Temporary design and the Olympics:

A research by design proposal for

Paris 2024 Summer Olympic Games

Student: Zhang Xinwen 10765885

Chen Lei 10758496
Supvisor: Jones Zachary Mark
24/11/2022
Abstract
The mega event such as Olympics, has become one of the most
important activities the modern life, which would involve multiple
aspects. On the one hand, the city considers it as an opportunity
to develop. In the name of the event, the local market would thrive,
multiple urban infrastructures would build, and so on. It could
benefit urban development. On the other hand, ordinary people
enjoy the activity. It could directly increase public happiness.
However, hosting an event is never easy. The host city faces
diverse difficulties relating to its diverse historical background.
The Olympics as the most significant mega event in human history
also faces the above problems. Relating to history, in different
periods, hosting the Olympics has been associated with financial
stress, political conflicts, wars, sustainability request, and so on.
As time goes by, the list would be longer. With the development of
the Olympics, the role of temporary facilities is becoming gradually
important.
In this design research, the temporary application in the Olympics
is the focal point to discuss. At first, similar events would be
researched about their temporary proposal. It would inspire the
further design part. Then, we would study the relationship between
the Olympics and temporary application. It is valuable to dig into
the potential of the Olympics by doing history research. Then, we
focus on Paris, the target city of the project. Through researching
the existing proposal for Paris 2024, we decide to design a
temporary proposal from the perspective of visitors and citizens
rather than governments and athletes. In this way, we believe it
could promote the Olympic spirit to more people.
Eventually, through our design research, we discuss the potential
of temporary applications in hosting mega-events. Moreover, we
consider it would be the new trend for urban development.
Table of Contents
Chapter1: What does the temporary bring to Olympics 5
1.1 The temporary facilities 6
1.2 temporary application to the Olympics 7
1.3 Intangible temporary of Olympics 10
1.4 Research questions 11
1.5 The progression of this research design 13
Chapter2: Temporary and mega-events 15
2.1 Different types of temporary events 16
2.2 Relevant studies and inspirations 26
2.3 What happened in the similar events with temporary
application could inspire the Olympics 34
Chapter3: Temporary and Olympics-relevant case study 35
3.1 Temporary and Olympics 36
3.2 Temporary application for Olympics 61
3.3 The Olympics has a long history in applying temporary
facilities for diverse reasons 69
Chapter4: What about Paris 74
4.1 The history and future of the Paris Olympics 75
4.2 The temporary proposal in 2024 Paris Olympics 80
4.3 Paris 2024 pay a lot of attention to temporary facilites
already from the perspective of goverments and athletes 92
Chapter5: Design 93
5.1 Temporary design for the ordinary people 94
5.2 Specifical temporary proposal 108
5.3 Temporary proposal after games 166
Chapter6: Conclusion and future proposal 167
Reference 168
Chapter1: What does
the temporary bring to
Olympics

For an extended period, permanent constructions such as

landmark stadiums or Olympics parks become the symbol
of the Olympics. However, people consistently ignore the
contributions credited by the temporary facilities, which
have been part of the modern Olympics since 1896. With
the temporary application, the modern Olympics have
become more flexible. The hosting process turns more
resilient. So, what is temporary? Temporary is “not lasting
or needed for very long,” which describes some objects
lasting a short time in human history. For the sake of
simplicity, our definition is not based on the nature of the
use, whether rent is paid, whether a service is formal or
informal, or even on the scale, endurance, or longevity
of temporary use, but rather on the intention of the user,
developer or planner that the service should be temporary
(Bishop & Williams, 2012).
Everything is temporary if we extend the period, including
the Olympics. As the most expensive mega-event on
the earth, the Olympics only lasts for about one month,
however, the hosting city would work for it for years,
and the associated influence would be the legacy of
the hosting town for alone time. So, it is a dialectical
relationship between the temporary and permanent mega-
events and urban space. This research concentrates on
the temporary structures in the Olympics and discusses
the multiple benefits, including sustainability, economy,
social profits, landscape value, etc.
Figure 1: The temporary Olympic Village in Tokyo. Source: [Link]
html?mode=pc

1.1 The temporary facilities process is called temporary urbanism.

Temporary urbanism has been recognized as
In the past, temporary facilities were
one of the most significant global movements
always overlooked compared to permanent
in urban renewal in recent years. It is about
constructions. It is never a focal point in
short-term, low-cost initiatives on underutilized,
hosting the Olympics. The temporary facilities
vacant, or public spaces that aims to
receive little public attention. The local hosting
revitalize local life for economic or social gain
committee twants to build a landmark stadium,
(Charlton&Poidevin, 2021).
and the spectators only remember the
fabulous buildings and intense competitions.
The temporary facilities give every city the
However, temporary facilities are essential to
equal opportunity to host mega-events like
support them in the shadow. A similar situation
the Olympics. As Olympic Games executive
happened in urban development. Although
director Christophe Dubi said, in the future,
the temporary brings many profits to the city,
" We d o n ' t h a v e a r e q u i r e m e n t t o b u i l d
citizens always forget their existence of them.
anymore, so virtually any city can host the
games" (Ravenscroft, 2022). To be specifical,
People realize that the temporary application
the function of temporary facilities are the
could be multi-functional as time goes by.
followings: 1, it decreases the cost of the
It could help achieve the sustainable goal,
hosting; 2, it enhances the capability of the
release budget stress, etc. Recently, it has
city in a short time; 3, they can be recycled for
been customary to find temporary applications
sustainable development; 4, it could involve
in modern urban development, such as pop-
more ordinary people; 5, it could connect
up shops, guerrilla gardens, and interim uses,
the local heritage spot…etc. The temporary
which bear witness to a shared imaginary and
application allows every city to host the mega
alternative temporary practice (DeSilvey &
event and a future trend to host it sustainably.
Edensor, 2013; Hou, 2010).
However, the relevant study of temporary is
Moreover, temporary use has already become a
quite limited. It lacks the systemic research of
magical term: on the one hand, for those many
the provisional application in the mega-event,
creative minds who, in a world ruled by the
although people have started to pay attention
profit maxim, are trying nevertheless to create
to the urban temporary. Through this research
spaces that reflect and nurture their vision of
design, we begin to formulate the trend of
the future; and on the other hand, for that urban
temporary facilities for the Olympics and other
planner to whom it represents a chance for
mega-events. Based on the research, we would
urban development (Overmeyer, 2007). The
give a brief proposal about the 2024 Paris
Olympics.
1.2 Temporary application to An analogous situation happened in the third
Olympics in St Louis. The authorizer did not
the Olympics take Olympics seriously. They consider it a
It is a long history of temporary Olympics. sports festival that could be modified as they
It is associated with the development of the want. It even threatens the continuance of
Olympics. The Olympics originated in ancient the Olympics ((Findling & Pelle, 1996)). In
Greece in 393BC (Gold & Gold, 2016). Modern such a situation, there were no stadiums; it
Olympics development could be divided was temporary for the Olympics to use those
into several parts: surviving the fairground, facilities.
Olympics design, austerity, catalyst, ideological
games, shifting horizons, and sustainability Since 1908, the fourth Olympics in London,
and legacy. The modern Olympics started in the development started to thrive. Olympics
1896 in Athens. All competitions happened became the most crucial mega event on earth,
in the existing Zappeion buildings and the which contains multiple meanings, to unite
restored Panathenian stadium. Although it people in the name of sports. Therefore, all
is not professional from the contemporary host cities consider it a great stage to show
perspective, it is a good start for the relationship their counties to the world. 1924 Paris, 1928
between hosting cities and the Olympics. Amsterdam, 1932 Los Angeles, and 1936
The succeeding games in Paris and St Louis berlin. It witnesses a series of construction for
downgrade this connection between towns the Olympics happening in cities. It is not only
and the Olympics. Because, at that time, the influencing the building construction but also
Olympics lacked influence and attraction for the the urban development plan. However, two
locals. Thus, local authorities didn’t value the times world wars occurred in the 20th century.
Olympics in contrast to today’s situation, which Olympics was suspended for it. And the trend
caused a series of chaotic conditions in sports of building for the Olympics suddenly ceased.
organizations and sports field coordination. The 1948 the first post-war Olympics was held in
1900 Paris Olympics is regarded as a game London; under substantial financial pressure,
rather than an actual Olympics. The organizer the London organizer applied the “temporary
didn’t value it. There are even no stadiums or strategy” named lend and return basis, which
running tracks. All sports were held in some was the first time used temporary facilities in
private clubs. And the owners refuse to remove purpose (Gold & Gold, 2016).Those facilities
trees for the sport’s standard (Gold & Gold, were borrowed from local schools, military
2016). camps, or manufacturers; after Olympics,

Figure 2: The Temporary Archery stadium in London Olympics 2012. Source: Olympic official website
they were returned. It alleviates the stress The above chart illustrates that the temporary
o f b u d g e t s s u ff i c i e n t l y. W i t h t h e g l o b a l application almost coincides with Olympia’s
economic recovery, since the 1960 Roma development.
Olympics, the modern Olympics construction
appears, affecting the urban layout with a 1.3 Intangible temporary
series of buildings including stadiums, media
towers, Olympic villages, and transportation nature of Olympics
requirements. In the 1980 Moscow Olympics, When we discuss the concept of temporary
the OCOG (Organizing Committee for the Olympics, we can’t ignore the intangible
Olympics Games) rejected the recent trend temporary. In this paper, the intangible
towards gigantism sports facilities which temporary would focus on the organization
had left behind expensively maintained and of the Olympics and associated events. The
underused. They modify the existing venues in Olympics is temporary; no matter the summer
Moscow and employ temporary grandstands and winter Olympics, they always last for a
(Gold & Gold, 2016). It is the second time in month. It is typically temporary. When a city
history to take advantage of temporary facilities. is preparing for the Olympics, an Olympic
It was evident that the application of temporary committee will last a couple of years if they
facilities so far is related to financial pressure. succeed or several years if they don't. During
Since the 2000 Sydney Olympics, IOC has the Olympics, it requires a series of temporary
considered sustainability and legacy as a services to support the hosting, including the
responsibility of the Olympics. Thus, in the bid temporary food supply, entertainment, daily life
for Olympics, there is a unique biological and services, etc. And there would be a temporary
heritage proposal plan. Temporary facilities are volunteer organization to serve the athletes and
widely used for their feasible and eco-friendly visitors. Besides, there are some associated
characteristics. activities with the Olympics. It is the cultural
Olympics. As all know, the Olympics is not
Above all, as time goes by, the purpose of only a sports competition. There are different
applying temporary facilities is changing and cultural events; for instance, the authorities
becoming more diverse. At first, the application of the 1896 Athens Olympics decorated the
of temporary use is because of a funding streets, illuminated the Acropolis, and arranged
shortage caused by the little attention from an entertainment program, including torchlight
local authorities. Then, the Olympics became processions, parades, fireworks, and even a
a mega critical event, the key event for every concert (Mallon&Widlund, 1998).
country to promote themselves. However, the
war breaks the trend. In the post-war period, To be mentioned, the organization of the
people have to choose temporary facilities for Olympics is a kind of intangible temporary. Still,
the Olympics because of financial pressure. the impact it left behind would last in the host
In 1972, the conference of the UN on the city for a long time and contains some tangible
human environment first made the statement of legacy such as a stadium, new transport, etc.
sustainability, which is the ability to continuously
maintain or support a process. It symbolizes 1.4 Research questions
that people are aware of the importance of
Above all, temporary structure plays an
protecting the environment. Therefore, since
irreplaceable role in current events. It is
2000 the green Olympics has become a
the foundation of the service during the
big part of the Olympics plan. The Sydney
Olympics, including the transport service,
Olympics built a temporary beach volleyball
accommodations service, security service,
court on the famous Bondy Beach to avoid
ecological service, etc. However, it is still
pollution caused by permanent infrastructure. In
overlooked. There is still no systemically
the 2012 London Olympics,
relevant research about it. And it still lacks
the application of the temporary role played
people’s attention. By comparison, More and
a diverse role. It is to reduce the cost, it is to
more people are aware of the importance of
connect heritage, and it is more eco-friendly.
Table 1: This table shows the temporary
applications in the Olympics (Source: author
draw).
Figure 3: The temporary activities in 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang. (Source: [Link]
news/32596a4e7a677a6333566d54/share_p.html)

the events. Those events gradually become pressure, and requirements for contemporary
part of daily life. It is a necessary entertainment art.
for modern citizens and an opportunity for cities
to regenerate. This research design, it might offer a future
proposal about how to host an event with the
Detecting the relationship between temporary assistance of a temporary application with
events is valuable and urgent in this condition. multiple benefits.
Specifically, on the one hand, it is often to
see provisional applications recently, which 1.5 The progression of this
is a crucial method to enable the flexibility of
urban public space. On the other hand, events research design
are regarded as a new economic engine to This research and design aim to discuss the
regenerate the city. However, hosting an event relationship between the temporary and the
cause such a burden on the budgets of the Olympics and apply the result to the 2024
host city. Paris. The progression is in the following.

The temporary application intervention could The first chapter is about the general
be the savior in dealing with those financial introduction of this research design,
problems. Moreover, with the development, including the definition, the relationship,
there is a significant need for temporary the meaning, the difficulty of study, the
facilities, not only for the economic pressure but research question and the structure as
also for the commercial market, environmental showed above.
What is the difficulty of this study?
1, it is vital to make effects to find related resources, such as historical materials,
official documents, pictures, records, and videos. However, it would cost much time
and is a research process without guaranteeing results.

2, setting up the research structure with well-organized logic is challenging.

Identifying the dominant factor to connect temporary and Olympics-relevant
elements is challenging.

3, the problem is applying our research results to the Paris 2024 Olympics. It
requests adequate Paris research and links it to our study.

What is the meaning?

The urbanization of the Western world during the 20th century cannot be
understood fully without consideration of the contribution of major urban events.
The Great Exhibition and the Olympics games are two clear examples of this type
of urban mega-event (Muñoz, 2006).

1, mega-events have become an indispensable part of citizens’ life in the

contemporary world. Meanwhile, it usually would cost a lot of money, which needs
assistance temporarily to decline the budget. It has become a trend to apply
temporary facilities to current events.

2, another setpoint is how to use temporary facilities sustainably. The thinking of

provisional application is developing from financial savings to sustainability which
means the focus of sustainable temporary is not only on the eco-friendly material
but also on the recycling chain of those facilities.

3, through our research, we might figure out a more efficient transient organization
mode, which would be helpful to decrease waste, and indirectly be more
sustainable.

What are the research questions?

1, What is the origin of the temporary structures in the Olympics?

2, How does the temporary facilities in fluence the modern Olympic development?

3, Which benefits are brought by the temporary facilities to the Olympics?

4, What is the possible future trend of the temporary structures in the Olympics?
The second chapter focuses on the research the 1948 London summer Olympics, the 1980
of the similar events which could inspire the Moscow summer Olympics, the 2008 Beijing
Olympics hosting. There are different types Olympics, and the 2012 London Olympics.
of the events which could be classified by the As for the intangible part, most Olympics
location. Different location determinate the take advantage of the existing assets. The
limitation of those events, and the temporary process is intangible and temporary in the
application. For example, the Burning Man Olympics. Through this part of research, we
festival is an art festival, an autonomous could understand the trend of the temporary
community, and social experiment participation facilities in the Olympics history. Based on
by all is enthusiastically encouraged to “truly those previous cases study, the principle of
understand this event (Balamir, 2022). It is the temporary facilities could be summarized,
located in the wild place, which means there which could become the foundation for the
is no limitation. Every year, in the summer, future development. By connecting the previous
people from around the world come to a place temporary structure in other events and their
in Nevada and build a city from ground (Gilmore, history in Olympics, the result could be more
2006). The FIFA world cup is another sample. practicable for our proposal.
It usually locates in the city. the host city would
build new venue and modify the existing one. In the fourth chapter, the research would
There are some inspirations of FIFA, about concentrate on the Paris Olympics. Paris
how to take advantage of temporary facilities to has a long history with the Olympics and is
support the mega-sports events. This example the biggest metropolis in Europe with a rich
is advisable. Moreover, Olympics is a event heritage. Meanwhile, Paris has announced that
involved culture and sports, which means it there would be 95% of temporary application or
could also be inspired from the culture events existing venues in the 2024 Olympics. It would
such as design week. This kind of events be the perfect simple to study the temporary
are good at connecting to the local heritage application in Olympics. Precisely, this research
and occur in the historical places. most of the would do a universal site analysis of Paris
design week around the world happened in and identify the most possible location of the
the historic streets. It is impossible to change temporary facilities by referring documents and
the heritage for some annual events. Thus, environment.
this event is complex and contains all sorts of
temporary facilities. However, there are some The fifth chapter is our design proposal
negative examples like EXPO. The event itself for the 2024 Paris Olympics. Based on the
last for a short time, but it left behind a lot of foundation of the previous study, we would
unsustainable construction after a period, which like to apply the temporary connection to Paris
costs a lot and is not eco-friendly. For some submission on different scales. Specifically,
kinds of Carnaval, those facilities for procession it would be divided into a temporary planning
are temporary, which might cause a lot of strategy, temporary buildings, temporary and
waste. The temporary concept is also applied temporary organizations. With those temporary
to urban design and commercial activities. By intervention, the Paris 2024 might be more
researching these similar and relevant events, it affordable and sustainable. And the citizens
could inspire the application of temporary in the might be more involved and embrace the city.
Olympics, which could bring some fresh ideals
to the existing structures. The last chapter is the conclusion of our
research and design, which refers to the
In the third chapter, the focal point would be research by design methodology. Through
the Olympic temporary application study. this research, we could summarize the principle
At first, it is to formulate the development of of temporary structure in Olympics, and their
Olympics, both summer and winter Olympics. pros and cons. In our design part, we would
Meanwhile, it must divide into tangible make an interesting proposal by taking Paris as
temporary, and intangible temporary to study. an example, which would bring multiple profits
As for the actual part, some relevant games are for varies aspects. With the assistance of
temporary facilities, the modern Olympics
would become more affordable, less-cost,
sustainable, popular among ordinary people.
This trend would involve more ordinary people
in the Olympic movement, which benefits the
harmonious development of humankind as the
Olympic Charter declared (Olympic-Charter,
2021.).

