart Agriculture Theory

With the challenges posed by climate change, this theory promotes climate-smart

practices in paddy farming. It includes measures such as water-efficient irrigation

techniques, drought and flood-resistant rice varieties, conservation agriculture, and

agro forestry. The aim is to enhance resilience, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and

ensure food security in the face of changing climatic conditions.

9
2.3 Empirical Literature Review

2.3.1 Agricultural practices and technologies used in paddy farming

Technology has a great role in solving problem of change in climate and enables

farmers to have a conducive environment for their agricultural activities to increase

productivity.

Climate change caused by human activities which mostly use non-renewable energy

in transportation, electricity production, industries, residential and commercial,

agriculture, land use, and forestry whereby they release gases like carbon dioxide in

sufficient quantity to change the composition of the atmosphere resulted in

increasing of heat referred as global warming (Trenberth, 2018). Climate-smart

agricultural practices, including those specific to paddy farming, focus on reducing

greenhouse gas emissions, improving resource use efficiency, and enhancing climate

resilience. These practices may involve the use of precision farming techniques, such

as site-specific nutrient management, precise water management, and optimized crop

rotations, to minimize environmental impact and maximize productivity (Kahiluoto

et al., 2014). Efficient irrigation systems play a crucial role in paddy farming.

Technologies such as controlled flooding, alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and

precision irrigation methods help optimize water use and minimize water loss,

leading to increased water productivity and reduced environmental impact (Belder et

al., 2014; Liu et al., 2018). The use of high-yielding rice varieties that are specifically

bred to be resistant to diseases, pests, and abiotic stresses can significantly improve

productivity in paddy farming. These varieties often have enhanced yield potential

and can withstand adverse climatic conditions, contributing to food security (Ali et

al., 2010; Swamy et al., 2013). Precise nutrient management practices, such as site-

10
specific nutrient application and balanced fertilization, are essential for optimizing

nutrient use efficiency in paddy farming. This helps prevent nutrient losses, reduces

environmental pollution, and improves crop productivity (Sahrawat et al., 2008;

Zheng et al., 2019). The adoption of mechanization and modern farming equipment,

such as rice transplanters, combine harvesters, and precision seeders, can

significantly improve labor efficiency, reduce post-harvest losses, and enhance

overall productivity in paddy farming (Zhang et al., 2017; Si et al., 2021).

2.3.2 Economic factors that affect paddy farming

Various studies have examined the influence of socio-economic factors on crop

output and productivity. Empirical studies on rice have pointed that like the basic

inputs namely: seed, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and appropriate management,

socio-economic factors have significant influence on rice production at farmer’s

level and also on productivity. A study by Osanyinlusi et al. (2016) examined the

determinants of rice farmers’ productivity in Ekiti State of Nigeria and found that

farm size, level of education and quantity of fertilizer were positively and

significantly related to productivity, while years of farming experience and quantity

of seeds used were negatively related. Anoja and Unaeze (2008) using a multiple

linear regression model found that years of education and land size significantly

influence farmers’ rice output in Enugu state in Nigeria. Julius and Chukwumah

(2014) examined the effects of socio-economic factors on small-scale rice farmers’

output in Abuja State, Nigeria using a semi-log function and found that fertilizer

application, cost of chemicals, farm size and quantity of seed were significant factors

influencing rice output. In Ebonyi State of Nigeria, Nwaobiala and Adesope (2013)

used a Cobb-Douglas regression model to assess determinants of smallholder rice

11
production systems. The results showed that the positive

determinants of output of upland rice were age, faming experience, farm size,

variable inputs and capital was negative. In the case of swamp rice, the Cobb-

Douglas regression estimates showed that coefficients of education, labor cost, farm

size, variable inputs and farm income were positively signed and capital was

negative. Mbam and Edeh (2011) assessed the determinants of farm productivity

among small-holder rice farmers in Anambra State in Nigeria. They used log-linear

functional form and found that farm size, cost of labour and frequency of extension

visit were negatively related to farmers productivity levels and the positively signed

factors were years of education, fertilizer and use of improved variety. The reviewed

literature confirmed that socio-economic factors influence the productivity of crop

farming including rice. The effects of these factors tend to the region specific and as

such the influence played by these factors on Zambian small-scale rice farmer need

to be analyzed.

