Interview Questions for Data Analyst – CS Reporting & Data Management Division

General & Behavioral Questions

1. Tell us about yourself and your experience with data analysis.

2. Why are you interested in this role at our company?

3. Describe a challenging data analysis project you worked on. How did you overcome the
challenges?

4. How do you prioritize and manage multiple reporting requests with tight deadlines?

5. Have you worked in a team-oriented environment? How did you contribute?

6. Give an example of how you identified and resolved a data inconsistency or error.

7. How do you ensure data accuracy and reliability in your reports?

8. What steps do you take to improve the efficiency of your reporting processes?

9. How do you handle miscommunication or conflicting requirements from stakeholders?

10. Can you describe a situation where your analysis directly influenced a business decision?

Technical Questions

SQL & Database Questions

1. What is the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN in SQL?

2. Write an SQL query to retrieve the top 5 customers with the highest purchase amount.

3. How do you optimize SQL queries for performance?

4. Explain the difference between a primary key and a foreign key.

5. What is the purpose of SQL indexing, and how does it impact performance?

6. Can you explain how to use GROUP BY and HAVING clauses together?

7. How would you identify and fix duplicate records in a SQL database?

Excel & Power BI Questions

1. How do you use VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, and INDEX-MATCH in Excel? Which one is more
efficient?

2. Explain the difference between Power BI and Tableau. Which one do you prefer and why?

3. What are DAX functions? Can you give examples of commonly used DAX functions?

4. How do you create a calculated column in Power BI?

5. Explain how you would create a Power BI dashboard to track key performance indicators
(KPIs).
 6. How do you optimize large datasets in Power BI for better performance?

7. Explain the difference between a measure and a calculated column in Power BI.

Reporting & Data Management

1. How do you automate recurring reports using Excel or Power BI?

2. Explain how you would validate data accuracy when preparing reports.

3. What steps do you follow when creating documentation for reporting processes?

4. How do you handle missing or inconsistent data in a report?

5. Explain how you track and report performance metrics for a customer service team.

6. How would you design a report to visualize monthly customer satisfaction scores?

Scenario-Based Questions

1. You receive a request to generate a report urgently, but the data source is incomplete. How
would you handle it?

2. You discover a discrepancy between two reports generated from different data sources.
How would you investigate and resolve it?

3. Your manager asks for a dashboard that compares customer retention rates by region over
the past year. What steps would you take to create it?

4. You need to present complex data insights to non-technical stakeholders. How do you
ensure they understand the key takeaways?

5. You are tasked with automating a weekly report that currently takes 4 hours to create.
How would you approach this?

6. You notice that customer service KPIs are declining in a specific region. How would you
identify the root cause and present your findings?

Skills and Knowledge Validation

1. Explain the concept of data normalization and its importance in database design.

2. What is the difference between descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive

analytics?

3. How do you perform data cleaning and transformation in Excel or Power BI?

4. What are the benefits of using VBA automation in Excel?

5. How do you ensure the confidentiality and security of sensitive customer data in your
reports?

Tips for Preparing

 • Practice SQL queries and Power BI dashboard creation on sample datasets.

• Be ready to explain your projects and how they added value.

• Prepare to demonstrate problem-solving skills with practical scenarios.

• Highlight your collaboration and communication skills, especially in data interpretation and
presentation.

Let me know if you want mock interview practice or more technical questions!

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Interview Questions with Sample Answers – Data Analyst (CS Reporting & Data Management)

General & Behavioral Questions

1. Tell us about yourself and your experience with data analysis. Answer:
“I am a recent MBA graduate with a specialization in Systems and have completed multiple
virtual internships, where I worked on projects related to data analysis and reporting. In my
internship at PwC, I developed Power BI dashboards to visualize financial metrics, which
improved reporting efficiency. I am proficient in SQL, Power BI, and Excel, and I am excited to
apply my analytical skills to contribute to data-driven decision-making in your organization."