Figure 4: The temporary Olymipc bridge in London 2012. (Source: [Link]

[Link])

Figure 5: The temporary Olymipc buidlings in for Tokyo 2020. (Source: [Link]
japanese-architects-and-artists-create-a-series-of-pavilions-in-tokyo-in-celebration-of-the-olympics/6101c9f302cad
e36f36e70ef-renowned-japanese-architects-and-artists-create-a-series-of-pavilions-in-tokyo-in-celebration-of-the-
olympics-photo)
Chapter2: what does
the temporary bring to
Olympics

Figure 6: The Opening ceremony of 2020 Tokyo Olympics. (Source: [Link]

venues-set-to-make-the-city-more-inclusive-and-smart)

In order to have a better understanding of the

relationship between temporary elements and
mega-events, we firstly classified temporary
events according to their characteristics, such
as cultural events and commercial events, etc.
And then discuss the tangible and intangible
temporary elements during these mega-events,
the former mainly focused on some physical
and invisible infrastructures as well as their
impacts of them on urban public spaces, while
the latter refers to the operating system of the
organization and even some other activities
related to them. Finally, a conclusion can be
summed up, although there are many existing
cases of sustainable utilization of the temporary
elements, there are still some infrastructures
built for mega-events that are abandoned or
idle after the event, keeping on working on this
realm is increasingly more and more essential.
2.1 Different types of worth mentioning that the mega-events are
changing. Typically, there are two ongoing
temporary events trends about it. One is that the cities have
The definition of temporary land use from started to stop insisting on the concept of “bigger
some researchers is not based on the nature is better” when they are poised to host some
of the user, whether rent is paid, whether a important events, in other words, less attention
use is formal or informal, or even on the scale, is paid to the scale of the events themselves.
endurance, or longevity of temporary use, but The other trend is smaller cultural mega-events
rather on the intention of the user, developer or have become increasingly popular, propagating
planner that the user should be brief (Bishop & to cities and regions around the world (Jones,
Williams, 2012). 2020). This means this has seen an increasing
'temporary' use of public space in the last
With urbanization and the economy’s 30 years. It is undeniable that both these
development, many cities face the problem two ongoing trends pose a gigantic number
that part of buildings and infrastructure will be of impacts on cities’ urban development,
abandoned or replaced. This also leads to a especially for the spatial realm. We divide
noticeable increase in the temporary structures mega-events into three types, they are sports,
and uses in many countries, like America and cultural, and commercial respectively, as
Latin America. For instance, the number of illustrated in the following. By analyzing some
some churches and grand avenues has been most characteristic cases to specifically explain
gradually increasing with time, which used to each type we can have a better and deeper
be built as permanent, while their framework is understanding of these emerging mega-event
temporary (Bishop & Williams, 2012). trends.

Compared with provisional applications in

urban development, it has a long history with
mega-events, given the brief features. It is

Figure 7: The temporary events-burning man festival. (Source: [Link]

[Link])
2.1.1 Sports events
Taking the first Olympic Games held in Athens Japan and South Korea, spent a combined $4
in 1896 as an example, it took advantage of billion building new facilities or refurbishing old
the existing Zappeion Building and the restored facilities in preparation for the event (Matheson,
Panathenian stadium and just decorated the 2004). he 2026 FIFA World Cup will follow suit
streets. After 100 years, in 2004, the twenty- by sharing the games between Mexico, the
eighth Summer Olympics were again held in United States, and Canada, the first time that
Athens, Greece, and the Panathenaic Stadium, three countries will host that sporting mega-
adding some temporary sports facilities event (Jones,2020). This means, that not only
inside the stadium, became the finish line of can host cities rely less and less on the funds
the marathon and the venue for the archery for bidding with shared responsibility, but they
competition, compared to 1896 one. Another can also retain more urban public spaces
case is the Beijing Olympics in 2008, which needed to be built for new stadiums before.
allowed the host country to reap economic, More importantly, it allows this mega-event to
environmental, and public health benefits. With spread around. Besides, the use of temporary
the improvement of transportation systems like infrastructures is another significant point
the airport and subway station combined with of difference, as the sport of football always
the urban planning, as well as the establishment requires stadiums of a certain size. In some
of the main venues like the Bird’s Nest, some cases, host cities usually use the existing
cultural events could grasp more opportunities stadiums or choose to build new ones, with
to be held due to the co-existence of convenient less reliance on temporary infrastructures.
accessibility and grand media. During the On the contrary, the Olympic Games can take
period of the Post-Olympic, the Bird’s Nest advantage of current venues for the parts of
and the Water Cube are often used for some sports, for instance, the Olympic Games in
International and national concerts and sports Paris 1900, all the venues during this giant
events, respectively. This means that the same party include 73% of existing stadiums, which
sites could be used for different functions with means, the host city heavily relied on current
different temporary facilities inside them; they infrastructures instead of building new ones.
can sustainably exist in the long run. And also,
the Turin Olympic Village was built for the 2006
Winter Olympics to accommodate delegations
with temporary functions and converted at the
end of the event into social housing (Lavagna,
Arena, 2014).

Another significant case is the World Cup, the

world’s second-largest sporting event, which is
also a potentially expensive affair compared to
the Olympic Games. Despite these two world-
class events having many similarities in terms of
hosting scale and impacts on the urban spaces
and economic development of local cities, there
are still some noticeable differences between
them. The most obvious difference between the
Olympic Games with the World Cup is the joint
mode of the host city, to be clear, the Olympic
Games are usually held by one city in one
country, while the other one has transformed to
be jointly organized by multiple countries in the
future. Indeed, the co-hosts of the 2002 games,
Figure 8: The temporary stadium 947 in 2022 quata world cup. (Source: [Link]
stadium-made-shipping-containers)

Figure 9: Aomi Urban Sports Park for basketball and sport climbing in Tokyo 2020. (Source: [Link]
org/blog-post/stadium-made-shipping-containers)
2.1.2 Culture events employment opportunities and improve the
attraction to more tourists as well. More
The Expo is a mega event that usually
importantly, its marketing functions, as more
contains many exhibitors showing the world
and more cities bid for becoming a future ECoC
some contemporary cultural, technological,
to shape how the world imagines and perceives
and industrial achievements, which positively
them from a general marketing perspective (Ooi,
impact various areas of life. Each Expo event
Håkanson, LaCava, 2014).
generally lasts for three or six months. With
the continuous upgrading of technology, some
Additionally, the Venice Biennale is a great arts
modern, lightweight, removable, sustainable,
festival with a history of hundreds of years and
and environmentally friendly building materials
one of Europe’s most important art events. It is
bring more possibilities to the World Expo.
an Art Biennale in odd-numbered years and an
And many of the temporary pavilions built
Architecture Biennale in even-numbered years.
for it at the beginning of the design phase
The leading exhibitions display contemporary
will be dismantled at the end of the Expo
art and architectural art. Its origin is a pavilion
event or re-mounted elsewhere for a second
in the middle of a public park without too
use to promote reuse during the post-event
much focus and attention from the public. This
and mitigation the negative impact on the
situation changed when the local government
environment (Monica Lavagna, Marika Arena,
realized that the Venice Biennale could be a
et,2014). A recent example of the relocation
valuable internal and external propaganda
of a temporary pavilion is the Christ Pavilion
tool (Martini, 2013). Then they were gradually
designed by Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner for
willing to invest in rebuilding the national image
the Expo 2000 in Hannover and relocated to
of Italy.
Volkenroda (Lavagna, 2006). However, there is
another exceptional possibility here; sometimes,
Compared to those large-scale events, some
some temporary pavilions or facilities were built
smaller and traditional events are worth
for some specific function and converted into
mentioning as well. Such as the Christmas
permanent existence due to their popularity or
markets and Oktoberfest, which typically create
the value of becoming iconic landmarks. The
annual rhythms of celebration that add to the
most famous example of this situation is the
identity of spaces, although most cases are
Eiffel Tower and London Eye (Gold & Gold,
intangible and temporary. The organization
2016).
of Christmas markets has been not only
recognized as a cultural and social event but
Apart from that, there is another mega-event
also encouraged to stimulate tourism in the
worth mentioning, The European Capital of
low season and bring additional revenue to
Culture, which is a year-long cultural program
local economies with commercial functions
consisting of hundreds or thousands of events
(Egresi,2021). The Strasbourg Christmas
embedded within the city itself and throughout
Market in France, a tradition dating back to the
the surrounding region as well (Jones,2020).
16th century, has a long history of 445 years
Similarly, there are still some spin-off events
and is one of the oldest and most prestigious
like the UK City of Culture or the Italian Capital
Christmas markets in the world. In 2014, the
of Culture. These events rely primarily on
market was distributed in 12 locations in the city
the urban public spaces of cities to promote
center, with more than 300 temporary wooden
European identity and integration.
houses built for this grand party. Vendors
gathered to sell Christmas decorations, local
The main aim of the host cities holding several traditional food and drinks, artisan products,
events is to spread European culture through toys, and other local traditional products related
various themes and focuses. Typically, part of to Christmas (Brida, Meleddu,Tokarchuk,2017).
the event directly depends on the city itself, It is estimated that the city benefits from a
relying primarily on the pre-existing venues and 16 million Euros profit from this 38-day-long
urban spaces. Different from the World Expo, it tradition. In a similar situation, Oktoberfest is
can alleviate poverty in cities through increasing the world's largest Volksfest, which is held
Figure 10: The European Capital of Culture. (Source: [Link]
capitals-of-culture/)

annually in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. During

the 16-day Oktoberfest in Germany, large
quantities of Oktoberfest Beer are consumed.
For example, during the 16-day festival in 2014,
7.7 million liters were served, making it the
year where the most beer was consumed at
Oktoberfest. Additionally, 14 major and 15 minor
beer wooden tents are created to accommodate
thirsty tourists within two weeks. To support the
load every tent also gets a concrete grounding,
which is redone every year again. In some
cases, it is a mostly temporary event in terms of
the construction of infrastructure.
2.1.3 Commercial events stadiums just used for another function during
a specific period hosting the activities, while
Apart from the former two types of temporary
another situation is that something new is also
events, there are still others aimed at achieving
created for those events like Nike pop-up shops
more economic benefits; in other words, they
mentioned before. Through this illustration,
are one of the effective methods for brands
it is not difficult to see that the utilization of
to sell products for maximum benefits. The
temporary infrastructure shows different
most popular and common case study is
proportions for different types of activities. It is
the Nike pop-up shops. Some temporary
worth thinking about how to make full use of the
shops are generally located in public spaces
existing infrastructure while building some new
like parks to inspire more people to take up
ones to meet different needs in the later design
running and attract their attention to outdoor
part, and how to balance the new temporary
activities (Bishop&Williams, 2014). And in
infrastructure with the urban space of the
some physical Nike shops, the treadmills are
host cities as well. Thinking about this realm
also provided inside them with try-on running
will be explained in more detail in the next
shoes for experience to encourage some
section according to more specific strategies of
runners to have a great running experience
temporary infrastructure in mega-event.
and stimulate consumption further. Another
exciting example is GINGER LINE, the latest
one of the popular pop-up restaurants in
London (Bishop&Williams, 2014). What’s the
most interesting thing is that the theme of each
time is announced to the customers just one
hour ago. The support from the restaurant will
always not be refused due to their free publicity
of themselves and the fastest speed of selling
items in restaurants.

In some cases, activities like Christmas

markets and Oktoberfest mentioned before,
also can be regarded as commercial events
due to the job opportunities and additional
revenue to local economies. In 2014, there Figure 11: The Nike pop-up shops. (Source: [Link]
were 157 main Christmas markets and 2634 [Link]/new-gallery-1/)
smaller markets in Europe, which attracted
493.7 million visitors who spent 4 trillion pounds 2.2 Relevant studies and
(CRR Research, 2014). During the period of inspirations
Oktoberfest, in addition to selling beer and This part aims to make a more specific analysis
tickets can bring a lot of economic benefits, of the effects of mega-event on urban spaces,
the cost of accommodation in local hotels also through relevant case studies of two spatial
can make a big fortune, as room rates are relationships about the distance from the event
highest on Oktoberfest Friday and Saturday venue to the city center, they are mega-events
nights, followed by Oktoberfest weekdays close to the city, and mega-events in the city
and Oktoberfest Sunday nights, but there respectively, having a better understanding
is a general and strong price-raising impact of the influence of different events on urban
(Herrmann, 2014). public spaces and further providing theoretical
support and some inspirations from several
Finally, it may be concluded from the previous perspectives for the later design part in Paris.
analysis that temporary infrastructures can be
almost seen in all types of mega-event, which
means it’s a popular trend all around the world.
Indeed, some of them are existing venues or
2.2.1 Relevant and detailed of attention and full of needs to be solved
urgently. There are several case studies
studies mainly divided into three strategies providing
From the perspective of a functional point more useful and practical suggestions in this
of view-accommodation accommodation realm.
Generally speaking, the duration of mega-
events is generally one week to six months. Taking Burning Man as the first example, which
With the increasing popularity and influence is a nine-day event that begins the Saturday
of large-scale global events, more and more before Labor Day and ends on Labor Day.
people are attracted to their host cities, leading Building a giant wooden effigy with the shape
to an urgent problem in terms of tourists’ of a human being is a traditional and symbolic
accommodation emerging immediately. How to custom during this big party and burning the
solve the accommodation problem of tourists man at the end of the mega event is the origin
during those big parties is very worthy

Figure 12: The 2015 EXPO Milano (Source: [Link]

impressive-national-pavilions)
of the name. Black Rock City is a transient former one in 1992. They both were distributed
city built by the volunteers of Burning Man, in a radioactive pattern, perhaps In this
which is originally located in underdeveloped case, Oktoberfest does a partly similar thing
areas allowing participants to freely build an in terms of tent strategy for one month
entirely new world. Most urban infrastructure allowing an entirely empty field to become a
and its layout are made a few weeks before temporary party, as in addition to solving the
this mega event including the basic needs accommodation problem, it is also used to build
of accommodation for tourists and some the venue for the event. There are typically 17
aesthetic requirements, such as the central big tents and 21 smaller ones built for providing
camp, individual camps, and art installations. thirsty tourists from all over the world within
Generally speaking, the typical form of two weeks. Besides that, some tents located in
Burning Man always is radial mostly due to the surrounding parks are also created for tourists’
consideration of accommodation. Taking the accommodation requiring rent not for free
early stage of the one in 1992, the center of this differently like venues. In conclusion, Burning
gathering was restricted, and camping hubs Man is a quick mega-event mostly created
were outlined. The planners also designed from scratch. Indeed, all the infrastructures in
primary transportation routes. However, this Black Rock City are temporary and movable
plan just was a draft (Kerry&Scott, 2015). after Burning Man. In this case, Oktoberfest is
Another excellent example of this event is also partly built with many temporary tents, it
the one held in 2013. The city blocks are also has a reliance on temporary infrastructure
composed of five bisected arced streets. There during hold time to some extent. Learning from
was a center camp located in the middle of the this one strategy that both Burning Man and
ring. At the same time, tons of individual bases Oktoberfest adopt to solve the accommodation
were scattered around the circle, ensuring that problem caused by those big parties. In the
each participant could see the performance design part of Paris, a new idea was proposed
from a different perspective. As time passed, that maybe some detachable and disposable
the primary layout mode was similar to the tents can be jointly built by volunteer
organizations on lawns or open public squares

Figure 13: Truth in Beauty sculpture, Black Rock City, Nevada, August 2013. (Source: [Link]
eye-level/2018/07/57621/truth-beauty)
Figure 14: BLM-required Burning Man site plan, Figure 15: Black Rock City site plan, Pershing County,
Pershing County, Nevada 1992. (Source: Burning Man Nevada 2013. (Source: Burning Man Project.)
Project.)