2.3.3 Institutional factors affect paddy farming

Agricultural Extension Services, Numerous studies highlight the importance of

effective agricultural extension services in enhancing paddy farming. These services

provide farmers with access to information, technical assistance, and training

programs. They facilitate knowledge transfer, promote the adoption of improved

practices, and contribute to increased productivity (Anandajayasekeram et al., 2016;

Van et al., 2018). Farmer Organizations and Cooperatives: The presence of strong

farmer organizations and cooperatives has been found to positively impact paddy

farming. These institutions facilitate collective actions, knowledge sharing, and

resource mobilization. They play a crucial role in advocating for farmers' rights,
12
providing marketing opportunities, and influencing policy decisions that benefit

paddy farmers (Ali et al., 2017; Wijayaratna et al., 2018). Land Tenure Systems:

Secure land tenure systems are essential for paddy farming. Studies indicate that

clear land rights and formalized tenure arrangements provide farmers with incentives

to invest in productivity-enhancing measures, such as irrigation infrastructure and

long-term cultivation practices. Unclear or insecure land tenure can hinder farmers'

ability to make long-term investments in paddy farming (Nguyen et al., 2016; Doss,

2018). Government Policies and Support: Government policies and support

mechanisms significantly influence paddy farming. Studies show that favorable

policies, such as input subsidies, price stabilization measures, and infrastructure

development, can incentivize farmers to adopt improved practices and increase

productivity. However, inadequate policy implementation, bureaucratic challenges,

and lack of coordination among government agencies can limit the effectiveness of

these interventions (Fujita et al., 2015; Kijima et al., 2016). Access to Credit and

Financial Services: Access to affordable credit and financial services is crucial for

paddy farmers to invest in inputs, machinery, and technologies. Studies emphasize

the importance of inclusive financial systems and innovative credit products tailored

to the needs of smallholder paddy farmers. Lack of access to credit and high interest

rates can constrain farmers' ability to adopt modern agricultural practices and limit

their productivity (Bhuiyan et al., 2017; Bhattarai et al., 2019).

13
2.4 Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework is an estimated show distinguishing the ideas under study

and their connections (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003).In this study the conceptual

framework are category with two variables, dependent variables and in dependent

variables that are show the relationship between them.

Dependent variable Intermediate Independent

variable variable

 Land Farmers Improving paddy

 Fertilizer
 Irrigation system production
 Diseases
 Cost of inputs
 Hand hoes and
Tractors
 Availability of
Agricultural training
 Availability of
cooperative
 Availability of
expertise

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

14
2.5 Research Gap

Due to the characteristic of smallholder farmers, one being, use of small investment

in farming mainly from the household incomes, these farmers face a lot of challenges

(Arahetal.,2015). Such challenges include high price of seeds, price uncertainty and

transporting goods to the markets place. But also, most of the studies focused on

smallholder farmers of other cash crops like cashew nuts, fruits, sisal, cassava and

even maize (Mwebaze,2016). According to Haji, Salehe and Msinde were determine

the factors affecting the adoption of new technologies in rainfed paddy production

practiced by smallholder farmers in the Central District Zanzibar Also according to

Agronomy for Sustainable Development Article (2020), Tanzania rice production

increase between 1960 to2010s (FAO 2019).This increase was attained mainly

through an expansion of the cultivated area rather than yield improvement, this show

yield are not improved. The studies also focus on the factors affecting paddy farming

In cheju, some of the aspects of paddy farming in Zanzibar could provide insights

into the livelihoods of farmers and the challenges they face. Research could

investigate the socio-economic impact of paddy farming institutional factors and key

agricultural practice and technologies, including aspects such as access to credit,

labour, seed selection agricultural policies ,capital market linkages, irrigation system

and harvesting techniques. This information could help in formulating policies and

interventions to support paddy farmers. Hence, this study were identified and

analyzed the factors affecting paddy farming in Cheju for improving agricultural

productivity and food security in Zanzibar.

15
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 The Study Area

The Cheju ward is located in Central district inland of Unguja, Zanzibar. Cheju has

two distinct edaphic features, the clay soil plain in the west and coral rag in the east

respectively, and extensive area of the region is situated inside the Jozani Chwaka

Bay National Park. The main sources of income is farming. Cheju is about 29.5

kilometre and 45 minutes to Stone town in Zanzibar. The reason of chosen this area

because there are famous large firms of paddy in Cheju ward and are households are

engaged in farming paddy on high percent.

3.2 Research Design

This study was adopted across-sectional design. Hopkins (2000) argues that

descriptive studies aim to determine the relationship between independent variable

and dependent variables in a population. This study were combined of both

qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to deep understanding the

research problem and get the more information on the study.

