SALT ANALYSIS

TEST FOR ANION

DILUTE GROUP : CO32―, S2―, NO2― ,SO32-

CARBONATE (CO32-):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Brisk effervescence is observed CO32- MIGHT BE present.
2. Pass the gas in lime Lime water turns milky CO32- present.
water.
3. Salt + H2O + MgSO4 White ppt is observed CO32- confirmed.
1. CaCO3 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O + CO2↑( ON THE BLANK PAGE)
(Brisk Effervesence)
2. Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O

3. Na2CO3 + MgSO4 MgCO3↓ + Na2SO4

(White PPt.)

SULPHIDE (S2―):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Black salt smell is observed. S2- may be present .
2. Pass the gas on the Black ppt. Is observed S2- Confirmed.
paper wet in lead
acetate.

1. Na2S + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2S↑.

(Black salt smell)
2. Na2S + (CH3COO)2Pb -PbS↓ + 2 CH3COONa
(Black ppt.)

NITRITE(NO2―):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Red – Brown colour, Pungent NO2- may be present.
smell gas is observed

2. Salt + H2O + CH3COOH + Brown / Black colour solution NO2- confirmed.

FeSO4. is obtained.
1. 3 KNO2 + 3H2SO4 -3KHSO4 + HNO3 +H2O + 2NO
2 NO + O2 - 2NO2↑.
(Red – Brown gas)
2. KNO2 + CH3COOH - CH3COOK + HNO2
3 HNO2 - HNO3 + 2 NO + H2O.
FeSO4 + NO - FeSO4.NO
(Brown / Black colour solution)
CONCENTRATED GROUP: Cl―, Br―, I―, NO3―, CH3COO—,C2O42-

CHLORIDE(Cl―):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved CO32-,S2- NO2- are absent
1
 Pungent smell, colourless gas Cl― may be present.
2.Salt + Con. H2SO4 is observed.
3. Pass the gas on the rod Dark white fumes are Cl― present.
dipped in NH4OH observed
4.Salt + water+ AgNO3 Cl― Confirmed.

5.CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: White ppt. Is observed which Cl― Confirmed.

Salt + K2Cr2O7+Con. is soluble in excess of NH4OH
H2SO4+Δ+NaOH+ Dil. CH3COOH+ A yellow ppt. is formed.
(CH3COO)2Pb .

1. NaCl + H2SO4 - NaHSO4 + HCl↑

(Pungent smell)
2. NH4OH + HCl - NH4Cl↑ + H2O
(Dark white fumes)
3. NaCl + AgNO3 - AgCl↓ + NaNO3
(White ppt)
AgCl + 2 NH4OH - [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2 H2O.
(Water Soluble complex)
CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST:
4 NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4  2Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 +3H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 4 NaOH  Na2CrO4 + 2 H2O + 2NaCl.
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb  PbCrO4↓ + 2 CH3COONa
(Lead Chromate)
(Yellow ppt.)
BROMIDE: Br―

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved CO32-,S2- NO2- are absent
2. Salt + Con. H2SO4 Pungent smell, red-brown Br― may be present.
colour gas is observed.
3. Salt + water+ AgNO3 Yellow ppt. Is observed which
is partially soluble in excess of Br― Confirmed.
NH4OH

1. NaBr + H2SO4 - NaHSO4 + HBr

H2SO4 + 2 HBr - SO2 + Br2 ↑ + 2 H2O
(Red – Brown gas)
2. NaBr + AgNO3 - AgBr↓ + NaNO3
(Yellow ppt)
IODIDE: I―
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved CO32-,S2- NO2- are absent
2. Salt + Con. H2SO4 Violet coloured vapours are I― may be present.
observed.
3. Salt + water+ AgNO3 Yellow ppt. Is observed which
is insoluble in excess of I― Confirmed.
NH4OH

1. KI + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HI
H2SO4 + 2 HI - SO2 + I2 ↑ + 2H2O
(Violet vapours)
2. KI + AgNO3 - AgI↓ + NaNO3
(Yellow ppt)

2
NITRATE: NO3―
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved CO32-,S2- NO2- are absent
2. Salt + Con. H2SO4 No gas is observed.
NO3― may be present.
3. Add a piece of paper or copper NO3― may be Present.
turning in the above solution and Brown gas is evolved
heat it.
4.. Salt + Water + FeSO4 .Add Conc. A Red – Brown colour ring is NO3― Confirmed.
H2SO4 from the wall of test tube. observed.