surrounding Paris to provide accommodation For instance, the Serpentine Gallery located in
for a gigantic number of tourists and alleviate Kensington Gardens, London, has launched
the economic pressure caused by the soaring a summer pavilion program since 2000. Every
housing prices caused by the mega-event. summer, an architect is invited to design a
Similarly, some retail stores selling Olympic temporary installation on the grass in front
peripheral products can also do it in temporary of the gallery, free for visitors to enter and
tents as well. Even some less important games, experience. There are many star architects who
such as the basketball early group games, can have left creative and amazing works here,
also be held in tents temporarily set up in the such as Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Frank
middle of the open square, free for tourists to Gehry, Frank Gehry, Toyo Ito, Cecil Balmond,
watch together. etc. Compared with the traditional forms of
structures, the Serpentine Gallery provides the
In terms of view-art installations stage for star architects to show their different
personal styles. There is a tent-shaped
In addition to the consideration of practical infrastructure created by the triangular support
functions, making the temporary infrastructures structure designed by Zaha, who has a talent
more beautiful and pleasing to the eyes of for taking advantage of geometry, while Toyo
both residents and tourists also plays a very Ito and Cecil Balmond are good at creating a
important role in this popular ongoing trend, visual feast for viewers through the contrast of
even though these events are usually held light and shadow and reality.
for a maximum of a few months. Generally
speaking, temporary landscapes during in The initial idea behind these transient pavilions
mega-event are mostly built for clear display is quite simple: to provide an opportunity for
purposes with specific themes, often rendering architects who have not previously undertaken
different atmospheres through extremely strong projects in London to showcase their talents.
visual impact or spatial contrast and conveying Each invited architect has 6 months from
a new idea or highlighting a certain element for receiving the project to proceeding with
viewing. To deliver a more aesthetic experience the construction of the pavilion, then those
to tourists. pavilions will be open to the public. Although
Figure 16.: Oktoberfest, Munich, Germany (Source: credited by author)

Figure 17: Oktoberfest, Munich, Germany (Source: credited by author)

each of the previous pavilions was moved to
private properties after a brief summer display,
they were circulated through imagery and
architecture-related mediums, having a long-
lasting influence on architectural design thinking
and urban aesthetics.`Milan Design Week is
one of the most typical studies in this realm,
one international design event, involving the
entire city of Milan in a frenzy of happenings
and installations. Together with the annual
furniture exhibition, it attracts people from all
over the world and has become the major
business event taking place in Milan (Deserti,
2015). Taking Milano Design Week 2016 as an Figure 18: Serpentine Gallery 2008. (Source: Image ©
example, it attracts more than 300,000 visitors John Offenbach)
from as many as 165 countries. During MDW,
more than 2,400 exhibitors were featured
among the Saloni and the Fuorisalone and city spaces to show-off their products (Deserti,
over 1,000 events spread all over the city. 2015).
(Libusha, 2015), which can be easily seen that
this event is a big attractor all over the world. Ta k i n g M i l a n D e s i g n We e k 2 0 2 2 a s a n
There are tons of exciting designs with different example, it was held from June 6-12,2022.
themes from around the world gathering There are several art installations attracting
during this 7-day party in the city. It’s a mix of tourists’ attention every year. The most amazing
cultural and commercial activities. On the one installation at this year's exhibition will be the
hand, it hosted the more experimental and "Energy Park" in the Brera Botanical Garden,
aesthetic work of young designers and start- showing the "Feeling the Energy" concept
up companies that could not find a place in the created by Italian architecture studio Carlo
official exhibition; on the other hand, it took the Ratti Associati and architect Italo Rota. The
form of a parallel commercial exhibition where architects designed sculptures and paths in the
some of the established companies found more Brera Botanical Garden with a 500-meter-long
convenient using their showrooms or renting in- curved copper tube, allowing visitors to

Figure 19.: Serpentine Gallery 2002. (Source: Image © Sylvain Deleu)

 experience, as they only need to walk there
within several minutes instead of drive time up
to several hours. In terms of urban renovation,
the urban area can be revitalized after being
attached to more functions, not only can
tourists get more joy and inspiration from the
specific atmosphere and interactive experience,
but also residents living in this area are able
to get more jobs opportunities and the funds
attracted from tourism will support the city’s
construction. The designed part for this event
mainly is temporary installations that can be
disassembled and relocated with minimal
impact on the current space while fully utilizing
the existing venue for the exhibition building.
Lowering the impact on architectural heritage
with a long history becomes a priority to make
it during the period of Milan Design Week. The
areas where it takes place are temporarily
transformed by the events, that have a visible
impact on the tangible characteristics of the
interior and exterior spaces, on the number and
Figure 20.: The entrance facility in the Brera Botanical the kind of people visiting those spaces, and
Garden during Milan Design Week (Source: credited by
on the intangible atmosphere resulting from
author)
the interaction between people and spaces
(Deserti, 2015). Like the interactive installations
experience the mutual transformation of energy
through different interactive methods. For
instance, a carousel made with a curved copper
tube is situated at the garden’s entrance,
providing light to the site at night by converting
the kinetic energy created by moving the
carousel during the day into light. The
sculptures, made from twisted copper pipes,
are also fitted with solar panels. The electricity
generated during the day is stored with the
help of a network of tiny batteries to illuminate
the garden at night . Another fantastic design
is the cooling devices, converting light energy
into electricity using sensor-activated water
vaporizers to atomize the path as people
walk through them, bringing visitors a burst of
coolness on hot summer days. Although this
carnival all over the city and even the whole
world only lasts for one week, some fantastic
design concepts will permanently affect the
world.

In conclusion, the temporary structure design

integrating with urban space can provide many
benefits. From the perspective of tourists, it’s Figure 21: The interactive installation in the Brera
more accessible and convenient for tourists to Botanical Garden during Milan Design Week (Source:
credited by author)
mentioned before, visitors not only can have an the popularity of various events has become
opportunity to experience the physical process gradually stronger, and public participation as
of interconversion of light and electrical energy well. In some cases, consideration of how to
but also are able to experience something fresh improve the interaction between the public and
and interesting in a familiar environment and the activities themselves from multi-sensory
discover the new spaces and joy inside the experience is another question worth thinking
current one. Similarly, most Christmas markets about.
are also situated in city centers or in historic
neighborhoods, in order to be convenient for There are many interesting and successful
both tourists and residents to find and access. stories to learn from. Like the interactive
Besides, from a perspective of intangible sight, installations created in Milan Design Week
people are willing to have fun in this activity 2022, in the exhibition area of the Brera
not only for consumption, such as drinking Botanical Garden, there is a percussion
hot chocolate or buying some Christmas- instrument made of curved copper tube, on the
themed decorations, but they also prefer the one hand, it serves as a physical sign to guide
atmosphere, enjoying the time with family visitors to the next area, and on the other hand,
and friends together and all the scenery full of it can also enhance the interaction between
aesthetics. the environment and visitors. Although these
temporary art installations will be dismantled
While the Paris 2024 Olympics may introduce after Milan Design Week, the design ideas they
changes to how the Olympic Games relate bring can affect the design industry and the
to the city, the issue of heritage is already an entire city for a long time. Similarly, in the Paris
aspect that cities should take into consideration French Open Stadium in 2022, there are many
during the planning of mega-events, regardless temporary service facilities. For example, on
of their spatial relationship to the city (Jones, the lawn in front of the stadium, a large screen
2020). In addition to considering how to
integrate with the city's local heritages, we
also need to consider how it can bring a
pleasing aesthetic to the participants, or like
the Serpentine Gallery mentioned above, it can
provide new inspiration and ideas of design for
tourists while they stop for watching, instead of
overly taking the simplest design out of cost-
effective or economic considerations. Except
for innovating from a morphological point of
view, we can also be inspired by various color
combinations from Milan Design Week, like the
colorful solar panels of interactive installations,
not only they can absorb solar energy for
the next process of energy conversion, but
it can also shadow of different colors on the
ground, showing an interesting visual image.
Inspired by most Christmas markets, light bulb
installation on each kiosk illustrate that lighting
design is also an important factor needing to
be considered. From an aesthetic perspective,
when night falls, the lighting can create a
beautiful and warm atmosphere.

In terms of public participation Figure 22.: The cooling device in the Brera Botanical
Garden during Milan Design Week (Source: credited
With the integration of the global economy, by author)
is established for the audience who arrive tents, and it can be also given as a souvenir
early, offering free viewing of live matches prior for free after the event to improve the publicity
to the games they purchased. At the same of the event, on the other hand, although the
time, in some temporary sheds in the stadium, activity is transient, the memories it brings to
the audience will be provided with a free VR people can be eternal, and these temporary
tennis experience and free band performances. facilities can be preserved for a longer time in a
Based on these ideas, it might be feasible to more meaningful way, rather than being idle or
set up some temporary large screens for live abandoned. Indeed, it can even be donated to
broadcast in the open street or squares, which third-world countries in the name of the event
can not only enhance the interaction between venue to build their own infrastructure, which
the public who can hardly afford tickets and the can be recognized as another sustainable way
Olympic Games but also enhance the cohesion to reuse those infrastructures.
between the audience themselves. Similarly, as
mentioned early, some basketball early group
games can be held in temporary tents in open
spaces, which can be set up by volunteers
like the Burning Man or students from high
school or university, and in return, they can be
offered free access to later game viewing. The
symbol of each individual volunteer or voluntary
organization can be left on the temporary
facilities, like chairs for watching live broadcasts
in the squares, wood for setting up temporary

Figure 23.: The percussion instrument in the Brera Botanical Garden during Milan Design Week (Source: credited by
Sidney Dung)
2.3 Conclusion
What’s more, tourists also play an essential events, sports events, and commercial events
role in this part, for example, during a particular respectively, according to the characteristics
period of some mega-events like the World Expo of the events themselves, and analyzes the
and Olympic Games, some local government design of temporary facilities in each of them.
councils need to establish some infrastructure Then get more specific inspirations for the
like stadiums, guiding system, street shops, and design part from other activities from different
resting spaces to meet their requirements and perspectives, such as the consideration of
provide them with great experience, in reality, practical accommodation for tourists, aesthetic
some of them are still used as venues for some art and public participation. Some summarized
public events instead of being abandoned from benefits of temporary infrastructure in mega-
now on, while very few are eventually left idle. event are shown below.

As the holding of mega-events is an

increasingly popular ongoing trend around
the world, the design and post-processing
of temporary infrastructure have become a
series of things that deserve more thought and
investment. This chapter first classifies the
main big parties into three categories, cultural

More temporary, more capability

Through the modern Olympics development and the globalization of tourism, the host city
needs temporary facilities to increase its capacity in a short time. Because the numeber of
the visitors would rise dramatically during the Olympics, which is far beyond the capacity of
normal days. It could be the train rail to support the temporary transport to the remote game
site. In the building period for the Olympics, temporary also plays a vital role. The more
temporary accommodation of laborers could support more workers in the project, which
eventually could alleviate the pressure on buildings. In this way, temporary means more
capability.

More temporary, more flexibility & fun

As mentioned before, being different from permanent facilities which cannot be easily
changed, temporary infrastructures are more flexible for modification in a short time, which
means they can be adjusted to different sports. Apart from that, designers can't only add
a variety of interactive and innovative ideas, but also the novelty in the appearance of
temporary installations so that visitors can not only enjoy the exhibition itself during the
viewing period but also experience interactive fun, improving public participation.

More temporary, more affordable

The temporary facilities could not only alleviate the financial pressure on the host city but
also on the visitors. For the host, the price of temporary stuff is obviously cheaper than the
permanent one. For tourists, the cost of the hotel during the Olympics could significantly
rise, which could cause a big stress on visitors when they think about if they visit the
Olympics or not. To solve this problem, the temporary facilities could decrease the cost of
temporary accomordation.
Chapter3: temporary
and Olympics-relevant
case study

Figure 24: The temporary PyeongChang

Olympic Stadium under construction.. As discussed previously, there are so many inspirations
(Source: [Link] from the other relevant events about the temporary
com/2018/02/south-korea-disposable- structure. With the help of the temporary structure, those
olympics-stadium-no-roof-heat/) events could be better adapted to the surroundings and
have better capability. In this chapter, it is focused on the
temporary application in Olympics. Through the research,
the history of temporary application would be formulated,
the experience would be summarized. Eventually the
result would be advisable for the future development. The
temporary structure would give varies of cities the even
chance to hold Olympics by reducing the difficulty. And it
would be helpful to set up a sustainable recycle system,
which is eco-friendly. Moreover, the temporary facilities
make it possible that the games happen in public space.
More ordinary people would have chances to attend the
games.

Besides that, there is a dialectical relationship of the

temporary and permanent in Olympics. The Olympics
itself is a temporary event which only last for one month.
However, the host city would prepare for a few years
and modify the urban plan to meet the requirements of
Olympics. The legacy such as the vast buildings, Olympic
parks and so on, would deeply influence the city for the
next decades. Through this research, this dialectical
relationship would be further discussed.
3.1 Temporary and Olympics 3.1.1 Summer Olympics and
It is normal to see the temporary structure since temporary
the first modern Olympics. With the temporary
facilities, the host city has the capability to meet 1896 Athens summer Olympics
the requirements of the sports in a short time.
In the followings, there are several outstanding Athens proceeded against a difficult political
examples of temporary application which reflect and economic background that made
the different demand of temporary structure, preparations for the first arising of the games
such as low-cost, sustainability, and etc. those (Gold & Gold, 2016). The rule of sports
examples contain both of the summer Olympics and the standard of the stadium is not very
and the winter Olympics. mature. There is no professional venue. Some
sports including Marathon, Cycling, triathlon
Through formulating these cases, it is obvious happened in the open spaces. The first Olympic
to see the trend of temporary structure in marathon of the modern era, the race was
Olympics and the related background. Apart held to commemorate the famous run that the
from that, among these cases, London and Los messenger Pheidippides made in delivering
Angeles are two unique cities. The previous news of the victory over the Persians in 490
one hosted the Olympics for 3 times, the rest BC. It is an outdoor race game, which means it
one hosted 2 times and is the host city of 2028 needs a long distance for the competition rather
summer Olympics. They are similar to Paris. than a standard stadium.
The 2024 Paris Olympics is the third time In every Olympics, the Marathon game could
for Paris to host Olympics. And, during the 3 take place in the urban area temporality such
times of London, it covers multiple type of the as Athens-Marathon-Athens. Competitors ran
temporary facilities. London is the perfect case from Marathon to the Greek capital on a course
for the advisable inspiration for our temporary that was only 24.8 miles long (modern-day
proposal for Paris.

Figure 25: The temporary venues in London 2012 Olympics. (Source: [Link]
olympics/london-2012-olympic-venues-part-6-olympic-stadium
Figure 26: the layout of 1986 Athens Olympics (Source: author draw).

marathons are run over a distance of 26.219

miles or 42.195 kilometers). The same situation
happened in the cycling games and other
competitions. After that, those sports require
maximum space to run, always happen in the
city transportation lane. Those streets or blocks
would be modified and blocked for hosting
those competitions temporarily.
 1908 London Summer Olympics

London has a long history with the Olympics.

However, the whole process contains some
frustration. Back in 1908, the fourth Olympics
was decided to hold in Roma in the first place.
Due to the volcano accident, there was no
sufficient budget for the Italian government, then
it changed to London with the support of King
Edward VII. It was the first time London hosted
the games. Through cooperation with the
Franco-British Exhibition, it would construct at
their own cost all the racing tracks and building
Figure 27: the main venue of 1986 Athens Olympics necessary for carrying out the Olympic games
(Source: Olympic official website). and should provide all necessary equipment,
attendants, and advertisements (Official Report
Olympic Games 1908 London, 1908.). The
1908 Olympics is a symbolic time in Olympic
history. 12 stadiums were built explicitly for
the Olympics. For example, the main stadium,
White City Stadium, was built for the Franco-
British Exhibition of 1908 and modified for
the 1908 Olympics. It could hold over 93000
spectators. After Olympics, it continued to be
used for exhibitions and textile fairs until 1937.
And it became the playground for dog racing
until 1984. The swimming competitions didn’t
happen in open water. It was the first time to
allowed female athletes attended games.

Figure 28: the Marathon path of 1986 Athens Olympics

(Source: author draw).

Figure 29: The water jumps in the steeplechase at the 1908

London Olympics (Source: [Link]
[Link]/articles/london-s-first-olympics-1908/)
Figure 30: the layout of 1908 London Olympics (Source: author draw).
Above all, we could find the 1908 London the organization was not professional, even the
Olympics seemed like a sports carnival rather games rule was changed for some purpose. It
than a professional competition, which is a is more like a temporary sports festival rather
successful festival to attract the citizens and than an influence mega-events. The 1908
athletes. But it has limited influence on urban London Olympics could be recognized as a
development and lacks vision, which means transition stage from amateur to professional
most of the Olympic buildings were no longer and from a temporary event to an irreplaceable
taken proper advantage of for the next period. mega-event with gigantic influence on the
According to the time background, it is easy to urban planning. From this case, we could see
see that people were not aware of the influence the potential brought by temporary structure
of Olympics on the urban development. And and Olympics as temporary organization. It
the organizer didn’t consider those Olympic could improve the capability and flexibility of the
buildings in the long term but instead for host city under such limited condition.
temporary use. At the same time,
1928 Amsterdam Summer Olympics

The 1928 Summer Olympics was an

international multi-sport event that was
celebrated from 28 July to 12 August 1928 in
Amsterdam, Netherlands. A total of 46 nations
were represented by 2,883 athletes, including
277 women. There are some innovations in this
Olympics such as the sponsors, the parking lot
design and so on. There were some temporary
structures applied to meet the requirements of
the Olympics temporarily.