3.3 Data Types and Source

This study were collected data from both secondary and primary data source, the

primary was obtained from the respondents and secondary data were obtained from

the newspaper articles, journals, books, government publication and report based on

the literature gap of the current study and will use both qualitative and quantitative

data.

16
3.4 Data Collection Methods and Tools
3.4.1 Interview

This method was used to gather necessary information from respondents because of

obtained in depth data for intensive understanding as it was allowed respondent time

and scope to talk about their opinion on a particular subject, the researcher was used

the face to face interview with respondents, the interview question was used both

open and close ended questions. The tool of interview is questionnaire

3.4.2 Documentary review

In this data collection method that the data are collected in various documents as

second hand information that provide require information to the study, example

journals, dissertation and articles. The tool of documentary review is checklist.

3.4.3 Observation

This method was used to gather information through participatory observation to the

respondents, participatory observation is method of collect data through participate

on the issues that can help the researcher to get the accurate data and information that

is needs. The checklist was used as a tool

3.5 Sampling
A sampling is a subgroup of target population that a researcher plan to study for

generalizing about the target population. (Creswell, 2012)

3.5.1 Sampling frame

Sampling frame is the list of all farmers that their activity are in paddy farming in

Cheju.

17
3.5.2 Sampling unit

In this study the sampling unity was the head of household that that engage in paddy

farming in Cheju and the key informants that are Sheha, Ministry of agriculture,

irrigation ,natural resource and livestock.

3.5.3 Sample size

This study was consist of 69 respondent, 67 was farmers in paddy farming and 2 was

the key informants due to the unknown sample

Where,

n = sample size

z = level of confidence (90%) = 1.64

p = maximum population proportional assumed to be 50% = 0.5

λ = maximum margin error = 10%

From the above formula

n = = 67 respondents

3.5.4 Sampling procedures

The study was use both probability and non-probability sampling procedure, the

probability was obtained from individual people who participate for simple random

sampling and non-probability was obtained from the key informants.

18
3.6 Data processing, Analysis, and presentation
3.6.1 Data processing

The study was use data editing, coding, Statistical Package for Social Sciences

(SPSS) IBM 2 Version and entering and clearing.

3.6.2 Data analysis

This study was used the data analysis SPSS version 20 that was use the descriptive

statistics, which can calculate mean, median, mode, frequencies and percentage

distribution of respondent, the following are the specific objective and their data

analysis

Specific objective Data analysis used

To determine key agricultural practices Descriptive statistics

and technologies used in paddy farming

in Cheju

To examine economic factors that affect Descriptive statistics

paddy farming in Cheju, Zanzibar

To examine institutional factors that Descriptive statistics

affect paddy farming in Cheju, Zanzibar

3.6.3 Data presentation

In this study the data was presented in form of tables and figures that was used to
present quantitative data and summarize the qualitative data.

19
3.7 Limitation of the Study
The main problem experienced by the researcher was the refusal of some
respondents to complete the questionnaire. Some respondents were not willing to
cooperate even after they were shown a letter that gave permission to the researcher
to conduct the study. The process of collecting the questionnaires proved to be
challenging because some respondents failed to complete the questionnaire on time
and the researcher spent a considerable amount of time visiting the selected
respondents to follow up the collection of the questionnaires. However, despite of all
these drawbacks, an adequate number of questionnaires were returned to make the
study valid. But researcher had to reproduce other questionnaire, distribute to other
respondents and had to be patient to wait for the questionnaire to be filled and by
extending number of days for data collection.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Characteristics of Respondents
4.1.1 Education level
Generally the education levels of the respondent of Cheju Shehia ranged from four
level of education. The study found that 13.4% of respondent attained primary
education, 52.9% attained secondary education and 6.0% respondents have no formal
education, and 25.4% collage education as shown table 1 .thus means larger number
of respondent’s attained secondary education thus had large knowledge on paddy
farming.
4.1.2 Age of respondents
About 3.0% of respondents were aged <18 years old, and 52.2% were aged between
18-30 years, and 25.4% were 31- 44 years and 19.4% were aged 44> years. This
shows that most of the response regarding to age about 52.2% of respondent are
between 18- 30 years as shown table 1. This implies that large number of
respondents were energetic and matured.
4.1.3 Marital status
The study shows that majority of respondents that 68.7% were married, 28.4% were
single ,3.0% were divorced shown in the table 1.This implies that most of the
respondent in the Cheju ward ware married.
4.1.4 Sex of respondent.
The study was includes both male and female respondents, were men despite the fact
that selection of the respondents was regardless of gender. The results shows that the
proportion of female interviewed was less compare to male. The proportion of males
accounted for 58.6 % and 37.1 % for female as shown table 1. Therefore the findings
revealed that most of the respondents were Male.
4.1.5 Occupation of the respondents
The study shows that 100% were farming ,thus larger number of respondents were
engaged on farming activities that are shown in table 1

