Operating System - Complete Notes
(MSBTE Polytechnic 5th Sem K Scheme)
1.1 Operating System: Concept & Functions
An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides services for computer programs. It acts as a bridge between the user
and the hardware.
Functions of an OS: Process Management: Handles creation, scheduling, and termination
of processes. Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory space as needed.
File System Management: Manages files and directories, including permissions. I/O System
Management: Controls and facilitates input/output operations. Security & Protection:
Prevents unauthorized access to data and resources. User Interface: Provides CLI or GUI for
interaction.
Diagram: Basic OS Structure
User
Application Programs
Operating System
Hardware
1.2 Different Types of Operating Systems
Batch Operating System: Executes jobs in batches without user interaction. Suitable for
repetitive jobs. Multi-programmed OS: Multiple programs loaded in memory, CPU switches
between them for efficiency. Time-Shared OS: Allocates CPU time slices to each
user/program, allowing simultaneous interaction. Multiprocessor System: Uses two or more
processors for parallel processing and better performance. Distributed System: Multiple
interconnected computers work as a single system. Real-Time System: Responds to inputs
instantly, used in industrial, medical, and defense applications. Mobile OS: Designed for
mobile devices (e.g., Android OS) with touch and sensor support.
Diagram: Types of Operating Systems
Batch OS Multi-programmed OS Time-Shared OS
Multiprocessor OS Distributed OS Real-Time OS
Mobile OS
1.3 Command-line & GUI-based Operating Systems
Command-line OS: Uses text-based commands for operation. DOS: Disk Operating System,
simple CLI for file and disk operations. UNIX: Powerful CLI-based OS used in servers and
academic environments. GUI-based OS: Uses graphical interface with icons and windows.
Windows: Most popular desktop OS. Linux: Open-source, customizable GUI options. Mac OS:
Apple's proprietary GUI OS for desktops and laptops.
1.4 Services of OS & System Calls
OS Services: Program Execution I/O Operations File System Manipulation Communication
Error Detection Resource Allocation System Calls: Interface between user programs and the
OS kernel. Process Control File Management Device Management Information Maintenance
Communication
1.5 Operating System Components
Process Management: Manages processes in the system. Main Memory Management:
Tracks memory usage and allocations. File Management: Organizes and controls file access.
I/O Management: Handles device communication. Secondary Storage Management:
Manages hard disk and other storage devices.
Process Mgmt Memory Mgmt File Mgmt
I/O Mgmt Secondary Storage Mgmt Security
