Java Basics - Topic-wise Explanation
with Code Examples
1. Java Introduction
Java ek high-level, object-oriented language hai jo platform-independent hai.
Java code pehle compile hota hai (javac se), fir .class file JVM pe run hoti hai.
WORA = Write Once, Run Anywhere.
2. First Java Program
Code:
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Hello, World!");
}
}
Explanation:
- Class ka naam HelloWorld hai
- main method se Java program start hota hai
- println output print karta hai
3. Variables and Data Types
Code:
int age = 20;
float pi = 3.14f;
char grade = 'A';
boolean isPass = true;
String name = "Sabeer";
Explanation:
- int = numbers
- float = decimal
- char = single character
- boolean = true/false
- String = text
4. Operators
Code:
int a = 10, b = 5;
[Link](a + b); // 15
[Link](a > b); // true
Explanation:
- +, -, *, / = arithmetic operators
- >, <, == = comparison
- &&, || = logical operators
5. Control Statements (if-else, switch)
Code:
int marks = 85;
if(marks >= 90) [Link]("A");
else if(marks >= 75) [Link]("B");
else [Link]("C");
switch example:
int day = 2;
switch(day) {
case 1: [Link]("Mon"); break;
case 2: [Link]("Tue"); break;
}
Explanation:
- if-else for conditions
- switch for fixed value conditions
6. Loops
Code:
for(int i=1; i<=5; i++) { [Link](i); }
while loop:
int i=1;
while(i<=5) { [Link](i); i++; }
do-while:
int i=1;
do { [Link](i); i++; } while(i<=5);
Explanation:
- Repeating tasks ke liye use hota hai
7. Arrays
Code:
int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};
[Link](arr[0]); // 10
Explanation:
- Arrays same type ke elements ka group hai
- Index 0 se start hota hai
8. Functions (Methods)
Code:
public static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
Calling:
int result = add(5, 10);
[Link](result); // 15
Explanation:
- Function code reuse karta hai
- return value wapas bhejta hai
9. OOP Concepts
Code:
class Student {
String name; int age;
}
Student s = new Student();
[Link] = "Ali";
Inheritance:
class Dog extends Animal {}
Explanation:
- Class = blueprint
- Object = real-world item
- Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Abstraction = 4 pillars of OOP
10. Exception Handling
Code:
try {
int a = 10 / 0;
} catch(Exception e) {
[Link]("Error: " + e);
}
Explanation:
- Error aane pe program crash na ho, uske liye try-catch use hota hai
11. File Handling
Code:
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("[Link]");
[Link]("Hello Java");
[Link]();
Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File("[Link]"));
while([Link]()) { [Link]([Link]()); }
[Link]();
Explanation:
- File write aur read karne ke liye Java IO classes use hoti hain
12. Access Modifiers
Code:
private int data;
public void setData(int d) { data = d; }
Explanation:
- public = sab jagah accessible
- private = sirf class ke andar
- protected = subclass ke liye
- default = same package
13. Packages & Libraries
Code:
import [Link];
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
Explanation:
- [Link], [Link] jaise packages already Java mein built-in hote hain
- import se inka use karte hain
