1.

1 INTRODUCTION
Database management system is a collection of interrelated data
and a set of programs to access those data.
A collection of data is usually referred to as the database which
contains the information.

1.2 DATABASE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

Database management system is software designed to assist in
maintaining
And utilizing large collection of data and need for such systems.
Databases are widely used in the following applications:-
 Banking:-
Database system used for customer information, accounts,
loans, and
banking transactions.
 Airlines:-
For reservations and schedule information. Airlines were
among the first to use databases in a geographically distributed
manner.
 Universities:-
For Student information, course registrations and grades.
 Credit and Transactions:-
For purchases on credit cards and generation of monthly
statements.
 Telecommunications:-
For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills,
maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards, and storing
information about the communication networks.
 Finance:-
For storing information about holdings, sales and purchases of
financial instruments such as stocks and bonds.Also for storing real-
time market data to enable on-line trading by customers and
automated.
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 Sales:-
For customer, product and purchase information.

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  On-line retailers:-
For sales data noted above plus on-line order tracking,
generation of
recommendation lists , and maintenance of on-line product
evaluations.
 Manufacturing:-
For management of the supply chain for tracking production of
items in
factories, inventories of items in warehouses, stores and orders for
items.
 Human resources:-
For information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes,
benefits, and for generation of paychecks.

1.3 PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS

 Data Independence:-

Application programs should be as independent as possible from

details of data representation and storage. The DBMS also provide
an abstract view of data.
 Efficient Data Access:-
DBMS utilizes a variety of sophisticated techniques to store and
retrieve data efficiently.
 Data Integrity and Security:-

If data is accessed through the DBMS, can enforce integrity

constraints on the data. It also provides security by using many
levels of abstraction.
 Data Administration:-

One of the main reasons for using DBMS is to have central

control of both the data and programs that access those data. The
person who has such central control over the system is called DBA
(Data Base Administrator)
 Concurrent Access and Crash Recovery:-
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 The overall performance of the system is improved and a faster
response time is possible, many systems allow multiple users to
update data simultaneously. The DBMS protects users from the
effects of system failures

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  Reduced application development time:-
The DBMS supports many important functions that are common
to applications accessing data stored in the DBMS.
1.4 VIEW OF DATA
The overview of data used to explain how to organize information in
a DBMS and to maintain it and retrieve it effectively. That is , it is used to
explain how to design a database and use a DBMS effectively.
 Database Design:-
It is used to describe a real world enterprise in terms of the
data stored in DBMS.
It explains about factor to be considered while the time of
data organization.
 Data analysis:-
It describes about the of query to the user and it helps them
to answer.
 Concurrency and Robustness:-
It describes the concurrency that is how DBMS allow many
users to access data concurrently. Also provides guidelines how
DBMS protects the data in the event of system failures.
 Efficiency and Scalability:-

The primary goal of the database is to store and retrieve the

information that is both efficient and convenient manner.
 Data Abstraction:-

A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an

abstract view of data. That is the system hides the complexity from
users through several levels of abstraction, to simplify users
interactions with the system.
 Physical level

The lowest level of abstraction describes how the data are

actually store

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  Logical level:-
This describes what data are stored in the database and what are
the relationship exist among those data. The entire database is thus
described in terms of a small number of relatively simple structures.
 View level:-

The highest level of abstraction describes only part of the entire

database. Users don’t know about the entire database and their
complexities. such users need to access only a part of the
database.
Example: Students (sid: String ,Login: String , Age : Integer, Gpa :
real)
Faculty(fid: String , fname : String , Sal: real )
Courses(old : string, cname : String , credits: integer)

View 1 View 2 ……. View n

External Schema External Schema External Schema

1 2 n

Conceptual
schema

Physical
schema

Disk

Three Levels of abstraction

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1.5 DATA MODELS
The three levels of data modeling, conceptual data model, logical data
model, and physical data model.
 Hierarchical database model
 Relational model
 Network model
 Object-oriented database model
 Entity-relationship model
 Conceptual Data Model
 Logical Data Model
 Physical Data Model
Hierarchical Database Model:-
The hierarchical model organizes data into a tree-like structure, where
each record has a single parent or root. Sibling records are sorted in a
particular order. That order is used as the physical order for storing the

database. This model is good for describing many real-world relationships .

Relational Model:-
The most common model, the relational model sorts data into tables,
also known as relations, each of which consists of columns and rows. Each
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column lists an attribute of the entity in question, such as price, zip code, or
birth date.
Together, the attributes in a relation are called a domain. A particular
attribute or combination of attributes is chosen as a primary key that can be
referred to in other tables, when it’s called a foreign key.
Each row, also called a tuple, includes data about a specific instance of
the entity in question, such as a particular employee.
The model also accounts for the types of relationships between those
tables, including one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships.
Here’s an example:

Network Model:-
The network model builds on the hierarchical model by allowing many-
to-many relationships between linked records, implying multiple parent
records.
Based on mathematical set theory, the model is constructed with sets
of related records. Each set consists of one owner or parent record and one
or more member or child records. A record can be a member or child in
multiple sets, allowing this model to convey complex relationships.
It was most popular in the 70s after it was formally defined by the
Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL).

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Object-Oriented Database Model:-
This model defines a database as a collection of objects, or reusable
software elements, with associated features and methods. There are several
kinds of object-oriented databases:
A multimedia database incorporates media, such as images, that
could not be stored in a relational database.
A hypertext database allows any object to link to any other object.
It’s useful for organizing lots of disparate data, but it’s not ideal for numerical
analysis.
The object-oriented database model is the best known post-relational
database model, since it incorporates tables, but isn’t limited to tables. Such
models are also known as hybrid database models.
Entity-Relationship Model:-
This model captures the relationships between real-world entities
much like the network model, but it isn’t as directly tied to the physical
structure of the database. Instead, it’s often used for designing a database
conceptually.

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Here, the people, places, and things about which data points are stored are
referred to as entities, each of which has certain attributes that together
make up their domain. The cardinality, or relationships between entities, are
mapped as well