21
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondent

Characteristics Frequency Percent %

Sex

Male 41 61.2

Female 26 38.8

Age

<18 2 3.0

18-30 35 52.2

31-44 17 25.4

44> 13 19.4

Education level

Primary level 9 13.4

Secondary level 37 55.2

Collage 17 25.4

Non formal education 4 6.0

Marital Status

Single 19 28.4

Married 46 58.7

Divorced 2

Occupation

Farming 67 100

4.2 Agricultural Practices and Technologies Used in Paddy Farming

4.2.1 Tractors and hand hoes tools

22
The result revealed that tractors are the main tools for cultivation by majority 77.6 %
of smallholders in Central district, while 22.4% used hand hoes. The findings of
NBS(2006) found that about 66% of planted land in Dodoma region was cultivated
using hand hoes, while for oxen plough and tractors it was 24% and 10%,
respectively. This implies that there is advancement from using traditional hand hoes
and adopting modern by smallholders paddy producers. This implied that there is
advancement from using traditional hand hoes and adopting modern by smallholders
paddy producers

Plate 1: tractor used in paddy farming

4.2.2 Irrigation System

Findings revealed that 100% of smallholder paddy famers depend and applied water
management technologies. According to URT (2011), irrigation refers to the artificial
application of water to the soil for the purpose of supplying moisture essential for
plant growth. Therefore the main source of irrigation water in the study area are from
irrigation system. This implied that the irrigation system are the water management

23
technology that are important used by Cheju Shehia in order to increase paddy
production.

Plate 2: irrigation system of paddy farming

4.2.3 Fertilizer
Also revealed that the smallholders of Cheju Shehia are used Urea13.4% and Dapo
UST 6.0% and use of both fertilizer 80.6 % during cultivation for increase greater
impact of paddy production. The Urea are the top dressing fertilizer that was applied
to crops at 3-4 weeks after transplanting and repeated after 7-8 weeks of
transplanting which supplies 46% of nitrogen and also the Dapo ust supplies 18 %
and 46 % phosphorus for growth and development. According URT (2004) and
Rutasitara (2002) revealed that continuous uses of cultivated land without
replenishment it with soil nutrient (fertilizers) has contributed to a decline in soil
fertility. This implied that in Cheju Shehia using fertilizer to increase paddy
production.

Table 2: Agricultural technologies and practices used in paddy farming

24
Agricultural technologies and practices used in Frequencies Percentages %
paddy farming
Urea 9 13.4
Dapo ust 4 6.0
Fertilizers used in paddy farming?
Both
54 80.6
fertilizers

Irrigation system (water Used 67 100.0

management) in paddy farming Not used 0 0.0

Tractors 52 77.6
Mechanized tools for farming Hand hoes 15 22.4
Harvesters 0 0.0

4.3 Economic Factors that Affect Paddy Farming in Cheju, Zanzibar.

4.3.1 Shortage of Land

The result found that in Cheju Shehia in paddy farming that factors shortage of land
take 31.3% out 100% that leads many people to owns a small piece of land for
farming and there are ridges for every pieces of farms of paddy for each farmers. The
result show 62.7% were owns quarter hector, 26.9% were owns half hector and 10.4
% were own one hector and no one owns more than one hector. Finding agree with
the Tanzania Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2014) show that the majority of 73 % of
farmers in rural areas owns too small piece of land. This implied that in Shehia of
Cheju there is a shortage of land that affect paddy farming among smallholders.

The finding also found that there is a relationship between size of paddy operation
and the yield per hector, this show on the table that large area size harvests a lot of
paddy and small harvests less. These findings are in line with that by Jules (2011) in
rural areas of Rwanda who revealed that farm size has a positive effect on rice
production since average output produced increases as the farm size increases.

4.3.2 Cost of inputs

25
The result show 34.4% out of 100% of this factors are affect the paddy farming
because the input such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and equipment their prices
increased in the market as well as the ownership of land also cost because cost of
leasing for paddy cultivation are 3 million for quarter hectare. The finding of
Boniphase (2014) revealed that most of farmers attested to not using fertilizer
because it is not accessible. This implies that availability of inputs like fertilizers and
land are essential for farmers.

