Chapter 6

The Muscular
System

Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College

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 Muscle Movements, Roles, and Names

▪ Follow the Five Golden Rules for understanding

skeletal muscle activity (in Table 6.2, shown next)

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Table 6.2 The Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity

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 Types of Body Movements

▪ Muscles are attached to no fewer than two points

1. Origin: attachment to an immovable or less movable
bone
2. Insertion: attachment to a movable bone
▪ When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves
toward the origin
▪ Body movement occurs when muscles contract
across joints

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Figure 6.12 Muscle attachments (origin and insertion).

Muscle
contracting

Origin

Brachialis

Tendon
Insertion

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 Types of Body Movements

▪ Flexion
▪ Decreases the angle of the joint
▪ Brings two bones closer together
▪ Typical of bending hinge joints (e.g., knee and elbow)
or ball-and-socket joints (e.g., the hip)
▪ Extension
▪ Opposite of flexion
▪ Increases angle between two bones
▪ Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
▪ Extension beyond 180º is hyperextension

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Figure 6.13a Body movements.

Flexion
Hyperextension

Extension

Flexion

Extension

(a) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the shoulder and knee

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Figure 6.13b Body movements.

Hyperextension Extension

Flexion

(b) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension

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 Types of Body Movements

▪ Rotation
▪ Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
▪ Common in ball-and-socket joints
▪ Example: moving the atlas around the dens of axis
(i.e., shaking your head “no”)

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Figure 6.13c Body movements.

Rotation

Lateral
rotation

Medial
rotation

(c) Rotation
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 Types of Body Movements

▪ Abduction
▪ Movement of a limb away from the midline
▪ Adduction
▪ Opposite of abduction
▪ Movement of a limb toward the midline

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Figure 6.13d Body movements.

Abduction

Adduction Circumduction

(d) Abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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 Types of Body Movements

▪ Circumduction
▪ Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction
▪ Common in ball-and-socket joints
▪ Proximal end of bone is stationary, and distal end
moves in a circle

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Figure 6.13d Body movements.

Abduction

Adduction Circumduction

(d) Abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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 Special Movements

▪ Dorsiflexion
▪ Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches
the shin (toward the dorsum)
▪ Plantar flexion
▪ Pointing the toes away from the head

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Figure 6.13e Body movements.

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

(e) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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 Special Movements

▪ Inversion
▪ Turning sole of foot medially
▪ Eversion
▪ Turning sole of foot laterally

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Figure 6.13f Body movements.

Inversion Eversion

(f) Inversion and eversion

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 Special Movements

▪ Supination
▪ Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
▪ Radius and ulna are parallel
▪ Pronation
▪ Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
▪ Radius and ulna cross each other like an X

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Figure 6.13g Body movements.

Pronation Supination
(radius rotates (radius and ulna
over ulna) are parallel)

P
P
s

(g) Supination (S) and pronation (P)

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 Special Movements

▪ Opposition
▪ Moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on
the same hand

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Figure 6.13h Body movements.

Opposition

(h) Opposition

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 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body

▪ Muscles can only pull as they contract—not push

▪ In general, groups of muscles that produce
opposite actions lie on opposite sides of a joint

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 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body

▪ Prime mover—muscle with the major

responsibility for a certain movement
▪ Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a
prime mover
▪ Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a
movement or reduces undesirable movements
▪ Fixator—specialized synergists that hold a bone
still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover

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Figure 6.14a Muscle action.

(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*

Example:
Pectoralis
major
(anterior view)

* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.
The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.

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Figure 6.14b Muscle action.

(b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*

Example: Latissimus
dorsi (posterior view)
The latissimus dorsi
is the antagonist of
the pectoralis major.

* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.
The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.

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Figure 6.14c Muscle action.

(c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction

Example: Deltoid
middle fibers
(anterolateral
view)

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Figure 6.14d Muscle action.

(d) A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction

Example:
Teres major
(posterolateral view)
The teres major
is the antagonist
of the deltoid.

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 Naming Skeletal Muscles

▪ Muscles are named on the basis of several

criteria
▪ By direction of muscle fibers
▪ Example: rectus (straight)
▪ By relative size of the muscle
▪ Example: maximus (largest)

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 Naming Skeletal Muscles

▪ Muscles are named on the basis of several

criteria (continued)
▪ By location of the muscle
▪ Example: temporalis (temporal bone)
▪ By number of origins
▪ Example: triceps (three heads)

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 Naming Skeletal Muscles

▪ Muscles are named on the basis of several

criteria (continued)
▪ By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
▪ Example: sterno (on the sternum)
▪ By shape of the muscle
▪ Example: deltoid (triangular)
▪ By action of the muscle
▪ Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)

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Figure 6.15 Relationship of fascicle arrangement to muscle structure.

(a)

(b) (e)

(c)
(a) Circular (b) Convergent (e) Multipennate
(orbicularis oris) (pectoralis major) (deltoid)

(d) (f)

(f) Bipennate
(g) (rectus
femoris)

(c) Fusiform (d) Parallel (g) Unipennate

(biceps brachii) (sartorius) (extensor digitorum longus)

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Table 6.3 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body (See Figure 6.22) (1 of 3)

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Figure 6.16 Superficial muscles of the head and neck.

