Class 11 - Computer System Notes
1. Introduction to Computer System
A computer is an electronic device that receives input, processes it, stores data, and provides
output. It performs both arithmetic and logical operations.
2. Evolution of Computer
The development of computers is classified into generations:
- First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes, large size, very slow.
- Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors, smaller and faster.
- Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits (ICs).
- Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors.
- Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond): Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics.
3. Computer Memory
Memory stores data and instructions.
- Primary Memory:
* RAM: Temporary, Volatile
* ROM: Permanent, Non-Volatile
- Secondary Memory: HDD, SSD, CD, Pendrive
- Cache Memory: High-speed memory between CPU and RAM
4. Data Transfer between Memory and CPU
The CPU fetches instructions and data from memory via buses:
- Address Bus
- Data Bus
- Control Bus
Data flows between memory and CPU during execution.
5. Data and Information
- Data: Raw facts (e.g., numbers, text)
- Information: Processed data that is meaningful
Example: "80, 90, 75" is data; "Average = 81.67" is information.
6. Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a single integrated chip that acts as the brain of the computer (CPU).
- It processes all instructions from software.
- Contains ALU, CU, and registers.
Examples: Intel Core i5, AMD Ryzen
7. Software
Software is a set of instructions to perform tasks.
- System Software: OS, compilers, drivers
- Application Software: MS Word, Paint, Chrome
- Utility Software: Antivirus, Disk Cleanup
8. Operating System
An Operating System (OS) manages hardware and software.
Functions of OS:
- File management
- Memory management
- Input/output control
- User interface
Examples: Windows, Linux, Android, macOS