4.3.3 Disease
Also this study found that in Cheju Shehia the farmers faces the economic factor of
diseases 34.4% out of 100% same as Cost of inputs that lead to stunting of the paddy
and it makes the paddy no longer grow as shown in table 3 . The current finding goes
in line with a study of Kihoro (2013) as they documented that diseases causes
approximately 60 to 100 % of farmers rice yield loses in Kenya. This diseases are not
treated that that why can lead the farmers to apply fertilizers at the beginning of the
cultivation. This implied that the disease are lead economic losses and affected paddy
farming in Cheju Shehia.

Table 3: Factors affecting paddy farming

Factors affecting paddy farming Frequencies Percent of Cases %

Shortage of land 51 76.1

Multiple response Cost of inputs 56 83.6

Diseases 56 83.6

Total 163 243.3

26
Plate 1: Stunting of paddy due to disease

4.4 Institutional Factors Affect Paddy Farming

The study found that In Cheju Shehia 89.6% of farmers are receive formal training
and education related to paddy farming from agricultural institution and Ministry of
Agriculture and other expertise in every 3 weeks while 10.4% famers were not
receive because it is the first time to participate in farming, and also famers are not
face any difficulties in complaining with government regulation s related to paddy
farming as well as in Cheju Shehia there were not cooperative, community or
association related to paddy.The finding of Boniphase (2014) revealed that
Institutional services (extension services ) are essential for farmers it is through the
services farmers receives important information and knowledge concerning better
agricultural practices such as time for field preparation, planting time, market and
market price. Also according to URT (2012) the transformation of agricultural
extension services is important to impart the right tools, knowledge and skills as well

27
 as ensuring adhere to good agriculture practices. This implied that poor access to
extension services or institutional services are the factors for reduce paddy reduction.
Table 4: Institutional factors affecting paddy farming:

Institutional factors affecting paddy farming Frequency Percentages %

Received any formal training or 60 89.6

education related to paddy Get trained
farming from agricultural Do not get trained 7 10.4
institutional

Difficult in complaining with Complained 0 0.0

government regulations related Not complained 67 100.0
to paddy farming

Participate in any farmers Participated 0 0.0

cooperatives or associations Not participated 67 100.0
related to paddy farming

28
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
 All of paddy farmers in Cheju depend on water management technologies

from irrigation system .The adoption of modern farming technologies and

practices can significantly improve productively and efficiently, most

farmers use tractors in cultivating paddy fields. However, few of them tend to

use hand hoes. This is a considerable step towards agro mechanizing

agriculture in the study area. Also the Cheju Shehia were used Urea and Dapo

UST fertilizer to increase greater impact of paddy production.

 Smallholder paddy producers own small farm size and most of them indicated

that limited shortage of land, cost of inputs and diseases are the major factors

to their paddy production. Also there are significant relationship between

paddy yields and size per hacter under paddy production. The larger the land

allocated, the higher the output.

 The fermers in Cheju Shehia are receive formal training and education related

to paddy farming from Agricultural Institutional and others external and

internal expertise in every 3 week but are not any cooperative or association

related to paddy farming.

29
5.2 Recommendations

 Ministry of Agriculture in cooperation with other development partners like

NGOs should capacitate farmers through training to adopt modernized

agricultural production practices including use of modern and affordable

cultivation implements, industry fertilizers and improved seeds in production

processes and improve the irrigation facilities to ensure consistent water

supply, especially during dry periods, reducing the risk of crop failure and

boosting productivity..

 Cheju district leaders a special eye looks on farm size since it was found that

an increase in farm size increases rice outputs. Thus, there is a risk of

diminishing outputs as a result of the population increase not in line with the

land size.

 Finally, Ministry of Agriculture, leaders and farmers should establish

cooperative groups or associations related to paddy farming in order to help

to get market inputs and consultant.

30
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Chromosome segment substitution lines: a powerful tool for the

introgression of valuable genes from wild relatives into cultivated rice

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Assessing the role of agricultural extension services in the adoption of

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Anoja, B. F., & Unaeze, H. N. C. (2008). Analysis of socio-economic factors

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Spiertz, J. (2014). Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and

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 water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia. Agricultural Water

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farmers' access to credit and its impact on productivity in Bangladesh.