Figure 31: the layout of 1928 Amsterdam Olympics (Source: author draw)
BOXING/WRESTLING PAVILION
This was one of two semi-permanent Stadium was also a part. The iron-framed
constructions (the other being the Fencing pavilion, which had a capacity of approximately
Pavilion) built next to the Olympic Stadium as 4,500 (seated and standing), was removed
part of the Olympic Stadium Complex, of which after the Games. The site is now occupied by
the temporary Olympic Sports Park Swim a building that houses a number of different
businesses.

Figure 32: The box center in the steeplechase at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics (Source: 1928 Amsterdam Olympic
report)

FENCING PAVILION
This was one of two semi-permanent
The site is now occupied by a building that
constructions (the other being the Boxing/
houses a number of different [Link]
Wrestling Pavilion) built next to the Olympic
on the Amsterdam Olympics, it was the first
Stadium as part of the Olympic Stadium
time to see the semi-permanent constructions,
Complex, of which the temporary Olympic
which inspire the following Olympic host city.
Sports Park Swim Stadium was also a part. The
The function of permanent stadiums could be
iron-framed pavilion, the sides of which were
extended by installing new structures. In this
almost entirely glassed in, was removed after
way, the cost is lower than the traditional way.
the Games.

Figure 33: The fencing game at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics (Source: 1928 Amsterdam Olympic report)
1932 Los Angeles Summer Olympics

It was the second time for US to host Olympics

and the first time for LA to host Olympics. It is
the begin of the relationship between Olympics
and Los Angeles. Due to the great Depression,
the number of attending countries is less than
the Amsterdam Olympics, and it is the tricker for
application temporary facilities in this Olympics
to alleviate the financial stress, including the
temporary Olympics villages.

Figure 34: the layout of 1932 Los Angeles Olympics (Source: author draw)
Figure 35: The race walking at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics (Source: 1932 Los Angeles Olympic report)

GRIFFITH PARK AREA

COAST HIGHWAY The 50,000m race walking event was held on a
The 100km cycling road event was held on route that used existing highways in the vicinity
a route that ran from the vicinity of Moorpark, of Griffith Park.
joined the Roosevelt Highway at Oxnard and
OLYMPIC VILLAGE
finished in the outskirts of Santa Monica.
Built in a matter of months, the Village had a
postal and telegraph service, an amphitheater,
INGLEWOOD AREA a launderette, a restaurant, a hospital, a dental
clinic, baths, a fire department, a radio station
The route for the marathon, which started and and a bank. Only male athletes stayed at the
finished at the Olympic Stadium, used existing Olympic Village, housed in temporary wooden
streets in the Inglewood area of the city. cottages. Their female counterparts were put
up at a private hotel in Los Angeles. Most
of the complex, which became a model for
future Organizing Committees to follow, was
dismantled after the Games. The remaining
housing is still occupied by local residents
today.

In conclusion, the Los Angeles Olympics

choose the temporary proposal to face with the
Great Depression, the famous financial crisis.
Through this case, the value and potential of
the temporary facilities were proved with the
success of the Olympics. It is a practical and
efficient way to enable the Olympics working in
Figure 36: The marathon at the 1932 Los Angeles difficult condition, which inspires the post-war
Olympics (Source: 1932 Los Angeles Olympic report) Olympics.
 participants. To achieve this goal, the organizer
takes some genius actions such as a “lend-
return basis” (Gold & Gold, 2016). what is a
“lend return basis”? To be specific, the London
Olympics committee borrow some facilities for
the Olympics use instead of buying them to
increase the budget. After games, they would
return to those manufacturers and owners.
Moreover, they would take advantage of those
existing buildings to hold those anticipants
temporarily including the campus, military
campus, and others. Above all, they are
temporary applications in the organization way.
In the tangible aspects, those built facilities
Figure 37: A bed cushion is carried by a man walking are designed with multiple functions in order
into one of the homes in the Olympic village during to meet different requirements (London 1948,
the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games. (Source: Dick
Whittington Studio Collection, USC Libraries)
n.d.). Specifically, the Empire stadium was for
athletics equestrian, field hockey, and football
(Organizing Committee, 1948).
1948 London Summer Olympics
The London Olympics was called the “Austerity
In 1948, after a series of development of Games” (Olympics website). Financially, the
Olympics among different cities, the Olympics games were a success, as it was the desire of
became more mature. It became a more King George Ⅵ “to heal his nation’s spirit” after
professional organization with its own standard, six years. The budget was £743,000, while
although it was through two times of world the final expenditure was £732,268. Receipts
wars. However, the world war brought some totaled £761,688, including £1,000 for the TV
impact on the London Olympics history. rights sold to the BBC. The taxman's cut was
£9,000 (Organizing Committee, 1948). So, it is
London had been initially chosen to host the obvious to see the financial benefits of applying
1944 Games, which, like the 1940 edition, was the temporary facilities.
canceled due to the Second World War. With
the conflict ending in 1945, plans were made to
revive the Games of 1948. It was announced
that London became the host city in 1946 after
bidding with Baltimore, Lausanne, Los Angeles,
Minneapolis, and Philadelphia. It is the first
post-war Olympics. This city only has two years
to prepare, the focal point of these games was
to bring nations together and light the spark of
hope for humanity in a very limited situation.
The Olympics is not only a mega-event but
also the cure for the whole world, after a giant
disaster.

However, it was faced with a very difficult

situation in multiple aspects. Firstly, it is the
financial pressure, which is London’s priority
problem, and other countries’ problem, due to
Figure 38: The Olympic village at the 1948 London
the war damage. It is a huge depression. The
Olympics (Source: [Link]
first thing for the London Olympics committee is [Link]/2021/07/07/adversity-and-austerity-at-the-1948-
to make it affordable both for the hosts and london-olympic-games/)
Figure 39: the layout of 1948 London Olympics (Source: author draw)

The committee solved the accommodation

problem by making them part of the urban
future development. However, the furniture of
the Olympic Village was borrowed from the
ministry of education and the army.
1984 Los Angeles Olympics the grand plan of the Olympics. Although it is
during the peak of the cold war and boycotted
Since the 1960 Roma Olympics, the trend of by the western countries, hosting an Olympics
construction of gigantic venues and urban still is considered a perfect propaganda for the
planning for the Olympiad has appeared. It is advance of socialism. To achieve this goal, the
named the Catalyst period from 1960 to 1976 Moscow Olympic committee made a series of
(Gold & Gold, 2016). All the Olympics in this gigantic buildings and a great urban plan for
period consider Olympics as an opportunity to the Olympics. The result is that the ambitious
redevelop the city through new urban planning, project brings the burden on the national
landmark stadium construction, and the building budget. So far, hosting the Olympics seems
of Olympics villages. And it goes bigger and like running a business at a [Link] was
bigger. Significantly, 1976 Montreal summer to bring nations together and light the spark of
Olympics, produced a final shortfall of $1.2 hope for humanity in a very limited situation.
billion for its ambitious gigantic sports facilities The Olympics is not only a mega-event but
(Morris, 1983.). The 1980 Moscow Olympics also the cure for the whole world, after a giant
also had some financial problems for disaster.

Figure 40: the layout of 1984 Los Angeles Olympics (Source: author draw)
Things changed in 1984, during the Los FAIRBANKS RANCH
Angeles Olympics. It is the second time for The cross-country section of the 1984 Olympic
LA to host the Olympics. To avoid the former three-day event competition took place on a
financial trap, Peter Ueberroth, the former site that was converted into an 18-hole golf
chairman of the USOC (the United States course immediately after the Games. A nine-
Olympic Committee), suggested that private hole system was added in 2004.
sponsors should be introduced into the
process of hosting, which turns the Olympics As for temporary structures, in 1984, they
into a profit business event by commercial were applied in water sports to modify those
operations (Wenn, 2015). This revolution saved existing natural environment to adapt the spots.
the continuities of the Olympics. Due to the Although the sustainable theory was not aware
commercial operation's involvement, controlling by publics, those temporary structures were
the budget is essential. This Olympics took good examples about nature protection in 1984.
advantage of the existing buildings as much as It could be considered as the primary attempt
possible to reduce the cost. As mentioned, the for the sustainable development.
stadium for outdoor water sports and certain
outdoor events happened in some open water
spaces with temporary facilities.

LAKE CASITAS
A reservoir created by the construction of a dam
in 1958, Lake Casitas provides drinking water
and ensures flood control in Ventura County.
Before the 1984 Olympic Games, it had never
staged races or sporting events of any kind.
Temporary facilities were set up for the Games.
These included spectator stands, ramps, docks,
boathouses, and an athlete day village. The
site was restored to its original state after the
Games.
Figure 42: The Fairbanks Ranch at the 1984 Los
Angeles Olympics (Source: [Link]
itm/363244972077)

2000 Sydney Olympics

The Sydney Olympics is famous as the “Green
Olympics”. In 1992, representatives of many
governments and nongovernment organizations
got together in Rio de Janeiro and set an
agreement to address the global environment
and development dilemma. In the Earth
Summit, the IOC decided to incorporate Agenda
21 into the Olympics ideology, which becomes
sports, culture, and environment. Since this
conference, the concern for the environment is
part of the core of the Olympics. Of course, it
becomes one of the evaluation standards of the
bidding process.
Figure 41: The lake casitas at the 1984 Los
Angeles Olympics (Source: [Link]
itm/363244972077)
Figure 43: the layout of 1948 Los Angeles Olympics (Source: author draw)

The 27th summer Olympiad was staged in Sydney What are the specific actions for the “Green”? At first, it
between 15 September and 1 October 2000. It is the is the green building process, the Australian construction
second time to host Olympics in Australia. The bidding company OCA was awarded for their Olympics projects,
proposal of Sydney emphasized the ‘Green Games”, which are eco-friendly. Their design includes features
responding to the growing mood of environmentalism. As such as underground rainwater storage; a unique lift shaft
the previous president of IOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch design that reduces air conditioning requirements, and
said, the success of Sydney was largely due to the the use of light scoops that reduce the energy needed to
strength of its world-class Environmental Guidelines light the building. Secondly, it is to take advantage of solar
(Sydney 2000, 2021). energy. The useless part of the roof would be installed
with some solar collectors.
Thirdly, they would encourage bicycle access candidate must prepare their sustainable
by building some relevant facilities, in order to proposal to show their responsibility of the
decrease the carbon emission. And they would nature protection.
build some temporary venues to protect the
local environment such as the Bondi beach.
The organizer promised it would express
environmental responsibility in using resources
and design facilities.

BEACH VOLLEYBALL CENTRE

Located on Bondi Beach, the center comprised
two courts, with temporary seating for 10,000
people installed on the main court. The venue
was dismantled after the Games.
Since the IOC considers the environment as one
of the Olympics’ responsibilities. The Sydney
Olympics is the first time that the temporary
application is officially for the sustainability
by protecting its coastal environments. The
meaning of temporary application extends. It is
not only for the financial profits but also for the
eco-friendly. Moreover, with the success of the
Sydney Olympics, it become a precedent for
the future Olympics Bidding process, each

Figure 44: The Bondi Beach at the 2000 Sydney Olympics (Source: [Link]
august-18-2000-of-the-olympic-beach-volleyball-centre-at-sydneys-bondi-beach-the-sydney-olympics-begin-on-
[Link])
2012 London Summer Olympics

In 2012, it was the third time London hosted Due to the 2008 economic depression, the
the Olympics. Compared with the previous two initial £9.345 billion budget for construction
times, on the one hand, it is also facing some of the Olympic stadium has to downgrade
financial problems. On the other hand, the to £7.301 billion. So, the main proposal has
Olympics play more roles in different aspects. to continue on a mixture of existing, newly
It is the chance for urban regeneration. it is built, and temporary venues in London 2012
representative of sustainable development. (Organizing Committee, 2012). The London
It is the bridge to connect local heritage. Olympics would have more temporary facilities
The temporary application becomes more than ever in previous Olympics and other
necessary and reasonable. First, it could mega-events.
alleviate financial stress.

Figure 45: the layout of 1948 London Olympics (Source: author draw)
Secondly, London is a city with a long history Olympics report said, given the temporary
of hosting the Olympics. 2012 Olympics make nature of the games, the onus was to buy
it become the first city to host the Olympics and hire things that would have a use after
three times. The committee of London must the games, whether reused, redeployed,
take this history into consideration. Specifically, repurposed, or recycled (Organizing Committee,
it is about how to illustrate the British Olympics 2012). the committee is aware of the possibility
tradition, and how to use the previous Olympics’ of temporary facilities to protect the environment
remains. Besides, London is a historical city, and offer some services to hosting games,
so it is important to connect the local heritage learning from the previous Olympics. Thus, in
remains in the Olympics background, which London, engineers would do their best to find a
could put local people together and let people temporary way to construct those fields that suit
around the world know about London again. It the sports and be moveable and eco-friendly to
is a big chance to propaganda for the city. the environment.

Thirdly, it offers an opportunity to achieve a

sustainable Olympics. As the 2012 London

Figure 46: The aquatics center at the 2012 London (Source: [Link]
london-aquatics-centre-during-swimming-event)

LONDON AQUATICS CENTER

The London Aquatics Centre is an indoor facility stands are temporary structure and removed
with two 50-metre (164-foot) swimming pools after the games. It is a good example for the
and a 25-metre (82-foot) diving pool in Queen hybrid temporary application.
Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, London.

The center, designed by architect Zaha Hadid

as one of the main venues of the 2012 Summer
Olympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics,
was used for the swimming, diving and
synchronized events. The two wing-like seating
BASKETBALL ANREA
The basketball stadium is the most significant After Olympics, the building would be
temporary building, located northeast of the dismantled, and that external structure would be
Olympic Park. This building consists of a shipped to the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics,
1000ton, 35m high, and 115m frame wrapped and the seats would stay in the UK for other
by 20000 of recycled white PVC. From the sports venues such as Silverstone (Design-Build
inside, it seems like a high-tech style. Simon Network, 2011).
Wright, the ODA director of infrastructure and
utilities, said, "There was no legacy demand
for such a stadium in this part of London,
and therefore we made it temporary and re-
locatable. It’s a good example that we’ve only
built when there was economic demand in the
long run."

Figure 47: The basketball center at the 2012 London (Source: [Link]
(London)

WATER POLO ARENA GREENWICH PARK

Located in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Greenwich Park is one of the oldest and most
this demountable venue was built using famous parks in London. Its use for the Olympic
environmentally friendly materials that could Games was opposed by some local residents,
be reused. It housed a competition pool and a who expressed concern that the equestrian
warm-up pool and was dismantled in April 2013, events would cause irreparable damage to
with materials recycled or fed back into the the park and local ecosystem. Those fears
supply chain. Today, the area occupied by the proved unfounded due to the recycle temporary
venue is being transformed into one of the sites structures– the venue was returned to its
for East Bank, a major culture and education normal use after the Games, and all temporary
district. infrastructure was removed.
Without doubt, the 2012 London Olympics is
successful in many aspects. As for temporary
structures, it shows the multiple possibilities of
temporary application. It could be installed in
the existing parks or plazas. It could be along
with the heritages. It could temporarily change
the route and so on. With the assistance of
temporary, the Olympics become more flexible
and interesting. It inspires the temporary
facilities development.

3.1.2 Winter Olympics and Temporary

The winter Olympics appears in history Due to the different character of the winter
until 1924, which is almost 30 years later sports, the influence bought by the winter
than the first summer Olympics. As Pierre Olympics on the city is different. The summer
de Coubertin said, why this happened was Olympics could stage almost sports in a
because of Scandinavian fears to host a winter relatively small scale and fragile landscape.
Olympics would destroy their traditional winter By contrast, the winter Olympics involved
sports festivals such as Nordic Games and more elements, which include the main venue
Holmenkollen. However, with the popularity of located in the center of the host city, slopes,
winter sports increasing, some winter sports and downhill ski runs in the remote place, which
were included in the summer Olympics, such as means the facilities in winter Olympics should
figure skating, ice hockey, and so on. In 1924, be more friendly to the environment. But the
the first separated winter Olympics occurred law of its development is similar to the summer
in Chamonix, six months before Paris summer Olympics. It could be divided into 5 phrases1,
Olympics. Due to the big success, the winter the minimal infrastructure investment (1924-
Olympics was added to the Olympics Charter 1932); 2, emerging infrastructure demands
in 1925. Until 1948, the country that hosted (1936-1960); 3, tools of regional development
the summer Olympics had the right to stage (1964-1980); 4, large-scale transformations
the winter games. After 1948, there was an (19844-1998); 5, sustainable development
independent selection of the winter Olympics and legacy planning (2002-present) (ESSEX *
host city, but the event was staged in the same & CHALKLEY, 2004). When we compare the
year. The further change happened in 1992, the two kinds of Olympics relating to the historical
Winter Olympics and summer Olympics would background, we could identify the similarity
be hosted alternately for 2 years. between the two kinds. They are influenced by
the same theory, which is why the evolution of
the hosting plan is quite similar.
1968 Grenoble winter Olympics – the first
temporary stadium in history

Figure 48: the layout of 1968 Grenoble winter Olympics (Source: author draw)

Not only the summer Olympics but the winter of Grenoble decided to construct a temporary
Olympics also even take further steps of stadium as illustrated for opening and closing
temporary facilities, given the character of the ceremonies. It was able to host 60000 persons
winter Olympics. The tenth winter Olympics temporarily. After the closing ceremony, the
happened in the French city Grenoble, whole stadium would deconstruct (Beacham,
the largest city in the Isère department in 2015). A similar situation happened in Lake
southeastern France. Back in the 1960s, the Placid, the USA, in 1980 and Albertville, France,
winter Olympics was associated with the winter in 1992.
Olympics, although people were aware of the
winter Olympics as a regional development
tool (Gold & Gold, 2016). With fewer nations
participating, and fewer athletes, the authority
Moreover, transportation is another problem to host the Winter Olympics in Grenoble which
has poor transportation infrastructure. Due to the financial and technical imperatives, part of
the transport system must be built in a temporary way. Specifically, during the Games, further
temporary tracks and signaling installations were provided to permit the handling of the exceptional
passenger traffic expected in the neighborhood of the Olympic Village and the Road Transport
Terminal. A temporary railway station was opened near the Olympic village. The track in the
direction of the Chambery is adapted for traffic to this point (Organizing Committee, 1968).