1. 2 KNO3 + H2SO4 - K2SO4 + 2 HNO3

4 HNO3 - 4 NO2↑ + 2 H2O + O2.

If paper palate is used then reactions will be:

2 KNO3 + H2SO4 - K2SO4 + 2 HNO3
4 HNO3 + C - 4 NO2↑ + 2 H2O + CO2.

On adding copper turning:

4 HNO3 + Cu - Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2↑ + 2 H2O
(Red – Brown gas)
2. KNO3 + H2SO4 - KHSO4 + HNO3
6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 - 3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5 H2O - [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4.
(Brown ring)

ACETATE: CH3COO―
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved CO32-,S2- NO2- are absent
2.Salt + Con. H2SO4 Smell of vinegar is observed. CH3COO― may be present.
3. Salt + Water + Neutral FeCl3 A Red – Brown ppt. is
solution. observed. CH3COO― Confirmed.

1. CH3COONa + H2SO4 -NaHSO4 + CH3COOH↑

(Vinegar like smell)
2. 3 CH3COONa + FeCl3 - (CH3COO)3Fe +3 NaCl
(CH3COO)3Fe + 2 H2O - (CH3COO)(OH)2Fe↓ + 2 CH3COOH
Red – Brown ppt.

SPECIAL GROUP : SO42―, PO43―

SULPHATE: SO42―:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved CO32-,S2- NO2- are absent
2.Salt + Con. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Cl-,Br-,I-,NO3- CH3COO- are absent.
3. Salt + Water + BaCl2. A White ppt. is observed. Special group, SO42- present and confirmed.

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 - BaSO4↓ + 2 NaCl

(White ppt)

3
PHOSPHATE: PO43―
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved CO32-,S2- NO2- are absent
2.Salt + Con. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Cl-,Br-,I-,NO3- CH3COO- are absent.
3. Salt + Water + Con. HNO3+ A Canary yellow ppt. is Special group, PO43- present and confirmed.
Ammonium molybdate + Δ . observed.

K3PO4 + 3(NH4)2MoO4 - 2(NH4)3PO4 + 3K2MoO4

K2MoO4 + 2 HNO3 - H2MoO4 + 2 KNO3
H2MoO4 - MoO3 + H2O
(NH4)3PO4 + 12 MoO3 + 6 H2O - (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3.6H2O
( Canary Yellow ppt)

CATIONS : (BASIC RADICALS)

GROUP GROUP MEMBER GROUP REAGENT PRELIMINARY TEST

ZERO NH4+ None (NaOH) Smell of NH3 is observed

FIRST Pb2+ Dil. HCl PbCl2 (White ppt.)

SECOND Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+ H2S (In presence of Dil. HCl) PbS (Black ppt), CuS(Black ppt), As2S3
(Yellow ppt)

THIRD Al3+, Fe3+ NH4OH (In presence of NH4Cl) Al(OH)3 (White ppt); Fe(OH)3 (Red
brown ppt)

FOURTH Ni2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ H2S (In presence of NH4O H) NiS(Black ppt.), CoS(Black ppt), MnS
(Buff colour ppt.), ZnS(White ppt)

FIFTH Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4OH BaCO3 (White ppt.), SrCO3 (White
ppt), CaCO3 (White ppt.)

SIXTH Mg2+ None (NH4)2HPO4. Mg(NH4)PO4 (White ppt)

GROUP ZERO
AMMONIUM (NH4+)
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + NaOH Smell of ammonia is observed. Zero group, NH4+ may be present.
2. Pass the gas on the rod dipped in Dark white fumes are observed. NH4+ present.
Dil. HCl.
CONFIRMATORY TEST: Reddish brown ppt. is observed. NH4+ Confirmed.
1. Salt + H2O + Nessler’s Reagent.