2. Why are you interested in this role at our company? Answer:

“I am particularly interested in this role because of the opportunity to work with large
datasets and contribute to business performance tracking. Your company’s focus on data-
driven insights and decision-making aligns with my career goals. Additionally, the
collaborative nature of the CS Reporting & Data Management team excites me, as I enjoy
working with cross-functional teams to optimize processes and enhance reporting
efficiency."

3. Describe a challenging data analysis project you worked on. How did you overcome the
challenges? Answer:
“During my virtual internship at Accenture, I worked on a project where I had to visualize
customer churn data using Power BI. The challenge was handling inconsistent data with
missing values. To overcome this, I performed data cleansing in Excel, replacing null values
with averages and removing duplicates. I also used DAX functions to create calculated
measures, which improved the accuracy of my analysis. This experience taught me the
importance of data validation and attention to detail."
 4. How do you ensure data accuracy and reliability in your reports? Answer:
"To ensure data accuracy, I follow a structured process:

o Data validation: I cross-check data against multiple sources to identify

inconsistencies.

o Automated checks: I use Excel formulas and SQL queries to highlight anomalies or
missing values.

o Version control: I maintain proper documentation to track changes and avoid

duplication errors.

o Peer review: I share reports with colleagues to validate the data before finalizing
them."

5. Give an example of how you identified and resolved a data inconsistency. Answer:
“During my internship at Deloitte, I noticed discrepancies between two reports generated
from different databases. One report showed higher customer retention rates than the
other. Upon investigation, I found that the date filters were applied incorrectly in one of the
reports. I corrected the filtering logic, revalidated the results, and documented the resolution
process to prevent recurrence."

Technical Questions

SQL & Database Questions

1. What is the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN in SQL? Answer:
"An INNER JOIN returns only the matching rows from both tables based on the join
condition. In contrast, a LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matching rows
from the right table. If no match is found, NULL values are displayed for columns from the
right table."

2. Write an SQL query to retrieve the top 5 customers with the highest purchase amount.
Answer:

sql

CopyEdit

SELECT customer_id, SUM(purchase_amount) AS total_spent

FROM orders

GROUP BY customer_id

ORDER BY total_spent DESC

LIMIT 5;
 3. How do you optimize SQL queries for performance? Answer:
"To optimize SQL queries, I:

o Use indexes to speed up data retrieval.

o Avoid using SELECT * and instead specify the required columns.

o Use JOINs efficiently rather than nested subqueries.

o Use query execution plans to identify performance bottlenecks.

o Apply WHERE clauses early to filter data before aggregation."

4. Explain the difference between a primary key and a foreign key. Answer:
"A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table and cannot have NULL values.
A foreign key is a field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table,
establishing a relationship between the two tables."

5. What is the purpose of SQL indexing, and how does it impact performance? Answer:
"Indexing improves the performance of SQL queries by allowing faster data retrieval. It
creates a data structure that helps the database find records quickly without scanning the
entire table. However, excessive indexing can slow down data insertion and updates."

Excel & Power BI Questions

1. How do you use VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, and INDEX-MATCH in Excel? Which one is more
efficient? Answer:
"VLOOKUP searches for a value vertically in the first column, while HLOOKUP searches
horizontally across the top row. INDEX-MATCH is more efficient for large datasets as it
searches based on row and column numbers, reducing processing time."

2. Explain the difference between Power BI and Tableau. Which one do you prefer and why?
Answer:
"Power BI is a Microsoft product, well-integrated with Excel and Azure, and is cost-effective
for businesses. Tableau offers more advanced visualization features and better performance
with large datasets. I prefer Power BI because of its ease of use, built-in DAX functions, and
seamless integration with Excel."

3. What are DAX functions? Can you give examples? Answer:

"DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) is a formula language used in Power BI for data
manipulation. Common DAX functions include:

o CALCULATE() – modifies the filter context.

o SUM() – adds up values in a column.

 o IF() – performs conditional logic."

4. Explain how you would create a Power BI dashboard to track key performance indicators
(KPIs). Answer:
"First, I would import the dataset and transform the data using Power Query. I would then
create calculated columns and measures using DAX to define KPIs. I would use bar charts,
line graphs, and slicers to visualize trends and add filters for drill-down capabilities. Finally, I
would optimize the dashboard layout for readability."