Figure 49: The opening ceremony venue at the 1968 Grenoble winter Olympics (Source: [Link]
slideshow/amp/winter-olympic-parks-villages-33122836)
1972 Sapporo winter Olympics

Figure 50: the layout of 1972 Sapporo winter Olympics (Source: author draw)

Mount Eniwa is an active volcano, although it

has not erupted since the early 18th century.
The original plan was to make the downhill
courses on its slopes permanent. However,
following opposition from the public and a
nature conservation group, the local authorities
changed their plans. It became a temporary
venue on the condition that all facilities be
removed afterward, and the area permanently
restored to its original state.
Figure 51: The opening ceremony venue at the 1972 Sapporo winter Olympics (Source: [Link]
[Link]/sports/2022/01/31/olympics/winter-olympics/1972-sapporo-winter-olympics-legacy/)
Figure 52: the layout of 1992 ALBERTVILLE winter Olympics (Source: author draw)

1980 LAKE PLACID winter Olympics & 1992 From the winter Olympics, there is another
ALBERTVILLE winter Olympics perspective for the temporary structure in the
Olympics. because of the character of the
The Opening Ceremony was held at a winter sports, part of them must be located
standalone temporary venue dismantled after in the remote place which are shortage of
the Games, on the Lake Placid Equestrian infrastructures and surrounded by wonderful
Stadium ground. nature environment. There is no need for
building massive and permanent constructions
Located in Albertville’s Henri Dujol Olympic for the winter Olympics in such small city. The
Park, it hosted the Opening and Closing intervention of the temporary facilities perfectly
Ceremonies. Regarded at the time as the enhances the capability of the host city in a
largest temporary structure ever built, it had short time.
a capacity of 35,000 and was taken down as
planned as soon as the Games were over.

A model for subsequent temporary venues,

it is now an urban park. All that remains of
the original construction is the 52-meter-tall
flagpole that once stood at its center and was
a distinctive feature of the Albertville 1992
ceremonies.
3.2 Temporary application for
Olympics
What is the specific temporary application in
the Olympics? In this part, we would discuss
it and the relevant case study in order to
inspire further design. According to the above
study, the temporary application could divide
into several parts: temporary stadiums,
temporary accommodations, and temporary
infrastructures.

Figure 53: the archery competition in London Olympics (Source: [Link]

paralympic-games)
3.2.1 Temporary stadiums
The history of the Olympics stadiums could From the perspective of the temporary
originate from the stadium of Olympia, which application, it would be a vital part of the
is deeply influenced by the Olympic Games Olympics venue project. For those existing
(Kiuri & Teller, 2012). After the renaissance of venues, it could temporarily enhance their
the Olympics, the stadium as the main building capacity for the Games. Or the entire building
plays an important role in modern urban could be built in a temporary way for a short
development, which has a considerable impact period of use. The temporary enables the
on the surroundings. Moreover, the evolution flexibility of the venues and decreases the cost
of the Olympics venue could be the height in of the Olympics.
three aspects: innovation of the construction
technology, influence on the urban area, role The temporary venue would be the trend for the
as a cultural space, and as part of the cultural future. As Olympic Games executive director
territory (Kiuri & Reiter, 2013). The classification Christophe Dubi said in this exclusive interview,
of the Olympics venue is based on the Few permanent buildings will be built for the
construction status at the time of the host city, it Olympics in the future, with events set to be
could be divided into permanent and temporary. hosted in existing structures and temporary
the permanent one is designed for lasting a venues instead(Ravenscroft, 2022). In Dubi”s
long period. In contrast, the temporary stadium vision, there would be gradually no more need
is suitable for a short period of use. for the new Olympics venues. In the 2026 Milan
winter Olympics, there will be only one new
construction of the Olympics stadium. In 2028,
Existing permanent venue: The venue the number of new buildings is zero. The future
already existed when the host city/territory Olympics sports fields would be tenderly related
was selected to host the Games. The venue to the existing local open public space.
required no major changes or construction
ahead of the Games. Based on the official report, the percentage of
temporary venues is due to multiple reasons,
New permanent venue: The venue did not including urban development, the evolution of
exist before the host city was selected to host the sport, the character of the sports, and the
the Games. The venue was intended to be sustainable requirements. It is related to the
permanent, and its construction was initiated/ background closely. And the winter Olympics
accelerated by the Games. and summer Olympics have some differences
in the temporary venues, according to the
Temporary venue: The venue was constructed sports features.
for the Games, and, when the Games were
over, the site was returned to its previous As illustrated in the following chart, in the
condition. beginning period, the Olympics faced a
shortage of variety of support. It must take
advantage of temporary venues to ensure the
games. Then Olympics become more and
more popular among cities. Different cities
would apply temporary facilities to supply the
local service to meet the requirements of the
Olympics.

That is why the line is not very stable. The next

period is with the global economic development
Graph 1: This graph shows the percentage of permanent after the second world war. It is not very
and temporary venues used in the past Olympics necessary to apply temporary venue in the
(Source: author draw). thrives of the economy. Until 2008, there is an
Graph 2: This graph shows the percentage of temporary venues used in the Summer Olympics (Source: author
draw)

Graph 3: This graph shows the percentage of temporary venues used in the Winter Olympics (Source: author draw).

obvious rise in the temporary use of stadiums. Some host cities use a big number of temporary
It is because people realize the function of venues for the lack of service facilities to
the temporary application in multiple ways hold those sports in the beginning phase.
including budgets, the environment, and public With the global urbanization, those winter
involvement. Olympics host cities had equipped with mature
urban infrastructure and capability to support
The next graph demonstrates the changing the winter Olympics. Then the temporary
trend of the temporary venue of the winter application plays less roles than before.
Olympics. Due to the features of winter sports,
part of the sports fields are located in remote
places. Related to the background information
to the graph, the change in the percentage is
more dramatic than summer Olympics due to
the uneven construction of infrastructures.
Temporary as stadium: Partly temporary stadiums :

Through the research, some public Through the Olympics history, it is normal
infrastructure including highways, lakes and to see part of the stadium is hybrid of the
others was temporarily used as stadium for temporary and permanent. That is because
certain sports including Marathon, Fencing, every host city not only build new stadium but
Swimming, Triathlon, Cycling and so on. There also try the best to use the existing buildings,
is one common for those games is outdoor specifically to modify them to meet the
activity, or at that moment, it was recognized as requirement of the Olympics. In this process,
an outdoor sport. some stadiums take the temporary modification
to enhance the capability of the venue for the
Sports need adequate outdoor space suddenly rising number of visitors. Besides,
Some sports require much outdoor space with the population of the sustainable theory,
including Marathon, Cycling, triathlon, and the temporary facilities used in stadiums would
much of winter sports, which would happen be recycled to apply again after the games,
in the open spaces. The first Olympic which would decrease the environmental stress
marathon of the modern era, the race was caused by mega-events.
held to commemorate the famous run that the
messenger Pheidippides made in delivering There are several examples of the temporary
news of the victory over the Persians in 490 application in the Olympics history. It could be
BC. It is an outdoor race game, which means it divided into two types: 1, as modification of the
needs a long distance for the competition rather existing buildings; 2, as supplication of the new
than a standard stadium. In every Olympics, the buildings.
Marathon game could take place in the urban
area temporality such as Athens-Marathon- In conclusion, the reason why the hybrid
Athens. Competitors ran from Marathon to stadium appears depends on the following
the Greek capital on a course that was only elements. First, the population and the urban
24.8 miles long (modern-day marathons are scale play an important role. The host city
run over a distance of 26.219 miles or 42.195 would face a huge number of visitors that is
kilometers). The same situation happens in the far beyond the existing capacity of the city.
cycling games. And after games, there would be no need
for additional facilities. In this condition, the
Sports were recognized as an outdoor temporary modification is the perfect solution.
activity Second, it depends on the popularity of the
Some sports like fencing and swimming were sports among people, the Olympics sports
recognized as outdoor activities. According do not suit everybody. If it is not popular,
to the report, before the 1932 Los Angeles the permanent facility would be a waste of
Olympics, the swimming or relevant diving public resources. According to this, the host
all happened in the open water area. The government decides which stadium would be
Olympic swimming center appeared in 1932, temporary.
the result might be related to the improvement
of technology such as the water exchange
system, water purification technology, and so
on. For example, the Antwerp water stadium
comprised three parallel pools overlooked at
one end by a clubhouse. A 50-meter swimming
course with seven starting positions was laid
out in the main pool, while the middle pool
was reserved for the water polo matches. The
stadium was dismantled after the Games.
Totally temporary stadiums:

Some of the Olympics venues are totally

temporary. this phenomenon originally and
normally happened in the winter Olympics.
Because, at first, the importance and the scale
of the winter Olympics are not the same as the
summer Olympics. It used to be an additional
part of the summer Olympics. Moreover, due
to the character of the winter sports, the host
place normally is located in some remote and
ecological sensitive place, which means it is not
easy and necessary to build a gigantic stadium.
To be interested, recently in the 2012 London
Olympics, a lot of temporary venues appears
to respect sustainable requirements, solve the
problems of limited budgets, and involve the
local heritage. Based on the research, there
are several functions of the temporary stadium,
including the opening ceremony, protection of
the environment, protection of the heritage, and
sustainable development.

Figure 54: The Rio 2016 temporary-stands (Source: [Link]

construction-temporary-stands-2/#jp-carousel-7021
3.2.2 Temporary accommodations
As well known, the Olympics is a mega-event temporary accommodation. He also envisages,
that doesn’t last for a long time. The related in a pamphlet published in the Olympic Revue
service such as accommodation is temporary addressing the people taking part in the
as well to serve the athletes from all around International Architecture Competition (Paris,
the world. But each case of Olympic villages is 1910), a space "nearby for a camp and a form
different. It might be a temporary building, and it of barracks to house the athletes during the
could be used as accommodations temporarily. Games" (Pierre de Coubertin, 1910). It was the
In conclusion the trend of the Olympics prototype of the Olympics Village.
villages is illustrated as followings: temporary, in the 1924 Paris Olympics, the concept
permanent, temporary. become truth. Near the main stadium, several
hundred three-bedded wooden huts were
Rent as the Olympic accommodation arranged in rows with earthen passageways
The first time the concept of the Olympic (COJO,1924). It supports some services such
Village is 1910. It was the ideal of Baron as wash facilities, warm water, and others in
Pierre de Coubertin, the father of the modern such a compact community. It was the first
Olympics. But before 1932, the accommodation approach and influenced the succeeding Los
was assigned to local temporary dwellings Angeles and Berlin Olympics.
such as hotels, campuses, and so on with an
“emergency residential menu” (Muñoz,1997), In 1932, Los Angeles was the host city far away
which contains all manners of temporary from Europe and Australia. And is in the midst
dwellings. There were some problems, when of the Great Depression. To ensure every nation
players stayed in hotels which were shortage could afford it, the OCOG communicated with
of the standards. In that period, individuals and some steamship companies for reduced fares
teams would decide which hotel they wanted for each team. And they knew the importance of
to stay in when they came to the host city as affordable accommodation during the games for
if they were tourists. Their national federation athletes. Rather than that, the local hotels were
determines the accommodations without any in short supply to hold those participants. Then
thought of cohabitation in the overall plan, the Los Angeles OCOG decide to build the first
which means it would bring challenges to temporary Olympic villages which contains a lot
organizing a more extensive scale of events. of the supplements for the athletes. However,
Moreover, the living environment would impact it didn’t cover all athletes. The female athletes
the performance of the athletes. Above all, still stayed in the private hotels. Anyway, it was
this period is related to the professional sports still a big step ahead.
development. With the development of the
professional sports, more standards appear, In 1936 Berlin, at first, Hitler was against
and it would standardize the temporary housing spending too many resources on the Olympics.
for athletes. However, after he was aware of the propaganda
function of the Olympics, he gave the project
Build for Olympics all his backing. There was no obstruct to
With the influence of the modern Olympics, Berlin Olympics. As part of the general plan,
it plays an important role in the urban the Olympic Village was built, which is a
development. Finally, the first official Olympics multifunctional structure with entertainment,
Village was built following the image of rest and bodily care, and leisure areas. It would
Coubertin. In his description of the Olympic city, hold 4000 male athletes and their staff, and
in addition to his descriptions of competition the female athletes stayed in the hostels, the
sites, Coubertin gives consideration to the need Friesenhaus, close to the stadium.
for a hotel for the group of people connected In this period, the host cities constructed a lot
with the organization of the sporting events of permanent buildings for Olympics, since they
requiring were aware of the big value of the Olympics.
But they didn’t think of the function
of the post-games. Some of the Olympics as 1976 Montreal Olympics and 1980 Moscow
facilities was built and abandoned. This trend Olympics. The blindness urban expansion
ended with the World War II. brought a huge debt to Montreal. The same
situation happened in Moscow. After these
Temporary for the Olympic accommodation two failure cases, people paid attention to
After the World War II, the global economic the project management and thought of the
situation was not very good. Thus, in the post- multifunction of the Olympics buildings more
war Olympics, the host cities must deal with than ever.
the limited budgets by taking advantage of the
existing facilities as possible as they could. In conclusion, the development of the Olympics
Of course, there was no new built Olympic village is in the following process: “rent for
villages. In 1960, with the economic recovery, temporary use”; “built for Olympics”; and
Roma started construct new buildings for the “temporary as Olympics accommodation”. The
Olympics including the Olympic villages. But concept and practice of the Olympics village
the cognition of Olympics village was added are developing as the awareness of urban
new elements. It was built for Olympics and the development. Hosting the Olympics is no
urban development. The Olympic villages would longer for a single purpose, instead of multiple
temporarily play the role of accommodation requests such as sustainability, profitability,
for the athletes, after the games, it would and community friendly, which means it must
eventually become the citizen’s house. It be considered for further development. Taking
was the first time the Olympics villages were this consideration into the future design of the
inserted into a local residential zone. Olympics village, more temporary facilities
would be part of the main method to modify
Since the Roma Olympics, this trend that some existing buildings as athletes’ houses to
the Olympics could be a trigger for the urban achieve the sustainable and profitable goal of
regeneration, appeared and is called as the modern Olympics. In another way, it shows
Olympic urbanism. The host cities started the potential of the Olympics as an engine of
aggressive and ambitious urban expansion in urban regeneration with the assistance of those
the name of the Olympics. And with the blind temporary facilities.
expension it causes some negative cases, such

Figure 55: The accommodation of 2020 Tokyo Olympics (Source: [Link]

coachella-old010220/safari-campgrounds/
3.2.3 Temporary infrastructure
In the modern Olympics, temporary facilities are Olympics. After games, it is removed and
one of the critical methods of resilient design. applied in other places. The difference is due to
During the Olympics, temporary infrastructure the spread of sustainable thinking. In 2009 the
is applied to enhance the capability of the host Olympic board agreed with a policy about the
city to meet the temporary requirements, which temporary material application. Most following
include transport, water purification, services, contractors contain the guarantee to implement
and so on. The meaning of the temporary is ‘take-back’ systems to ensure the materials will
developing. Back to the 1968 Grenoble winter be reused or recycled (Design-Build Network,
Olympics, why there are temporary training and 2011).
train stations, it is because there is no need for
permanent transport infrastructure here for the
limited local residents.

After games, all these infrastructures are

dismantled. Compared with the 2012 London
Olympics, in the Olympics park, there is a
temporary bridge leading to the Olympic
stadium that took a short time during the

Figure 56: The temporary structures at the 2012 London Olympics (Source: [Link]
park-footbridge/ /)
3.3 Conclusion
In conclusion, the development of modern Olympics is along with the temporary structures. There
are multiple reasons for application of the temporary structures as illustrated above, such as
financial pressure, the requirements of the sustainability, public involvement and so on.

3.3.1 The summary of temporary

facilities
Alleviate the financial stress Involve more elements
Focusing on the Olympics development, some The temporary facilities could make the
host cities faced different financial stress during Olympics competition happens in more places
different periods. In the beginning, the Olympics which could be open public space or landmark
was not important compared to other exhibition in the host city. In this way, it is better to achieve
events, thus it was a lack of support from the the Olympics goal to involve more people to
local governments. The budget is very limited. spread the Olympics spirit. Meanwhile, more
The sports stadium, the accommodations, heritage involved means more charming of the
and the relevant facilities all were rented for host city would be displayed in front of visitors.
temporary use. A similar situation happened in The propaganda function of the Olympics would
the post-war period, such as the 1948 London be enhanced.
Olympics. The application of the temporary
facilities could alleviate the pressure of the cost
for the host city. arranged in rows with earthen
passageways (COJO,1924). It supports some
services such as wash facilities, warm water,
and others in such a compact community.
It was the first approach and influenced the
succeeding Los Angeles and Berlin Olympics.