1. NH4Cl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O + NH3↑

(Smell of ammonia).
2. NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
(White Fumes)
4
 CONFIRMATORY TEST:
3. 2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3 KOH  H2N.HgO.HgI ↓+ 7 KI + 2H2O
(Nessler’s reagent) (Reddish Brown ppt.)(Milion’s reagent)

GROUP FIRST
LEAD (Pb2+):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. White ppt. is observed. First group, Pb2+ may be present.
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
3. Dissolve the ppt. In hot water and
divide it into two parts:
(i) Ist part + K2CrO4. Yellow ppt. Is observed. Pb2+ Confirmed.
(ii) II nd part + KI Yellow ppt. Is observed. Pb2+ Confirmed.

1. Pb(NO3)2 + 2 HCl  PbCl2 ↓ + 2 KNO3

(White ppt.)
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
1. Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI  PbI2 ↓ + 2 KNO3
(Yellow ppt.)
2. Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4  PbCrO4 ↓ + 2 KNO3
(Yellow ppt.)
COPPER (Cu2+)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution Black ppt. Is observed. Second group, Cu2+ present.
4. Dissolve the ppt. In con. HNO3 +
Excess of NH4OH + Few drops of
CH3COOH, and devide it into two
parts:
(i) Ist part + K4[Fe(CN)6]. Chocolate brown ppt. Is observed. Cu2+ Confirmed.
(ii) II nd part + KI White ppt. Is observed. Cu2+ Confirmed.

1. CuCl2 + H2S  2 HCl + CuS↓

(Black ppt.)
CuS + 8 HNO3  3 Cu(NO3)2 + 4 H2O + 2 NO + 3S
Cu(NO3)2 + 4 NH4OH  [Cu(NH3)4]
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
1. [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 4 CH3COOH  CuSO4 + 4 CH3COONH4
2 CuSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Cu2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ + 2 K2SO4
(Chocolate brown ppt.)
2. 2 CuSO4 + 4 KI - Cu2I2 + I2 + 2 K2SO4.
(White ppt) (Brown colour)

5
ARSENIC (As3+)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution Yellow ppt. Is observed. Second group, As3+ present.
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
4. Dissolve the ppt. In con. HNO3 +
Ammonium Molybdate. Yellow ppt. Is observed As3+ confirmed.

1. 2 AsCl3 + 3 H2S  6 HCl + As2S3↓

(Yellow ppt)
2. As2S3 + 10 HNO3  2 H3AsO4 + 10 NO2 + 3S + 2 H2O

CONFIRMATORY TEST:
1. H3AsO4 + 12 (NH4)3MoO4 + 21 HNO3  (NH4)3AsO4.12MoO3 ↓ + 21 NH4NO3 + 12 H2O
(Yellow ppt.)
3+
ALUMINIUM (Al ):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. Gelatinous white ppt is observed. Third group, Al3+ present.
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
1. NaOH test:
Gelatinous white ppt +excess of ppt. Dissolves, which reappears on Al3+ confirmed.
NaOH addition of NH4OH.

2. LAKE TEST: A blue lake is observed. Al3+ confirmed.

Dissolve the ppt in dil. HCl + Blue
litmus solution + Excess of NH4OH.

AlCl3 + 3 NH4OH  3 NH4Cl + Al(OH)3.

(Gelatinous White ppt.)
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
NaOH test:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH  NaAlO2 + H2O
(Water soluble)
Lake test:
Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl  AlCl3 + 3 H2O
AlCl3 + 3 NH4OH  3 NH4Cl + Al(OH)3
(Blue colour of litmus adsorbed on white ppt)

6
IRON (Fe3+):
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. Reddish brown fleshy ppt. is Third group, Fe3+ present.
CONFIRMATORY TEST: observed.
Dissolve the ppt. in HCl and devide it
into two parts:
I st part + K4[Fe(CN)6] Prussian blue solution is observed. Fe3+ confirmed.
II nd part + KCNS Blood red colour solution is Fe3+ confirmed.
observed.