Scenario-Based Questions

1. You receive a request to generate a report urgently, but the data source is incomplete. How
would you handle it? Answer:
"I would first communicate with the requester to clarify the critical data points required. I
would use the available data to create a preliminary report and highlight any missing or
incomplete sections. Simultaneously, I would collaborate with the data team to retrieve or
validate the missing data."

2. You are tasked with automating a weekly report that currently takes 4 hours to create.
How would you approach this? Answer:
"I would automate the data extraction process using SQL queries and create a Power BI
report template. I would apply scheduled refreshes and use Excel macros or Power Automate
to streamline the report generation and distribution, reducing manual effort."

3. You need to present complex data insights to non-technical stakeholders. How do you
ensure they understand the key takeaways? Answer:
"I would use simple and clear visualizations, such as bar charts and line graphs, with labels
and legends. I would focus on key metrics and trends, avoiding technical jargon. I would
provide a summary of the findings with actionable recommendations."

Skills and Knowledge Validation

1. Explain the concept of data normalization and its importance in database design.
Answer:
"Data normalization is the process of organizing data into smaller, related tables to eliminate
redundancy and improve data integrity. It reduces duplication, minimizes anomalies, and
optimizes storage efficiency."

2. How do you ensure the confidentiality of sensitive customer data in reports? Answer:
"I would apply data masking techniques, restrict access to authorized personnel, and follow
 data encryption standards. I would also adhere to company policies and regulations, such as
GDPR or HIPAA, when handling sensitive information."

Let me know if you need more interview questions, deeper technical explanations, or mock interview
practice!

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Additional Interview Questions with Sample Answers – Data Analyst (CS Reporting & Data Management)

General & Behavioral Questions

1. How do you handle conflicting reporting requests with tight deadlines?

Answer:
"When handling conflicting requests, I prioritize based on urgency and impact. I clarify the
deadlines with the stakeholders and assess which reports are business-critical. I
communicate proactively with the stakeholders, providing realistic timelines. If needed, I
collaborate with my team to delegate tasks or automate repetitive processes to meet the
deadlines efficiently."

2. Can you describe a situation where you had to collaborate with cross-functional teams?
Answer:
"During my internship at Citi, I collaborated with both the finance and IT teams to generate a
revenue tracking dashboard. The finance team provided the business requirements, while
the IT team assisted with data extraction. I facilitated communication between the two
teams to align on data accuracy and reporting formats, ensuring the final dashboard met all
stakeholder needs."

3. Tell me about a time when you suggested a process improvement.

Answer:
"During my virtual internship at JPMorgan, I noticed that the monthly financial report
generation process was manual and time-consuming. I suggested automating data
extraction using SQL scripts and generating visual reports in Power BI. This reduced the
reporting time by 40% and improved data accuracy by minimizing manual errors."

4. How do you stay updated with the latest data analysis trends and tools?
Answer:
"I stay updated by following data analytics forums, blogs, and attending webinars. I also
 take online courses on platforms like Coursera and Udemy to enhance my technical skills.
Recently, I completed a Power BI course that helped me improve my DAX proficiency."

5. How do you handle large datasets efficiently in Excel or Power BI?

Answer:
"When working with large datasets:

o In Excel, I use Power Query for data extraction and cleaning, and PivotTables for
summarizing large data efficiently.

o In Power BI, I use data modeling best practices, such as defining relationships
between tables and applying filters at the query level to reduce processing time."

Technical Questions

SQL & Database Questions

1. What is the difference between a WHERE and a HAVING clause in SQL?

Answer:
"The WHERE clause filters records before aggregation, while the HAVING clause filters
groups after aggregation.
For example:

sql

CopyEdit

SELECT department, AVG(salary)

FROM employees

WHERE salary > 5000

GROUP BY department

HAVING AVG(salary) > 7000;

Here, the WHERE filters individual salaries, and the HAVING filters the aggregated average salary."