Achieve sustainability Improve the capacity

Since 1972, sustainable development is The Olympics itself is a temporary mega-event,

recognized as common sense around the world. which means it would bring millions of visitors
1992 the IOC decided to take responsibility to the host city. it would be beyond the capacity
for the environment in the Olympics charter. of the host city and bring a heavy burden on
Thus, the temporary facilities play another role the infrastructure of the host city, including the
in the hosting city. Due to the character of the accommodation, transport, and other basic
temporary, it becomes the perfect solution to urban services. In the Olympics history, we
balance the environment and the Olympics could see a lot of cases. For instance, in the
events. Such as the Bondi beach, a temporary 1908, London Olympics, the committee rented
venue was built for beach volleyball, which many grandstands to increase the capacity of
could be removed after games. In this way, the stadium for more spectators. In the 1968
the impact of the events on nature would be Winter Olympics, due to the location of some
minimized. As time goes by, the sustainable winter sports in the mountain, the organizer
theory of temporary is developing. In the 2012 planned a temporary train line to the place.
London Olympics, the temporary application The rise in the number of visitors requires more
becomes a loop. Because of the temporary, facilities to support in a very short time.
it could be reused in another place, after the
games.
Besides the purposes of the temporary facilities in Olympics, there are some further
influences with the temporary structures in the Olympics. The principle of the trend are in
the followings:

More professional, less temporary More temporary, more flexible

In the beginning period, the more professional As time goes by, people are aware of the
the events are, the less temporary stuff importance of the protection of the environment.
is involved. It is a process from origin to Due to the flexible features of the temporary
maturity. As a series of standards were set facility, it could offer a removable proposal to
up, the informal activities would disappear host some sports events in downtown or other
with the temporary facilities, and there is no eco-sensitive areas without leaving some
more rent of some private clubs for the sports waste behind. It is an ideal approach for a
field. sustainable way to host events. Meanwhile, due
to this character, it could enable those sports
to happen in the heart of the host city, which
normally is located in the center of the city with
historic remains and lack of some necessary
services. It could be a bridge to connect people
and their heritage through events.

Figure 57: The EXPO Milano Gate (Source: [Link]

3.3.2 The guideline of the temporary structure in Olympics
The temporary structures bring multiple advantages to the modern Olympics, including financial
release, sustainable development, public participants and etc. As part of Olympic Agenda 2020,
the IOC now requires Olympic organizers to make the most of existing and temporary venues, and
to build new ones only when there is a proven long-term need. New materials and technologies
allow increased use of temporary facilities, thus reducing emissions from construction, for example.
Obviously, the temporary structure plays a critical role of the future Olympics development.

Therefore, according to the previous research about the temporary application in relevant mega-
event and Olympics history, the Olympics temporary could be inspired by the other events. There
are several guidelines for the temporary structure’s proposal:

1. the temporary structures should be

affordable for both host city and visitors.
Affordability is the primary feature of the temporary structures. In the Olympics history,
most host cities chose temporary structures in mega-events for the budget pressure.
It declines the cost for the host. Meanwhile, it also could release the visitor’s financial
stress, based on the temporary study of the other mega-events. For example, every year
in the Oktoberfest, there are some temporary tents for visitors to stay. It is the cheapest
way to spend night in such a grand and busy carnival.

2. the temporary structures should be

flexible, which could be adapted to different
situation.
Based on our research, the temporary structures in Olympics are applied in the specific
places, which is limited in the space condition. There would be more possibility of the
Olympic temporary facilities, if was as flexible as other events are. There are multiple
fashion week or design week all around the world every year. Most of it happened in
the historical quarter, which needs high level of adaptability to the local environment. If
Olympic temporary proposal could learn from the advanced plan from them, it could be
more flexible and involve more citizens by occurring everywhere in the host city.
 3. the temporary structures could be well
designed with aesthetic appearance.
The temporary structure in Olympiad could be more aesthetic. The modern Olympics
include the professional sports, public sports promotion and culture Olympiad. Apart from
the professional part, the rest could be inspired from fashion week, design week and the
Burning man festival. In this way, the Olympics could attract more people to expand its
influence.

4. the temporary structures should be

harmless to the local heritage.
As more street sports become part of the Olympics and the basis of IOC for sustainable
development, more temporary venues are introduced and set up in the center of the host
city. It combines the local heritage closely than ever and also bring the new challenge to
balance the Olympic temporary venues and the local heritage. The primary requirement
of temporary facility is to be harmless to the remains.

5. there should be a well-organized reused

chain of temporary structures.
With the development of the temporary structures, it is important to discuss what
happened after the games. A well-organized reused chain is necessary, to ensure the
reused temporary system works well. Meanwhile, there is the possibility of developing the
system into profit by taking advantage of the fame of the Olympics. The profits could be
used to support Olympiad.

6. the temporary structure should be

designed with professionals to meet the
professional requirements.
It is obvious that the professional part of the temporary structures should be designed by
relevant professionals and athletes in order to guarantee the performance of athletes. For
example, the basketball Arena in 2012 London Olympics, it is well designed for the game,
although it is temporary.
Chapter4: Paris and
the Olympics

Figure 58: The Paris Olympics 2024 (Source: [Link]

calendar-and-first-ticket-pricing-details-released)

Since 17th century, Paris has become one of the

most significant global cities of the finance, diplomacy,
commerce, fashion gastronomy, science and arts, even
sometimes it was referred as the capital of the world or “the
city of light”. In this chapter, we would formulate the history
of Paris and Olympics and to research the potential of the
2024 Paris Olympics.
4.1 The history and future of
Paris Olympics
In modern Olympic history, France plays an
irreplaceable role. Since 1900, it hosted 5 times
of Olympic games, both summer, and winter.
Among them, Paris is the city that hosted
twice the summer Olympics. and it will host it
again in 2024, which made it the second city
hosting times after London. Compared with
other host cities, no matter London or Paris has
more experience and is more capable to host
it successfully in an innovative way. It claims
that it would use 95% of existing and temporary
venues to decline the environment impact
(France and Olympism, 2021).

Figure 59: The game of 1900 Paris Olympics (Source: [Link]

[Link]/1900-olympic-games-paris/)

4.1.1 1900 Paris summer Olympics

The second Olympics was hosted in Paris and it lasted for 5 months, which is far different from the
recent Olympics. It was part of the World Exhibition. The organizers referred to this sport events as
the “international competition of physical exercise and sports”, which lead many spectators were
not awarded of it for years.

And the 1900 Paris Olympics is the milestone of the Olympic history. It is the first Olympics that
Baron de Coubertin is the chairman of the IOC. 997athletes including 22 women from 24 counties
attended the games. Moreover, there was the first female Olympics Champion, the British tennis
player Charlotte Cooper. However, the 1900 Paris Olympics is in the first period of the Olympics.
The whole game lacks the professional standard, and it is additional part of the exhibition.
4.1.2 1924 Paris summer Olympics

In 1924, the Olympics came back to Paris. This Above all, there are always some innovations
time, it was a more professional event, and the associated with the Olympics in Paris. In 1900,
games were properly referred to as “Olympics” it was the second Olympics, and it involved
and attracted very considerable interested in the female athletes into the games. It broke
the capital city. It is a big deal for Paris. Back the existing social shackles and make the
to 1924, there were 126 trails in 17 disciplines, Olympics as the pioneers among events. In
and 135 of the 3089 athletes from 44 countries 1924, it achieved the Coubertin’s ideal to build
(France and Olympism, 2021). Moreover, it is the protype of the Olympic villages. It enhances
not only the sports competition but also a series the urban influence of the Olympic and supply
of art events including the architecture, painting, good accommodation for the athletes in order
literature, and music. It added the Olympics to get better sport performance. Based on this,
the culture property. By the way, the concept of we could see the development of the modern
Olympics villages was introduced, and it was professional sport. Olympics promote the
the first attempt to build following the image of modern sport. So, what is next in 2024 Paris
Pierre de Coubertin. Olympic?

Figure 60: Basketball Demonstration at the 1924 Olympic Games (Source: The Official Report of the
Olympic Games of Paris 1924)
4.1.3 2024 Paris summer Olympics

The 33rd Olympics will return to Paris again, designed for the people who live there.
after 100 years in 2024. The 2024 Paris aims
to become the most innovative games. The Moreover, the Paris 2024 would integrate the
committee of the Paris Olympics take the social and solidarity economy, integrate the
social responsibility by making commitments micro business and small and medium-size
in 3 aspects: the environment, the labor and enterprises. It would benefit all kinds of local
society (Paris 2024 - Homepage Paralympic ay, business. It would work with different level of
n.d.). After over 100 years of development, the business association and governments, to
Olympics has become a complex event which offer equal and sufficient opening tenders. For
contain multiple aspects and stands for the small company, it would introduce the business
advanced values for humanity. coach, build the business community in order to
maximize the profit during the Olympics.
1 The environmental ambitious
The 2024 Games in Paris will be unlike On the other way, the Paris 2024 would grow
any other Games in history as they will be the the local employment. It would bring
both spectacular and sustainable. It would adequate job opportunities for the citizens.
encourage energy conservation, innovation And the relevant organizations start to make
and creativity to develop new ways of working some movements for it. For example, the local
and bring about a new era in the organization association named “Pôle employ” will set up
of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. It a taskforce in the coming months to focus on
would become the first major sporting event to developing new services. Between now and
positively impact the climate. In the bidding, the 2022, the Ile-de-France will receive over €1
sustainability is the core of the Paris 2024. It billion of State funding as part of the Skills
would introduce the sustainable way to the core Investment Plan (PIC), which led to the regional
of urban area. investment agreement signed with the Ministry
of Labor on 4 April 2019. The “Paris Tous en
Specifically, the 95% of the venues for 2024 Jeux” program, announced by the Mayor of
is existing or temporary stadiums(Paris 2024 Paris, Anne Hidalgo, on 1 April 2019, will be
- Environmental Ambition, n.d.). The stunning launched by Pôle emploi and the City of Paris
French architectures in Paris would be given in autumn 2019.
the center stage by transforming into sports
field. And only two new built venues for 2024 3 The sport and society
separately are the Olympic and Paralympic For the society, the 2024 Paris also make some
Village and the Aquatics Centre. The whole promise, which involve the citizen’s health, the
construction process would be monitored for education and civic services. Specifically, the
tracking and measuring the carbon footprint. Olympics would bring the sports to the daily
life. People would be inspired by Olympics
2 The responsibility of the labor and and show more willing to take participants
economy in sports, which would dramatically alleviate
The Paris 2024 also takes the responsibility the current health problems. Moreover, the
for the legacy, business and employment for Olympics committee hope the local companies
the host city. It is the vital opportunity for the will encourage the employee work out. For the
Paris regeneration. Through the games, the education, the committee hope more schools
committee wants to leave some legacy to would be involved in the sports. More children
the city and citizens. For example, the sports would be inspired by Olympics to cultivate the
would become part of the citizens’ lives after good values through sports, and the committee
Olympics. The local company could invite new and governments would encourage children
ways of living and working, etc. Paris 2024 can exercise at least 30 minutes every day. For the
act as a lab to invent the city of tomorrow, a city civic service, the committee corporate with
Paris 2024, the French Ministry of National
Education, Youth and Sport (which is also
responsible for youth engagement), the French
Civic Service Agency to offer more volunteer
opportunities to involve more people during the
2024 Olympics.

Figure 61: Paris 2024 Olympics villages illustration (Source: The Official website of the Olympic Games of Paris 2024)

4.1.4 Conclusion
Above all, it is obvious to see that the Olympics event, involved multiple aspects beyond sports.
hosted in Paris is always a pioneer with According to the Paris 2024 proposal, the
innovations, which are the milestones in the committee propose a universe plan stands for
history. Back to 1900, the second Olympics, the responsibility of humanity. It declared over
it happened in Paris. Although, it lacked the 95% venue is existing or temporary which is
attention, it is a big step forward. Paris is an an ambitious plan to decline the hosting cost
innovated city which is open to new stuff such and contribute to the sustainable development.
as Olympics. After 20 years of the development, Meanwhile, it makes some effect on the public
Olympics became an influence event which participant such as Marathon. It invites ordinary
could impact multiple aspects. Moreover, people to run with champion.
Paris also made a remarkable innovation this
time. It introduced the concept of the Olympic
Village firstly. This movement decide the future
Olympic urban development. On the one hand,
it is more professional to support the athletes.
On the other hand, it strengthened the urban
influence of Olympics. After another 100-year
development of Olympics, it would come back
to Paris again. During this period, the modern
Olympics become the symbolic global mega-
4.2 The temporary proposal
in 2024 Paris Olympics
The committee of the 2024 Paris Olympics
claims that there would be over 95% of
venues which were existing or temporary.
The application of temporary structure is
total temporary venues and hybrid temporary
venues. They would be located in the center
of Paris, especially some historical places.
Besides, according to the official documents,
there is another type of temporary application
is in the Olympics villages. A lot of equipment
would be temporarily installed in the Olympics
villages for the professional requirements.
After games, they would be removed and be
used in other places. Moreover, there is a big
innovation of the Paris 2024. It introduces the
concept of the cultural Olympiad. As Pierre
de Coubertin said, “muscles and mind”, the
Paris 2024 is encouraging everyone – artists,
troupes, non- profits, communities, sports club
and so forth to participant by hosting a series of
temporary events.

4.2.1 2024 Paris Olympics

venues and temporary
structures
The venues of Paris 2024 are located across
France, and it could be divided into 3 parts:
the Paris city, the Île-de-France region, and
throughout France. Most of venues are in the
former two places, as illustrated in the following
figures. As for the throughout France area,
some soccer games are hosted in the other
cities, and some specifical games like surfing
and sailing would happen in the ocean city.
Above all, those two charts demonstrate the
venues and associated information in Paris and
the Île-de-France region. Ii is easy to identify
most of the venues are modifications of existing
buildings or temporary structures.
In Paris
This is the location of the games happening in
the urban area of Paris. It is obvious that most
venues are modified by the existing ones or
some temporary constructions. The committee
fully considers the condition of the heritage in
Paris and takes advantage of the temporary
facilities to achieve a sustainable and affordable
Olympics more than ever.

Figure 62: Paris 2024 Olympics venues location in Paris (Source: author draw)
Table 3: Paris 2024 Olympics venues in Paris and associated information (Source: author draw)
In Paris
La Concorde

La Concorde is an open-air venue at the with the trend of popularity. Besides, the street
heart of Paris for the urban sports such as games could bring more vigor to the modern
BMX freestyle, skateboarding, breaking, 3x3 Olympics. it attracts more youths. It enables
basketball. Due to the character of these sports, the Olympics happen in the street of the
it belongs to the city away from the traditional urban center, which could involve more urban
stadium. And it is the second time to introduce elements into Olympics, such as more citizens,
the street sport into the Olympics, which could the heritage, and etc.
demonstrate the up-date features of modern
Olympics. The Olympic games would change

Figure 63: the location of BMX bike in Paris (Source: author draw)
Figure 64: BMX bike in Paris (Source: The Official website of the Olympic Games of Paris 2024)
Pont Alexandre II

Pont Alexandre III is a bridge between the bounded by four impressive columns supporting
Seine’s two banks, at the heart of Paris and golden bronze statues, and will provide a
surrounded by the countless monuments spectacular backdrop for several events during
sprinkled across the capital. It has been part of the Paris 2024 Games.
the city’s most memorable events since it was
inaugurated for the 1900 Exposition UniversellePont Alexandre III connects two other Paris
and is a work of art and monument in its own 2024 sports venues: the Grand Palais and
right. In the 2024 Paris, it would provide a Invalides, and is the perfect illustration of Paris
spectacular backdrop with the assistance of the2024’s aim to bring the Games to life in the
temporary structures. centre of the world’s most beautiful city and
amid its best-known, most-loved landmarks.
The bridge is 45 metres wide, 107 metres long, The bridge linking Invalides and the Grand

Figure 65: BMX bike in Paris (Source: author draw)

Figure 66: Pont Alexandre III in Paris (Source: [Link]

Palais is also a stone’s throw from Concorde,

the Arena Champ-de-Mars, Pont d’Iéna and
the Eiffel Tower stadium, so the entire area
will be abuzz with energy during the Games. It
will provide a majestic setting for the finish line
of the individual cycling time trials, swimming
marathon, triathlon and para triathlon.
Invalids

Built in 1687 as a military hospital and unique experience for athletes and spectators.
retirement home for war veterans. The Hôtel The venue will be temporary structures and it
des Invalides includes French military history would be removed after games.
museums and monuments, as well as the tomb
of Napoleon Bonaparte. At the heart of Paris,
the Esplanade des Invalides has become one
of the preferred leisure destinations, where
Parisians and tourists can enjoy some sport,
music and walking. In 2024, it will be part of a
dedicated area for the Games, promising a

Figure 67: the location of Hôtel des Invalides in Paris (Source: author draw)
Figure 68: Hôtel des Invalides in Paris (Source: The Official website of the Olympic Games of Paris 2024)
PONT D’IÉNA

Pont d’Iéna is one of Paris’ 37 bridges that cross

the River Seine. Located at the foot of the Eiffel
Tower, it will be part of an area dedicated to the
Games in 2024. In 2024, Pont d’Iéna will offer
an exceptional viewing platform and experience
for spectators and television audiences for the
triathlon, para triathlon, road cycling, athletics
(marathon and 20km race walk) and swimming
(10km marathon swimming) events with the
help of the temporary facilities.