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Julius, A. O., & Chukwumah, C. B. (2014). Socio-economic factors affecting rice

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33
 APPENDECIES

QUESTIONNAIRE
District Name ……………………….
Ward/ Shehia Name ………………….
Village Name …………………………..
Questionnaire Number ………………..
Date ………………..
SECTION A: Personal information / Characteristics
1. Name of the respondent ……………………………..
2. Sex of respondent
a) Male …… b) Female……
3. Age of respondent ………….
a) >18 …. b) 18 - 30 …… c) 31- 44 ….. d) 44> ……
4. Education level
a) Primary level……... b) Secondary level …..…. c) Collage …….. d)
University…….. e) Non-formal education ………
5. Marital status
a) Single ……… b) Married ……… c) Divorced …….. d) Widow……..
6. What is your occupation?
a) Farming ……. b) Trade …….. c) Government employee ……… d) other
specify……..
7. Duration in practicing activity (ies)? ………….
SECTION B: Agricultural practices and technologies used in paddy farming
8) What is the size of your paddy farming operation?
…………………………………………………….
9) How many years have you been involved in paddy farming?
……………………………………………………………….
10) What is the main variety of paddy you cultivate?
A) Long grain…….. b) Medium grain……. c) Short grain ……….

34
11) What types of fertilizer or nutrient management practices do you use in paddy
farming?
…………………………………………………………………………………
12) How do you manage pest and diseases in your paddy field?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
13) Do you employ any water management technologies in paddy farming?
a) Yes ……… b) No ……………….
If yes please specify.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
14) Are you involved in any cooperative or community initiative related to paddy
farming?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
15) Do you use any digital technologies for farming?
a) Weather apps …….. b) Crop monitoring system ………. c) Drones …….. d) None
……..
16) Do you use any mechanized tools for farming?
a) Tractors ………. b) Hand hoes ………. c) Harvesters ………
SECTION C: Economic factors that affect paddy farming.
17) What is the primary purpose of your paddy farming?
a) Subsistence ……… b) Commercial ……… c) Both ……..
18) What is the average annual yield of paddy per acre/ hectare?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
19) What are the major factors influencing the cost of production in paddy farming?
a) Labor cost …….. b) Fertilizer costs ……. c) Seed costs ……. d) Water
management costs …….. e) Other ……..

35
20) How do fluctuations in market prices of paddy affect your farming decisions?
a) Adjust production accordingly ……….. b) Store paddy and wait for better price
……………... c) Sell immediately regardless of the price ……………. d) Other
……………………
21) Do you face any difficulties in marketing and selling your paddy produce?
a) Yes ……………. b) No ……………. c) Sometimes ……………..
If yes, explain the difficulties
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
22) What are the key economic factors that significantly affect paddy farming in your
region?
a) Diseases ..…….. b) Shortage of land …………… c) Cost of inputs ………….
SECTION D: Institutional factors affect paddy farming
23) Have you received any formal training or education related to paddy farming
from agricultural institutions?
a) Yes …………… b) No …………. c) Unsure ………………….
If yes, specify the type of training or education received
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
24) Have you faced any difficulties in complying with government regulations
related to paddy farming?
a) Yes ………….. b) No ………….. c) Not applicable …………..
If yes, explain the difficulties faced
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
25) Do you participate in any farmers cooperatives or associations related to paddy
farming?
a) Yes ……………… b) No ……………. c) Not aware of any ……………….
If yes, specify the name of cooperative or associations
…………………………………………………………………………………………

36
 A checklist for key informants
Tittle/ Position ……………………………………………………………………
Institution ………………………………………………………………………..……
Ministry/ Sheha/ Leader………………………………………………………………
Date interview
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Education level
…………………………………………………………………………………………
1) What is the Shehia population?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2) What is the number of paddy farmers in the Shehia?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3) In your opinion what are the ways the government should take to promote and
support paddy farming?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4) Are there any specific policies or programs related to paddy farming that you
believe should improve or implemented
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5) What are the measures do you think should be taken to increase the productivity
and profitability of paddy farming?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6) Are there any specific environmental concern related to paddy faming in your
region?
a) Yes ………….. b) No ……………..
If yes, please elaborate
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

37
7) Do you believe there is a need for increased investments in paddy farming?
a) Yes ………………… b) No …………………
If yes, what area should receive more attention?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
8) Are there any successful paddy farming initiatives or models from other regions or
countries that you believe we could learn from?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
9) What role do you see yourself playing in the development and improvement of
paddy farming in your region?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
10) Is there any additional information or suggestions you would like to share
regarding paddy farming and its future?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

38