2. Explain the difference between UNION and UNION ALL in SQL.

Answer:
"UNION combines results from two queries and removes duplicates, while UNION ALL
includes all records, even duplicates.

o UNION: Slower due to duplicate removal.

o UNION ALL: Faster because it does not remove duplicates."

 3. How do you find duplicate records in SQL?
Answer:

sql

CopyEdit

SELECT customer_id, COUNT(*)

FROM orders

GROUP BY customer_id

HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

"This query identifies customers with duplicate orders by grouping by customer_id and filtering those with a
count greater than 1."

4. What are window functions in SQL? Provide an example.

Answer:
"Window functions perform calculations across a set of table rows related to the current
row.
Example:

sql

CopyEdit

SELECT customer_id, order_date,

SUM(purchase_amount) OVER (PARTITION BY customer_id ORDER BY order_date) AS running_total

FROM orders;

This calculates a running total of purchases for each customer."

5. How do you normalize a database? What are the benefits?

Answer:
"Database normalization involves organizing data into smaller, related tables to reduce
redundancy and improve efficiency.

o 1NF (First Normal Form): Ensures atomicity (no repeating groups).

o 2NF (Second Normal Form): Removes partial dependencies.

o 3NF (Third Normal Form): Eliminates transitive dependencies.

Benefits include data consistency, reduced redundancy, and improved query
performance."

Excel & Power BI Questions

 1. How do you use PivotTables to analyze data in Excel?
Answer:
"PivotTables allow me to summarize and analyze large datasets by grouping data, calculating
totals, and filtering.

o I import the data into Excel, select Insert → PivotTable, and define the row and
column fields.

o I use Calculated Fields to create custom metrics and apply filters for dynamic
analysis."

2. Explain the difference between relationships and joins in Power BI.

Answer:
"In Power BI:

o Relationships link tables based on a common column. They are defined in the Model
view.

o Joins combine tables in Power Query using operations like Inner, Left, Right, and Full
Outer joins."

3. How do you create a measure in Power BI?

Answer:
"To create a measure:

o Go to Model view → New Measure.

o Write a DAX formula like:

java

CopyEdit

Total Sales = SUM(Sales[Amount])

o Add the measure to a visualization for analysis."

4. How do you use DAX functions to calculate year-over-year (YoY) growth?

Answer:

DAX

CopyEdit

YoY Growth =

CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Revenue]), SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR(Sales[Date]))

"This formula calculates the revenue for the same period in the previous year, allowing you to measure YoY
growth."
 5. How do you handle missing or inconsistent data in Power BI reports?
Answer:
"I use Power Query to:

o Remove duplicates and blank rows.

o Replace null values with meaningful defaults or averages.

o Apply data type transformations to ensure consistency.

o Use error-handling functions like IFERROR() to display custom messages for missing
data."

Scenario-Based Questions

1. You are asked to generate a customer service performance report. What steps would you
take?
Answer:
"I would follow these steps:

o Identify requirements: Understand the metrics (e.g., resolution time, customer

satisfaction).

o Data extraction: Use SQL to extract data from the database.

o Data cleaning: Remove duplicates, handle null values, and normalize the data.

o Data visualization: Create a Power BI dashboard with KPIs and filters for easy
analysis.

o Validation: Verify accuracy before sharing the report."

2. You discover that two reports show different results for the same data. How would you
resolve this?
Answer:
"I would:

o Review the query logic for both reports to identify inconsistencies.

o Check the date range, filters, and aggregation methods used.

o Verify the data source and confirm that both reports use the same dataset.

o Standardize the filtering criteria and update the report documentation."

3. How would you optimize a slow Power BI dashboard?

Answer:
"To optimize a slow dashboard:
 o Use Direct Query mode for large datasets.

o Aggregate data before importing it.

o Reduce the number of visuals and avoid complex DAX calculations.

o Apply query folding in Power Query to improve performance."