Figure 69: the location of PONT D’IÉNA in Paris (Source: author draw)
Figure 70: PONT D’IÉNA in Paris (Source: The Official website of the Olympic Games of Paris 20240
Eiffel tower stadium

The Champ de Mars is a place to meet up and

celebrate, regularly attracting thousands of
people to share in events together, from the
traditional 14 July firework displays to a Football
World Cup Final, which is now one of Paris’
most iconic public gardens. To stage the beach
volleyball and blind football events, a temporary
outdoor arena will be built in 2024, enabling
everyone to enjoy this venue’s magical setting.

Figure 71: the location of Eiffel tower stadium in Paris

(Source: author draw)
Figure 72: Eiffel tower stadium in Paris (Source: The Official website of the Olympic Games of Paris 2024)
In Île-de-France region
CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES

What??

Figure 73: Paris 2024 Olympics venues location in Île-de-France region (Source: author draw)
Table 4: Paris 2024 Olympics venues in Île-de-France region and associated information
(Source: author draw)
In Île-de-France region
CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES

The Château de Versailles, an iconic symbol the west of the Grand Canal, at the heart of
recognised worldwide, illustrating France’s the Palace’s gardens. This arena will stage
global reputation, will welcome the Olympic two eventing disciplines (dressage test and
Games in a magnificent setting with a rich jumping), as well as the jumping and dressage
history. Thanks to overlay facilities, certain competitions (Olympic and Paralympic).
Paris 2024 events will be staged in a truly
exceptional and historical setting. A temporary
outdoor arena, flanked by several stands, will
be set up on the Etoile Royale esplanade, to

Figure 74: the location of CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES In Île-de-France region (Source: author draw)
Figure 75: CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES In Île-de-France region (Source: The Official website of the Olympic Games of
Paris 2024)
Elancourt hill

The Elancourt hill is for the BMX races and of the temporary venues. Those urban street
no major infrastructure will be created on site, sports such as BMX, skate boarding requires
with a view to minimizing any impact on its to be in the open-air place. The outdoor sports
biodiversity. 95% of the future trails for the need to happen in the rural place. Besides, with
Olympic Mountain biking events are based on the temporary facilities, those games could be
existing paths. Even better, the various routes around the local landmark or in the center of the
to be left as a legacy will offer a selection of city. it could enhance the relationship between
accessible trails for diverse users, from children Olympics and the City. There are more public
and families through to experienced riders. participance in the Paris 2024. In the end, the
temporary proposal takes the most advantage
In conclusion, we could find some principles of the Paris bridge and modify it for spectators
of these temporary venues. At first, it is the with the temporary facilities. This plan enables
character of the sport, which is the precondition the urban infrastructure and the iconic River

Figure 76: the location of BMX races In Île-de-France region (Source: author draw)
Figure 77: BMX races (Source: [Link]

Seine become part of the Olympics. Above all,

the development of the modern Olympics, the
hosting process is more related to the host city,
because the street sports game. It requires
more temporary structure involved.
4.2.2 2024 Paris Olympics
villages and temporary
structures Denis, and mirror the exemplary environmental
The temporary facilities benefit the Olympics standards that Paris 2024 intends to meet. It
village as well. The Olympic village in Paris means these buildings temporarily play the role
2024 is a new building specifically for the of Olympics with the temporary structures.
Olympic and Paralympic. The design of this
Olympic village is with the athletes in order to The temporary facilities, required to address the
improve the accommodation as professional as specific requirements associated with a village’s
possible. Besides the goal of providing optimal operations during the Games (logistics and
accommodation for athletes, when the Games operational capabilities, the athletes’ restaurant,
are over the Village will become a part of the etc.) will complete the facilities left behind as
surrounding city, for people in Seine-Saint- legacy.

Figure 78: the location of Olympics village of Paris 2024 (Source: author draw)
Figure 79: The Olympics village of Paris 2024 (Source: The Official website of the Olympic Games of Paris 2024)

In November 2024, once the Games are over, After the Olympics, those professional facilities
the operators will begin a reversibility phase. and professional decoration could be removed
The circular economy’s principles will be and reused somewhere else properly.
applied through a strategy to reuse materials
during deconstruction. They will hand over a
new, eco-responsible, functional neighborhood,
which will blend into the city of the future, to the
community in 2025.

In conclusion, the interruption of the temporary

facilities enables the Olympics Village the
flexibility. During the Olympics, it could be the
professional accommodation for athletes to
rest, to exercise and to prepare for the game.
4.3 Conclusion

4.3.1 The character of the 4.3.2 The possible supplement

current temporary proposal to the proposal
As previous content, the temporary proposal Comparing the current proposal and the
in the current plan is mainly applied in two previous research, it is obvious that the current
fields, the venues and the Olympics village. temporary proposal is from top to the bottom,
The intervention of the temporary structure which is from the perspective of governments
could bring more possibility and flexibility to the and professional athletes instead of the
modern Olympics. It could support the street ordinary visitors and citizens. Specifically, in the
sports to happen in the city center. It could Paris proposal, the temporary structures mostly
involve the local heritage. It could assist to meet apply to the professional venues and Olympic
some professional requirements in the existing villages. However, the visitors and ordinary
buildings temporally. Moreover, according to people are ignored in the temporary proposal.
the official documents, the reuse system was
appeared in the plan, which brings the whole Thus, our temporary aims to become the
chain of the temporary structures. possible supplement of the exsisting proposal.

On the base of the possibility and flexibility, the For the visitors, the temporary facilities
intervention of the temporary facilities could could be applied into following parts: the
help the Paris 2024 to take the environmental accommodation, the services, and etc.
responsibility and achieve the goal of the The Olympics would be more affordable and
carbon neutrality. Specifically, the Paris 2024 convenient for the public, which is good for
commit to take the advantage of the temporary broadcast the Olympic spirit to more people.
structures to use 95% existing and temporary Apart from that, our proposal would benefit
venues to host the games, which is out of the ordinary citizens as well. The temporary
building process. It could dramatically decrease structure of Olympics would be put in the public
the carbon footprint. space in Paris. It would include multiple aspects
such as culture of the Olympiad, the community
Above all the Paris 2024 is from the perspective sports corner, the fan meeting and so on. It
of athletes and governments to apply the would involve everyone in the city to participant
temporary structures. The former requires the the Olympics, which might be the intangible
temporary structures could give the professional legacy of Paris 2024.
support. The later wants to use them from the
big picture, to achieve the committees such Besides, our temporary proposal would
as the environmental protection, the urban detect more possibility of the temporary
development and etc. After a long history of structures, the appearance, the whole reuse
development, the temporary proposal relatively system, the business of the used temporary
matured. The financial profit is the foundation, structures. It has a big potential for the Olympic
it plays a more significant role of sustainable development.
development, which demonstrate the advance
of the modern Olympics.
Comparing the charpter 3, the followings
demostrate the specific aspects achieving or
missing in the current Paris plan:

What is already in the existing temporary

proposal?
1. The temporary structures are affordable for Paris.
2. The temporary structures are flexible in the Paris proposal, it could be modified in a
short time during the Olympics to be adapted to different sports requirements, according
to the illustration of the existing proposal.
3. The temporary structures are designed to be harmless to the local heritage in the first
place, although Paris 2024 has the closest relationship between the Olympics and the
heritage than ever.
4. Based on the official website, those temporary structures associated with the sports
would be designed with the athletes. With their professional advice, those facilities would
meet the requirements of the Olympics standards.

What is unclear in the existing temporary

proposal?
1. According to the official documents, it is unclear that if the temporary structures are
designed with aethetic appearance.
2. What happened to those temporary application after games is also unclear for now.
There is no related proposal for it.

What is missing in the existing temporary

proposal?
From the existing documents, the current temporary proposal is from the perspective of
governments and professionals. The ordinary people are missing including the visitors
and the citizens. There is a big potential for the temporary facilities to be muti-functional,
including declining the price, becoming more convertible, hosting temporary activities, and
so on.
Chapter5: Temporary
Olympics design for
the public

Figure 80: The Paris Olympics 2024 (Source: [Link]

it-what-is-the-theme-what-do-people-do-on-olympic-day_sto9002461/[Link])

Since 17th century, Paris has become one of

the most significant global cities of the finance,
diplomacy, commerce, fashion gastronomy,
science and arts, even sometimes it was referred
as the capital of the world or “the city of light”. In
this chapter, we would formulate the history of
Paris and Olympics and to research the potential
of the 2024 Paris Olympics.
5.1 Temporary design for the What we proposal is to supply the current plan
from the perspective of the ordinary people
ordinary people by using temporary facilities. We classify the
ordinary people into 2 kinds, the citizens and
the visitors. Our main goal is to enable the
5.1.1 The supplement of the Olympics more affordable, more enjoyable,
current proposal more involved, more convenient for people.
Specifically, ordinary people could gather
together to watch the game, to experience
In the time of professional sports industry, the the game, to enjoy the cultural Olympiad.
attraction of the Olympics is losing. People The citizens have more chance to contribute
have more choices to watch the game. How to the Olympics as volunteers. The visitors
evoke the people’s passion for the Olympics could have a more affordable price to visit
is the key topic for the future development of Paris during Olympics, by stay in the tent or
Olympics. It must boost the participant of public. watch the game in the plaza instead of in the
The temporary facilities might play a significant venues. Connecting to the previous research,
role in the promotion of public. there might be some inspiration in the public
Although, according to the official bidding temporary facilities. To be clear, the objective
documents, it obvious that the Paris make is public rather than professionals, the relevant
a grand effect on the temporary venues and structure design could pay more attention to
Olympics villages in order to achieve the the appearance instead of performance, which
sustainable goal. As for the ordinary people, it means it requires some attraction. Without
lacks a considerable plan to take advantage of doubt, the participants of the public in Olympics
the temporary facilities’ features for the Olympic would be increased because of the temporary
public participants. intervention.

Figure 81: The 2012 Olympics (Source: [Link]

commence)
 5.1.2 The potential places in
Paris
Where to put those temporary facilities is another
key point for our proposal. Paris is a metropolis
city with varies of public spaces include plazas,
museums, gardens, parks and so on. We want to
classify them in to 3 types:Unobstructed space,
Limited obstructed space and obstructed space.

Unobstructed Space
In our proposal, the definition of the unobstructed
space is open without sight block in the city,
include plazas and grass land, such as the Rue
de Grenelle and Champ de Mars. As illustrated
in the followings, there are some open spaces in
Paris which could be the perfect places for the
fans gathering to experience the game, to watch
the game to have some cultural carnival during
the games.

Figure 82: The layout of Unobstructed places in Paris (Source: author draw)
Figure 83: Champ de Mars (Source: [Link]
July_2006_edit.jpg)
 Limited obstructedd space
In our proposal, what we mean of the space
with few obstructions is the park in Paris, which
could offer some private spaces and relatively
open spaces, such as Bois de Vincennes, Parc
des Buttes-Chaumont and La Villette. It could
be used to put the tent zone including some life
supply and other temporary facilities. With the
temporary intervention, visitors would have an
affordable accommodation during the Olympics.
Moreover, it means there might be more visitors
for the Olympics. As illustrated in the following
maps, Paris has adequate parks which could
meet our requirements.

Figure 84: The layout of Limited obstructed place in Paris (Source: author draw)
Figure 85: Parc de la Villette (Source: [Link]
[Link])
Figure 86: The layout of Obstructed placein Paris (Source: author draw)

Obstructed space
In our proposal, the definition of the spaces
with obstruction is focusing on the gardens
and country yard associated to the museums.
It is normally very close to the heritage and
cultural buildings. This place would host the
Olympiad cultural events with the assistance of
the temporary facilities. There are many similar
places in Paris such as Musée du Louvre, Jardin
des Tuileries and Jardin du Palais-Royal. The
layout of this type of spaces is in the following
map.
Figure 87: Musée du Louvre (Source: [Link]
Figure 88: The overview of potential public space in Paris (Source: author draw)
5.1.3 Strategy
The whole strategy is illustrated by the following
diagram. At first, have potential activities of the
ordinary person, which including watching the
games, experiencing sports, Olympics parties,
tents relevant cultural activities. Because the
key point of our temporary proposal is from the
perspective of the public in order to promote
the

Olympics further. Meanwhile, we classify the

space in Paris into 3 types: Unobstructed
space, limited obstructed space, and obstructed
place.

Then, we connect these two elements and

arrange those potential activities into 3 places.
In this way, more urban heritage and people
would be involved. Eventually, it achieves a
win-win situation.
Figure 89: The working system of temporary proposal for Paris 2024 (Source: author draw)
5.1.4 The temporary structure applied
Cartone tube
The success of the cartone tube by Japanese
architect Shigeru Ban found a suitable
method to achieve sustainable and affordable
temporary facilities in Paris in 2024. Through
a series of case studies of Shigeru Ban, the
cartone structure is stable, and low-cost for
the mega event, if the structure is properly
designed. Moreover, by applying the cartone
tube, there would be more possibilities due to
its flexible features. Meanwhile, the consist of
cartone tube could be recycled, which means
it could decline the waste and benefit the
sustainable development goal further.

Representative works: Paper Log House,

Hursley Nine Bridges Golf Club, Paper Church,
Japan Pavilion at World Expo Hannover, etc.
He provides temporary shelters for people
who have suffered huge disasters and been
displaced in Rwanda, Turkey, India, China, Italy,
etc.

Figure 90: Paper Log House (Source: Guan Li’s graduated thesis-A Study of Shigeru Ban's Paper Construction
Architecture)
 Figure 91 & 92: Hursley Nine Bridges Golf Club ( Source: [Link]
htm)

Figure 93 & 94: Paper Church (Source: [Link]

Figure 95 & 96 : Japan Pavilion at World Expo Hannover (Source: [Link]

[Link])
There are four categories used by Shigeru Ban: paper tube-wall system, paper tube frame system,
arch system and grid system. Among them, the utilization rate of the paper tube frame structure is
the highest.

Structure Work Year

Paper wall

Paper tube
structure

Arch

Frame
Figure 97 : Paper tube structure (Source: Guan, L. A Study of Shigeru Ban's Paper Construction Architecture.
Master. Thesis, School of Architecture and urban planning Nanjing University, 2014.
Ship container
The ship container is another temporary
facilities approach mehod. Due to its features,
it could be easy to redesin and transform into
other buildings, which means it has more
possibility as a temporary structure. At the
same time, it has excellent waterproof, fireproof
and anti-corrosion performance, and has strong
anti-seismic and anti-deformation capabilities.

Above all, it could be taken advantage for us to

achieve what we want in Paris a more aethetic,
duarable and sustainable temporay faciliites.

Representative cases: Stadium 947 in Qatar,

Hoorn Bridge, the Netherlands, Starbucks
Seattle Drive-in Restaurant and Pedestrian
Store, Lecco Regional Institute of Technology
Research Center in Milan, and Freitag store in
Switzerland.

Figure 98: The 947 stadium for Qatar world cup 2022 (Source: [Link]
 Figure 99: The 947 stadium for Qatar world cup 2022 (Source: http://
[Link]/stadiums/qat/stadium_974)

Figure 100: Hoorn Bridge, the Netherlands, (Source : [Link]/news)

 Figure 101: Starbucks Seattle Drive-in Restaurant, (Source: [Link]
stories/2013/innovative-new-drive-thrus/)

Figure 102 &103: Regular size of ship container (Source: [Link]

blog/shipping-container-weights-sizes)

Become a temporary system

To be mentioned the application of ship
container could be connect with the cartone
tube sturctures as a system. During the
construction process, the ship container could
carry those cartone tube to site. And after
games, those cartone tubes could also be
carried by ship containers to other places.
5.2 Specific temporary proposal
In the time of professional sports industry, the
attraction of the Olympics is reducing. People
have more choices to watch the game. How to
5.1.1 Temporary proposal for
evoke the people’s passion for the Olympics Place de la Concorde
is the key topic for the future development of
Olympics. It must boost the participant of public.
The temporary facilities might play a significant
role in the promotion of public.
Although, according to the official bidding
documents, it obvious that the Paris make The Place de la Concorde is one of the major
a grand effect on the temporary venues and public squares in Paris, France. Measuring 7.6
Olympics villages in order to achieve the ha (19 acres) in area, it is the largest square
sustainable goal. As for the ordinary people, it in the French capital. It is located in the city's
lacks a considerable plan to take advantage of eighth arrondissement, at the eastern end
the temporary facilities’ features for the Olympic of the Champs-Élysées. During the 2024
public participants. Paris Olympics, it would be transformed into
an outdoor temporary venue. Some games
would be host in this plaza including the
BMX freestyle, the Breaking Dancing, the
skateboarding and the 3X3 basketball games.

As illustrated by the following official

documents, those four sports competitions
would share the plaza for couple days. And it
tells us the number of the courts including 4
basketball courts, 1 stage for dancing, and one
free style field for BMX and skateboarding.