Cranial
Frontalis aponeurosis

Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi Occipitalis

Zygomaticus

Buccinator
Masseter

Orbicularis
oris Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius
Platysma

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Table 6.3 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body (See Figure 6.22) (2 of 3)

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Figure 6.17a Muscles of the anterior trunk, shoulder, and arm.

Clavicle

Deltoid

Sternum

Pectoralis
major

Biceps
brachii

Brachialis

Brachio-
radialis

(a)
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Figure 6.17b Muscles of the anterior trunk, shoulder, and arm.

Pectoralis
major

Rectus
abdominis
Transversus
abdominis
Internal
oblique
External
oblique
Aponeurosis

(b)
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Table 6.3 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body (See Figure 6.22) (3 of 3)

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Figure 6.20c Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body.

12th
12th rib thoracic vertebra

Iliac crest
Iliopsoas Psoas major
Iliacus 5th
lumbar vertebra
Anterior superior
iliac spine

Sartorius
Adductor
group
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps*

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Patella

Patellar
ligament

(c)
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Figure 6.20d Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body.

Inguinal
ligament

Adductor
muscles

Sartorius

Vastus
lateralis

(d)
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Figure 6.21a Superficial muscles of the right leg.

Fibularis longus

Tibia
Fibularis brevis
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibularis tertius

(a)
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Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body (Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure 6.23) (1 of 3)

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Figure 6.18a Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk, and arm.

Occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Spine of scapula
Trapezius Deltoid (cut)
Deltoid

Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi

Humerus
Olecranon
process of
(a) ulna (deep
to tendon)
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Figure 6.18b Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk, and arm.

C7
T1

Erector spinae
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis

Quadratus
lumborum

(b)
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Figure 6.19 The fleshy deltoid muscle is a favored site for administering intramuscular injections.

Deltoid
muscle

Humerus

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 Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm

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 A&P Flix : Muscles that act on the shoulder
joint and humerus: An overview.

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 A&P Flix : Muscles of the pectoral girdle.

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 A&P Flix : Muscles of the pectoral girdle.

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 A&P Flix : Muscles of the pectoral girdle.

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 A&P Flix : Muscles that cross the
glenohumeral joint.

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 A&P Flix : Movement at the glenohumeral
joint: An overview.

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Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body (Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure 6.23) (2 of 3)

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Figure 6.18a Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk, and arm.

Occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Spine of scapula
Trapezius Deltoid (cut)
Deltoid

Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi

Humerus
Olecranon
process of
(a) ulna (deep
to tendon)
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Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body (Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure 6.23) (3 of 3)

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Figure 6.20 Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body.

Posterior superior
iliac spine

Iliac crest
Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus Safe area in

gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor
magnus Sciatic nerve

Iliotibial tract

(b)
Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus Hamstring group

Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

(a)
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Figure 6.21b Superficial muscles of the right leg.

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon

Medial malleolus
Lateral
malleolus

(b)
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Figure 6.22 Major superficial muscles of the anterior surface of the body.
Facial
• Frontalis
Facial
• Orbicularis oculi
• Temporalis
• Zygomaticus
• Masseter • Orbicularis oris
Neck
Shoulder • Platysma
• Trapezius • Sternocleidomastoid
Thorax
• Deltoid • Pectoralis minor
• Pectoralis major
Arm • Serratus anterior
• Triceps brachii
• Biceps brachii • Intercostals
• Brachialis
Abdomen
• Rectus abdominis
Forearm • External oblique
• Brachioradialis
• Internal oblique
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Transversus abdominis

Pelvis/thigh
• Iliopsoas

Thigh
• Sartorius
• Adductor muscles
Thigh (Quadriceps)
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius (not shown,
deep to rectus femoris)

Leg
• Fibularis longus
• Extensor digitorum longus
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Tibialis anterior
• Soleus

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Figure 6.23 Major superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the body.

Neck
• Occipitalis
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Trapezius

Shoulder/Back
• Deltoid
Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Brachialis
Forearm • Latissimus dorsi
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpi radialis
longus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
Hip
• Extensor carpi ulnaris • Gluteus medius
• Extensor digitorum
• Gluteus maximus

Thigh
Iliotibial tract
• Adductor muscle
• Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

Leg
• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

• Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles)
tendon

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 Developmental Aspects of the Muscular
System
▪ Increasing muscular control reflects the
maturation of the nervous system
▪ Muscle control is achieved in a superior/inferior
and proximal/distal direction

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 Developmental Aspects of the Muscular
System
▪ To remain healthy, muscles must be exercised
regularly
▪ Without exercise, muscles atrophy
▪ With extremely vigorous exercise, muscles
hypertrophy

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 Developmental Aspects of the Muscular
System
▪ As we age, muscle mass decreases, and
muscles become more sinewy
▪ Exercise helps retain muscle mass and strength

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