QL Commands Categories (Side Headings)

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

o CREATE

o ALTER

o DROP

o TRUNCATE

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

o SELECT

o INSERT

o UPDATE

o DELETE

3. Data Query Language (DQL)

o SELECT

4. Data Control Language (DCL)

o GRANT

o REVOKE

5. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

o COMMIT

o ROLLBACK

o SAVEPOINT

6. Joins and Set Operations

o INNER JOIN

o LEFT JOIN

o RIGHT JOIN

o FULL OUTER JOIN

o UNION

o UNION ALL
 7. SQL Functions and Clauses

o GROUP BY

o HAVING

o ORDER BY

o DISTINCT

o CASE

o LIMIT / OFFSET

o COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX

8. Advanced SQL Operations

o Subqueries

o Window Functions

o Common Table Expressions (CTE)

o Indexing

o Stored Procedures

o Triggers

Let me know if you need further details on any category!

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Additional SQL Categories (Side Headings)

9. Constraints

o PRIMARY KEY

o FOREIGN KEY

o UNIQUE

o NOT NULL

o CHECK

o DEFAULT

10. Views and Indexing

• CREATE VIEW

• ALTER VIEW
• DROP VIEW

• CREATE INDEX

• DROP INDEX

11. Data Types

• INT, BIGINT, SMALLINT

• VARCHAR, CHAR, TEXT

• DATE, TIME, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP

• FLOAT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC

• BOOLEAN

12. String Functions

• CONCAT

• LENGTH

• SUBSTRING

• TRIM

• REPLACE

• LOWER / UPPER

13. Mathematical Functions

• ABS()

• CEIL() / FLOOR()

• ROUND()

• MOD()

• RAND()

14. Date and Time Functions

• NOW()

• CURDATE() / CURTIME()

• DATEADD() / DATEDIFF()

• TIMESTAMPDIFF()

• DATE_FORMAT()

15. Aggregate Functions

• COUNT()

• SUM()
 • AVG()

• MIN() / MAX()

16. Normalization Forms

• First Normal Form (1NF)

• Second Normal Form (2NF)

• Third Normal Form (3NF)

• Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

• Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

• Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

17. Operators

• Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /)

• Comparison Operators (=, !=, >, <, >=, <=)

• Logical Operators (AND, OR, NOT)

• LIKE and IN Operators

• BETWEEN Operator

18. Optimization Techniques

• Query Execution Plan

• Index Optimization

• Partitioning

• Caching

• Query Hints

More SQL Categories (Side Headings)

19. Stored Procedures and Functions

• CREATE PROCEDURE

• ALTER PROCEDURE

• DROP PROCEDURE

• CREATE FUNCTION

• EXECUTE

20. Triggers

• CREATE TRIGGER

• AFTER INSERT
• AFTER UPDATE

• AFTER DELETE

• BEFORE INSERT

21. Recursive Queries

• WITH RECURSIVE

• CTE (Common Table Expressions)