Figure 105: The location of Place de la Concorde(Source:

author draw)

Table 5: Table 5: Paris 2024 Olympics Game schedule (Source: author draw)
Figure 106: Place de la Concorde(Source:[Link]
facettes-22106)

The first challenge of this temporary proposal

is to balance the existing heritage and the
sports requirements. Secondly, the ordinary
citizens are also in the consideration. Although,
the public space is temporarily taken for the
Olympics, it could be also welcome to the
public. The public could also enjoy the games,
even without tickets.

Figure 107: Place de la Concorde (Source: https://

[Link]/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde)
Strategy
What we want to do is to take advantage of the ship containers and paper tube to construct a
temporary venue. To be mentioned, in our proposal, the carton tube and ship container become a
group in the building process, the carton tube would be carried in ship container. After games, the
building would be deconstructed and the tubes would be removed in the ship container.
 3
4

2
Legend
1 3X3 basketball court
2 Skateboarding court
3 Breaking dance court
4 Basketball finals court
5 BMX court
6 Public plaza
7 Temporary complex

Duration period:
1 year

Master plan
It divides into 2 main parts: the ticket zone and
the public zone, as illustrated. The ticket zone
is for the visitors who have the tickets. It would
be made of the cartoon tubes and offer the
perfect view. The public zone is the giant ship
container construction, which is surrounded
the existing heritage. The roof of this building
is open to everyone. They can watch the game
freely. The first floor of this building is consisting
of the athlete services, museum, the retails.
Eventually, it could become a perfect place for
athletes, visitors and the citizens.
Master plan-Ground floor
Legend
Storages

Retails

Multi-functional places

Athelets rest room

Museum

Athelets entrance
Audiance main entrance
Audiance second entrance
Section A-A'

Ticket zone Public zone

0 4 12 Museum Retails

Ticket zone
 Public zone

Obelisk Athlete zone Ticket zone

Museum
Section A-A'

Ticket zone Public zone

0 4 12 Museum Retails

Obelisk
 Public zone

Obelisk Athlete zone Ticket zone

Athlete zone Ticket zone

Section B-B'

Ticket zone Public zone

0 4 12

Ticket zone
 Museum Public zone

Museum
Multi-functional fields
Acoording to the features of the sports, the
temporary venue would be designed as flexibale
as it could be. In our proposal the final 3X3
Basketbal games would share the final stage
with the Breaking dance finals, as illustrated. To
be mentioned, the relevant equipment would be
stored in the ship containers besides the court,
in order to transform quickly.

Basketball court
 Big Screen

Ship container storage

Perspective view from stands of temporary stadium in Place
de la Concorde
Perspective view of main entrance of Place de la Concorde
5.2.2 The temporary proposal
for the courtyard of the city hall
The Hôtel de Ville de Paris has been the seat of
the Paris City Council since 1357. The current
building, with a neo-renaissance style, was
built by architects Théodore Ballu and Edouard
Deperthes on the site of the former Hôtel
de Ville which burnt down during the Paris
Commune in 1871. The courtyard is one of the
most popular open spaces in Paris, which is
always occupied by different kinds of activities
temporarily.

In our proposal is to take advantage of the

carton tube to build a cube, which is multi-
functional and flexible. Based on the carton
cube, we construct temporary buildings which
Figure 108: The location of courtyard of the city hall of
could be multi-functional as a café, a bar, a Paris (Source : The authors draw)
workshop and so on. Meanwhile, there are
some open spaces for kids to play games, for
people to experience sports and watch the
[Link] would be the good place for ordinary
citizens and sports fans to visit during the
Olympics.

Figure 109: Nighttime view of the Hotel de Ville (Source : [Link]

html)
Figure 110: Skating rink at the parvis de l'Hôtel de Ville (Source : [Link]
[Link])

Figure 111: Hotel de Ville following the fire of 1871 (Source : [Link]
html)
Artificial tree structure

Strategy of the carton

tube system
Vertical green Sheild Projector
screen

Extend board Flexible

window

Carton tube
structure
Legend
1
2
1 Bar
2 Workshop 8
3 Cafe
4 Retails
5 Play ground
6 Sports field 3
7 Restaurant
8 Vertical green
9 Watch game 10
10 Bunker 11
11 Plaza
12 Dance floor 4
5

6
7
9

12

Duration period:
6-9 months
Master plan
Play ground Bar

Sports field Plaza

Workshop Cafe

Watch games Restaurant

Vertical green Sunshine

Bunker Dance floor

Section A-A'

Vertical green Bar

0 4 12

Vertical green Bar

 Play ground Wrokshop

Play ground Wrokshop

Section B-B'

Restaraunt Lawn

0 4 12

Restaraunt
Complex Playground

Cafe Retails
Perspective view the courtyard of the city hall
Bird's eye view of the courtyard of the city hall
5.2.3 The temporary proposal
for Pelouse de Reuilly
T h e l a w n o f R e u i l l y, w i t h a n a r e a o f
approximately 10 hectares, is one of the
remains of the International Colonial Exhibition
which took place from May 6toNovember
15, 1931. Situated at one end of the Bois de
Vincennes and close to Daumesnil lake, the
Pelouse de Reuilly is a huge area surrounded
by trees. It hosts numerous public events
throughout the year. The Reuilly lawn hosted
the Fête de l'Humanité from 1966 to 1970 and
the Fête des Bleu-blanc-rouge from 1993 to
2001, bringing together the various sensibilities
of the extreme right around the National Front.
The lawn hosts many political or associative
events, including the famous Foire du Trône , Figure 112: The location of courtyard of the Pelouse de
every year since 1964, where the Paris festival Reuilly(Source : The authors draw)
is fun! since 2016. Similarly, at the end of the
year, several circuses, such as the Pinder
circus or the Arlette Gruss circus , set up to
welcome the Parisian public. Since 2010, a
free flight event (FFVL) has taken place in
this space, Paris Plane. During this event,
Boomerang and mountainboard kites are
presented, as well as construction workshops
for children and demonstrations of acrobatic
kite ballets.

Figure 113: Pelouse de Reuilly (Source: [Link]

Figure 114: The map of courtyard of the Pelouse de Reuilly (Source : [Link]
archive/2017/03/18/[Link])

Figure 115: Pelouse de Reuilly (Source : [Link]

du-trone-de-nouveau-a-paris-sur-la-pelouse-de-reuilly-0504/)
 1

2
5

7
 Master plan

Duration period:
1-2 years

Legend
1 Plaza
2 Stack tent camp
3 Circle tent camp 1
4 Circle tent camp 2
5 Play ground
6 Lawn
7 Restaurant
Strategy-stack effect
This part would become another perfect
example for the temporary accommodations
during the Paris 2024 Olympics. it could reduce
the cost of the visitors from around world. In our
proposal, the stack effect would be introduced
to adjust the hot temperature in Paris summer.
There would be a vertical ship container as the
stack, and 3 ship containers would be buried
underground with water to cool the air. And
there are 3 ship containers on the ground to be
transformed into temporary hotel. Meanwhile,
people could bring their own tent to stay in the
camp. The whole accommodation construction
would be last for couple years in the future.

Camping zone Communicatio

 Wind direction Wind direction

Stack

Fresh air

Adjust temperature

on zone Underground Cool air

ship container
Construction explosion diagram of the ship container
camping construction 3&4

5.38M

2.50M

12.19M
12.19M
 10.00M

21.12M 10.00M
Construction explosion diagram of the ship container
camping construction 3&4

11.00M

3.00M

25.00M 25.00M
 21.50M

15.50M
Bird's eye viewx of Pelouse de Reuilly
5.2.4 The temporary proposal
for the La Villette
The Parc de la Villette is the third-largest park
in Paris, 55.5 hectares (137 acres) in area,
located at the northeastern edge of the city in
the 19th arrondissement. The park houses one
of the largest concentrations of cultural venues
in Paris, including the Cité des Sciences et
de l'Industrie (City of Science and Industry,
Europe's largest science museum), three
major concert venues, and the prestigious
Conservatoire de Paris.

Figure 116: The location of courtyard of the parco La

Villette (Source : The authors draw)

Bernard Tschumi designed the Parc de la Villette with the intention of creating a space that
exists in a vacuum, something without historical precedent (Bernard Tschumi Architects,
n.d.).The park strives to strip down the signage and conventional representations that have
infiltrated architectural design and allow for the existence of a “non-place.” This non-place,
envisioned by Tschumi, is the most appropriate example of space and provides a truly honest
relationship between the subject and the object (Papadakēs, 1988) .Visitors view and react
to the plan, landscaping, and sculptural pieces without the ability to cross-reference them
with previous works of historical architecture. The design of the park capitalizes on the innate
qualities that are illustrated within architectural deconstructivism. By allowing

Figure 117: PARC DE LA VILLETTE (Source : [Link]

 Figure 118: The diagram of PARC DE LA VILLETTE (Source :[Link]
classics-parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi/5037f5b228ba0d599b000691-ad-classics-parc-de-la-
villette-bernard-tschumi-axon

visitors to experience the architecture of the the park, visitors are thrust into a world that
park within this constructed vacuum, the time, is not defined by conventional architectural
recognitions, and activities that take place in relationships.
that space begin to acquire a more vivid and
authentic nature(Tschumi, 1996). The park
embodies anti-tourism, not allowing visitors to
breeze through the site and pick and choose
the sites they want to see. Upon arrival in
 6

3
4 1

Duration period:
1-2 years
General map

Legend
1 Follie
2 Carton tube system
3 Play ground
4 Lawn
5 Restaurant
6 Cafe
7 Stage

Master plan
In the park, the sixteen follies are the most
iconic pieces. In our proposal, the carton tube
structures would be connected to those follies
to become a big camp system. People could
bring their own tents to stay here in an affordable
price. The carton tube would be connected as
carton cube to supply some shields for people
in Paris summer. The folly would become a
supply station for the tent. Meanwhile the folly
would host diverse activities as a stage.
Perspective view temporary camping in La Villette
Bird's eye view temporary camping in La Villette
5.3 Temporary proposal after
games
What happened to the temporary facilities Encourage kids to take part in the games
after Olympics is another essential part of our There is an important concern about the kid’s
proposal. In our plan, the temporary reuse involvement in the recent Olympics documents.
system would become a well-organized chain With the reused system, local children will
to support relevant Olympics events. have the chance to take part in some sports
which used to be hard approach. There are no
5.3.1 The goal of the temporary doubts the local children would be benefited
facilities after games the Olympic temporary facilities.

Although, the goal of the temporary facilities Improve the citizen’s health
in the post-game time is diverse in general. The citizen’s health would be also improved
The main goal--promoting the Olympics sprit by the donate of temporary Olympic facilities.
consist of multiple specific goals. Besides, the People would have more and better choice of
goals of different donating places are not the sports in their daily life. Obviously, it would be
same. good for their health, if they do more exercise.

Increase the sport participants in ordinary

place 5.3.2 The advantages of the
The destination of the temporary facilities could
be the community of Paris or remote places
Olympic temporary facilities
around Paris. This kind of place has the ability
to support the sports event. The Olympics There is no doubt that the Olympics temporary
facilities could be the “spicy” in the local sports facilities have significant potential and pros to
industry. People may take more participants in be used after games. It could play a critical role
the sports because of Olympics influence. to boost the influence of modern Olympics.

Offer more opportunities of sports in poor High standard quality

places As the most important sports event, the
If those temporary facilities go to relatively associated temporary facilities stand for the
poor places such as Africa, it might be the best high quality. As for those sports facilities,
sports equipment in local. Obviously, it could it could meet the requirements of the
offer more opportunities for people to take part professional athletes. Of course, it would be far
in sports. The temporary facilities would play beyond the request of the amateurs. As for the
an important role in the Olympic promotion. service facilities, the situation is the same. It
could cater the daily use. Moreover, it is almost
There are some specific goals of the new. Because the Olympics only last for one or
temporary facilities in the followings: two months.

Boost the local sports events Remarkable symbolic value

As all know, the Olympics is the most symbolic Those temporary facilities also have
sports event in the modern life, the relevant remarkable values in the name of the Olympics,
stuff is highly valuable including the temporary which means it could bring a lot of profits to
facility. It would bring its Olympics story to the the Olympics. Specifically, it could be donated
donated places and encourage the local sports to some poor places in the name of the charity
by its high quality of sports equipment. The of Olympics. it could demonstrate the social
locals would use the same sports facilities as responsibility of the mega-event. In the other
Olympic champions do. It would be a wonderful way, it could be resold as souvenirs. The
experience in their life. incomes could support the future development.
Low-cost for locals
Because of the donating system, it becomes
a kind of charity organization. For the local
governments, it cost nothing. What they have
to do is just maintain those facilities. For the
locals, it must be free to approach in order to
maximize the influence, which must be part of
the donation term.
Chapter6: Conclusion
Nowadays, events play an important role What is the inspiration of the similar events
in peoples’ life. It became more frequent about temporary facilities?
and massive than ever. Hosting an event is
related to urban development and citizens’ To inspire the temporary facilities on Olympics,
happiness. In this condition, how to host the we start to study the similar events. What
event becomes significant. According to our happen in similar events is inspired for our
study, the temporary approach has become the future design in diverse ways. According to our
trend, which is the sustainable way to meet the research, we find that the temporary facilities
requirement of low cost and low waste. could be far different from what we thought. It
could be aesthetic, it could be cheaper, it could
What is the background of this research be sustainable for new materials and on. The
design about the temporary facilities in result fresh our minds. In conclusion, we think
Olympics? the more temporary facilities are the more
capable they are; the more temporary they are,
R e c e n t l y, a n i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r o f t h e the more flexible they are; the more temporary
temporary application appears. It becomes a they are, the more affordable for each aspects.
trend to host events around the world. Because
there are more requirements for hosting an What is the history of temporary facilities in
event especially such as Olympics. Olympics Olympics?
is the highest standard event, which means it
has to face with multiple request form different In the next chapter, we focus on the history
aspects including the environment, the human of temporary facility in Olympics. Through the
rights, the economic and so on. More and research, we find the history origins back to
more host city chose the soft way to host the the begin of the Olympics. At the beginning
Olympics considering these. The temporary period of Olympics, so many facilities are
application apparently is the best choice to temporary because it lacks the profession. It
achieve the goal. is a show for everyone. And the temporary
facilities are the cheapest way to host an event
What are our research questions about the such as Olympics. With the development,
temporary facilities in Olympics? the host city pays more attention to it, and it
becomes a serious event and influence the
So, what are our research questions? In our urban development deeply. In this period,
design research, the research questions are Then, people are aware of the significance
the followings: what the origin of temporary of environment, they choose to apply the
facilities is, how does the temporary facilities temporary facilities to achieve the sustainable
influence the modern Olympic development, goal. Eventually, it becomes the trend in the
and which is the possible future trend of latest Olympics.
the temporary structures in the Olympics.
These questions are related to the core of the What happened in Paris about Olympics
temporary application in the Olympics. We and what is going to happen in Paris 2024?
could follow the temporary history to study
the development of the temporary facilities in Then, we start to study the Paris. We find
Olympics. It is about the Low- cost, sustainable Paris is the city which has a long history with
development, environment protection. Based Olympics. it hosts two time of Olympics and
on that, we can discuss the influence of the will host the third time. Moreover, each time,
temporary facilities on Olympics and discuss Paris always is the innovation Olympics at that
the future. Furthermore, we could image what moment. In the next move, we study the official
meaning of the temporary facilities is on other website, and we find the Paris 2024 declare it
similar events.
would use 95% temporary or existing venues According to our study, we think the temporary
to host the Olympics. The Paris committee pay facilities would become the future of hosting
a lot attention to the temporary applications in events. It is affordable for both government and
order to host the most sustainable Olympics visitors. It could involve more urban elements.
than ever. However, the current situation is It could host more guests for the Olympics.
missing the citizens and the visitors. Through It could be more flexible and increase the
our previous study, the temporary facilities capabilities. Above all, it could not only be
would bring multiple benefits to the ordinary the future of the Olympics, but also for FIFA
people, such as reducing the price, increasing world cup, EXPO and other events. Moreover,
the involvement and so on. it could bring the chance to host such events
even in small downtown.
What is our temporary proposal of Paris
Olympics? – the supplement of the existing
proposal from different perspective?

We consider our temporary Proposal as the

supplement of the existing temporary proposal.
We want to design the facilities from the
perspective of the ordinary people including
the visitors and the citizens. For the visitors, we
want our temporary facilities to reduce the price
of the accommodation, to host more culture
events, to enable the Olympics funnier. For
the citizens, we hope the Olympics won’t take
away the city form the citizens by increasing
the activities. The temporary facilities could
bring more possibility to the urban space which
could involve more citizens and actual bring
them in the Olympics. In conclusion, through
our proposal, the participants of the ordinary
people increase. And the sprits of Olympics are
promoted.

What have we learned in this project?

What we have learned in this design research

is the potential of temporary facilities. With
urban development, there is no longer a need
for huge construction projects happening in
cities of developed countries. The temporary
facilities could bring vitality to the old city. The
city could rely on the temporary approach to
achieve gradual micro development in old
districts. Meanwhile, the temporary facilities
offer opportunities for the small town to host
events that it couldn’t imagine before, due to
the flexibility of the temporary staff. It could be
the new path for mega-event development.

What is the future development of the

temporary application in Olympics and its
influence on similar events.
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