22. Temporary Tables

• CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE

• INSERT INTO TEMP TABLE

• DROP TEMP TABLE

23. Transactions and Locking

• BEGIN TRANSACTION

• COMMIT TRANSACTION

• ROLLBACK TRANSACTION

• LOCK TABLE

• UNLOCK TABLE

24. Error Handling in SQL

• TRY...CATCH

• RAISERROR

• THROW

• @@ERROR

25. Privileges and Roles

• CREATE ROLE

• ALTER ROLE

• DROP ROLE

• GRANT PRIVILEGES

• REVOKE PRIVILEGES

26. Data Export and Import

• SELECT INTO

• BULK INSERT

• IMPORT/EXPORT WIZARD
• LOAD DATA INFILE

27. Backup and Restore

• BACKUP DATABASE

• RESTORE DATABASE

• EXPORT DATA

• IMPORT DATA

28. SQL Injection Prevention Techniques

• Parameterized Queries

• Stored Procedures

• Input Validation

• Escaping Special Characters

29. Database Cloning and Replication

• CREATE DATABASE AS CLONE

• MASTER-SLAVE REPLICATION

• LOG SHIPPING

• MIRRORING

30. Partitioning and Sharding

• RANGE Partitioning

• LIST Partitioning

• HASH Partitioning

• COMPOSITE Partitioning

• Horizontal and Vertical Sharding

31. SQL Performance Tuning

• Query Optimization

• Index Tuning

• Execution Plan Analysis

• Table Partitioning

• Use of Caching

32. Data Masking and Anonymization

• Dynamic Data Masking

• Static Data Masking

 • Redaction Functions

Microsoft Power BI is an interactive data visualization software product developed by Microsoft with a primary
focus on business intelligence (BI).[7] It is part of the Microsoft Power Platform. Power BI is a collection of
software services, apps, and connectors that work together to turn various sources of data into static and
interactive data visualizations. Data may be input by reading directly from a database, webpage, PDF, or
structured files such as spreadsheets, CSV, XML, JSON,[8] XLSX, and SharePoint.[9]

General

[edit]

Power BI provides cloud-based BI (business intelligence) services, known as "Power BI Services", along with a
desktop-based interface, called "Power BI Desktop". It provides data warehouse capabilities including data
preparation, data mining, and interactive dashboards.[10] In March 2016, Microsoft released an additional
service called Power BI Embedded on its Azure cloud platform.[11] One main differentiator of the product is the
ability to load custom visualizations.

History

[edit]

The software was originally used as Power Pivot and Power Query in Microsoft Excel. This application was
originally conceived by Thierry D'Hers and Amir Netz of the SQL Server Reporting Services team at
Microsoft.[12] It was originally designed by Ron George in the summer of 2010 and named Project
Crescent.[13] Project Crescent was initially available for public download on 11 July 2011, bundled with SQL
Server Codename Denali.[14] Later renamed Power BI it was then unveiled by Microsoft in September 2013 as
Power BI for Office 365.[15] The first release of Power BI was based on the Microsoft Excel-based add-ins: Power
Query, Power Pivot and Power View. With time, Microsoft also added many additional features like question
and answers, enterprise-level data connectivity, and security options via Power BI Gateways.[10] Power BI was
first released to the general public on 24 July 2015. It has several versions for desktop, web, and mobile app.[16]

Microsoft Power BI logo

On 14 April 2015, Microsoft announced that they had acquired the Canadian company Datazen, to
"complement Power BI, our cloud-based business analytics service, rounding out our mobile capabilities for
customers who need a mobile BI solution implemented on-premises and optimized for SQL Server." [17] Most of
the 'visuals' in Power BI started life as Datazen visuals.

Key components

[edit]
 Example of a screenshot from the software

Key components of the Power BI ecosystem are as follows:

Power BI Desktop[18]

The Windows desktop-based application for PCs, primarily for designing and publishing reports to the service.

Power BI Service

The SaaS-based (software as a service) online service. This was formerly known as Power BI for Office 365, now
referred to as PowerBI.com or simply Power BI.

Power BI Mobile Apps

Power BI Mobile apps are for Android and iOS devices, as well as for Windows phones and tablets.

Power BI Gateway

Gateways are used to sync external data in and out of Power BI and are required for automated refreshes. In
enterprise mode, it can also be used by Microsoft Power Automate (previously called Flows) and PowerApps in
Office 365.

Power BI Embedded

Power BI REST API can be used to build dashboards and reports into the custom applications that serve Power
BI users and non-Power BI users.

Power BI Report Server

An on-premises Power BI is a reporting product for companies that choose not to store data in the cloud-based
Power BI Service.

Power BI Premium

Capacity-based offering that includes flexibility to publish reports broadly across an enterprise without
requiring recipients to be licensed individually per user. This provides greater scale and performance than
shared capacity in the Power BI Service.

Power BI Visuals Marketplace

A marketplace of custom visuals and R-powered visuals.[19]

Power BI Dataflow[20]

A Power Query implementation in the cloud that can be used for data transformations to make a common
Power BI Dataset, which can then can be made available for report developers through Microsoft's Common
Data Service. For example, it can be used as an alternative to doing transformations in SSAS and may ensure
that several report developers use data that has been transformed similarly.

Power BI Dataset
A Power BI Dataset can work as a collection of data for use in Power BI reports, and can either be connected to
or imported into a Power BI Report.[21] A dataset can be connected to and get its source data through one or
more dataflows.

Power BI Datamart

Within Power BI, the datamart is a container that combines Power BI Dataflows, datasets, and a type of data
mart or data warehouse (in the form of an Azure SQL Database) into the same interface. The interface then has
the possibility of being a single place for the administration of both the ETL layer (Dataflow), an intermediary
data mart (with for instance storage of star schemas, dimension tables, fact tables), and finally the modeling
layer (dataset).

Power BI Datahub

A data hub for discovering Power BI datasets within an organization's Power BI Service so that datasets may be
reused from one central location. It offers details on the things as well as an access point for working with
them, such as building reports on top of them, utilizing them with Excel's Analyze feature, accessing settings,
controlling permissions, and more.[22]

Power Query

[edit]

Further information: Power Query

ETL processes in both the web and desktop versions of Power BI are facilitated in Power Query through built-in
connectors to pull data from a wide variety of sources. Power Query provides a GUI which allows users to
perform many common data preparation operations without needing to write code, though more advanced
operations may be performed through expressions written in the M formula language.[23]

Licenses

[edit]

Power BI has many different licenses depending on use.

User licenses

[edit]

Some common user licenses are free, pro, and premium. Free users must be part of an organization with a
Power BI license. They can consume reports, and can also build, but not publish. In practice, creators need at
least a pro license in order to publish reports. Premium users can publish like a pro but also have more features
available for developing.

Workspace licenses

[edit]

Premium capacity refers to the license of the workspace, not the licenses of its users or creators. Also, access
to several features, functionalities, and kinds of content that are exclusively accessible through premium is
made possible with a Power BI Premium per-user license.[24] Premium per user is a special workspace license
which was added in November 2020,[25] and can be a more affordable alternative to premium workspace
licenses for organizations with few users which have advanced analytical requirements.[25]

Paginated reports
[edit]

Further information: SQL Server Reporting Services § Power BI Report Builder

Paginated reports for Power BI, which can be built with Power BI Report Builder, are a special type of SSRS
reports with pagination formatting which can give better control of the layout of reports which need to be
printed to paper or PDF. This is in contrast to regular Power BI reports which instead are optimized for
presentation or interactivity and exploration on a screen. Paginated reports can, as of 2022, not be made with
the regular Power BI Desktop report builder software. Instead, the standalone Power BI Report Builder has to
be used, which can be viewed as a descendant of the SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) Microsoft Report
Builder for Microsoft SQL Server introduced in 2004. It is also similar to the Report Designer in SQL Server Data
Tools.

Power BI Paginated reports are saved in the Report Definition Language (.rdl file format), as opposed to the
.pbix file of regular Power BI reports. The RDL format is based on XML and was proposed by Microsoft as a
benchmark for defining reports with SSRS.

Paginated reports may be more suitable than regular Power BI reports, and may include printing of invoices or
other repeated printouts of reports with a similar layout but different content, or for printing reports where
text would otherwise overflow due to being cut off by scrollbars.

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Power BI Desktop". Microsoft Apps. Retrieved 18 March 2025.

2. ^ "Microsoft Power BI Desktop". Microsoft. Retrieved 18 March 2025.

3. ^ LeBlanc, Patrick (21 February 2025). "Power BI February 2025 Feature

Summary". Microsoft Power BI. Retrieved 18 March 2025.

4. ^ "Microsoft Power BI". App Store. Retrieved 18 March 2025.

5. ^ "Microsoft Power BI". Google Play. Retrieved 18 March 2025.

6. ^ "Microsoft Power BI 2.2.250312.21239409". APKMirror. 12 March 2025.

Retrieved 18 March 2025.

7. ^ "Bring your data to life with Microsoft Power BI". Microsoft.com.

Microsoft. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2016.

8. ^ "List of all Power Query connectors - Power Query". learn.microsoft.com. 31 March

2023. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.

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 Further reading

[edit]

• Gunnarsson, Ásgeir; Johnson, Michael (2020). Pro Microsoft Power BI Administration:

Creating a Consistent, Compliant, and Secure Corporate Platform for Business Intelligence.
Apress. ISBN 978-1484265666.

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[edit]

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