FeCl3 + 3 NH4OH  3 NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3

(Reddish brown ppt.)
Fe(OH)3 + 3 HCl  FeCl3 + 3 H2O
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
Potassium Ferrocyanide test:
4 FeCl3 + 3 K4[Fe(CN)6]  12 KCl + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
(Prussian blue)
Potassium Thio Cyanate test:
FeCl3 + 3 KCNS  3 KCl + Fe(CNS)3
(Blood red colour)

COBALT (Co2+):
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution Black ppt. Is observed. Fourth group, Co2+ present.
6. Dissolve the ppt. In aquaregia +
Potassium Nitrite+ Acetic acid. Yellow ppt. is observed. Co2+ confirmed.

CoCl2 + NH4OH  Co(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl

Co(OH)2 + H2S  CoS ↓+ 2 H2O.
Black ppt.
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
Potassium nitrite test:
CoCl2 + 2 KNO2  2 KCl +Co(NO2)2.
KNO2 + CH3COOH  CH3COOK + HNO2
Co(NO2)2 + 2 HNO2  Co(NO2)3 + H2O+NO
Co(NO2)3 + 3 KNO2  K3[Co(NO2)6]
Potassium cobalt nitrate (yellow ppt.)
Ammonium thiocyanate ether test:
7
CoCl2 + 4 NH4CNS  (NH4)2[Co(CNS)4] + 2 NH4Cl
Ammonium cobalt thiocyanate( Blue colour, obtained in the etherical layer)

NICKEL (Ni2+):
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution Black ppt. Is observed. Fourth group, Ni2+ present.
6. Dissolve the ppt. In aquaregia +
excess of NH4OH+ Dimethyl glyoxime. Pink -Red colour complex is Ni2+ confirmed.
observed.

NiCl2 + NH4OH  Ni(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl

Ni(OH)2 + H2S  NiS ↓+ 2 H2O.
Black ppt.

CONFIRMATORY TEST:
Di methyl glyoxime test: (DMG test)

OH O
| ↑
NiCl2 + 2 NH4OH + CH3 ―C = NOH CH3 ―C=N N=C―CH3
|  | Ni | + 2 NH4Cl + 2 H2O
CH3 ―C = NOH CH3 ―C = N N=C ― CH3
(Dimethyl glyoxime) ↓ |
O OH
(Bright red complex)(ppt)

MANGANESE(Mn2+):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution Buff colour ppt. Is observed. Fourth group, Mn2+ present.
6. Dissolve the ppt. In aquaregia + Wihite ppt is observed which turns
Excess of NaOH + Bromine water brown on addition of Bromine water. Mn2+ confirmed.

MnCl2 + NH4OH  Mn(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl

Mn(OH)2 + H2S  MnS ↓+ 2 H2O.
Buff coloured ppt.
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
NaOH and Br2 water test:
MnCl2 + 2 NaOH  Mn(OH)2 + 2 NaCl
White ppt.

8
The white ppt. Of manganese hydroxide turns brown on adding Br2 water due to its oxidation to brown manganic
hydroxide MnO(OH)2.
Br2 + H2O  2 HBr + [O]
Mn(OH)2 + [O]  MnO(OH)2↓.
White ppt.

ZINC(Zn2+):
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution White colour ppt. Is observed. Fourth group, Zn2+ present.
CONFIRMATORY TEST: Wihite ppt is observed which gets
6. Salt + H2O + Excess of NaOH. dissolved in excess of NaOH. Zn2+ confirmed.
7. Salt + H2O + K4[Fe(CN)6] White ppt. Is observed. Zn2+ confirmed.

ZnCl2 + NH4OH  Zn(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl

Zn(OH)2 + H2S  ZnS ↓+ 2 H2O.
White coloured ppt.

CONFIRMATORY TEST:
NaOH test:
ZnCl2 + 2 NaOH  Zn(OH)2↓ + 2 NaCl
(White ppt)
Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + 2 H2O
(White ppt) Water soluble complex

Potassium ferrocyanide test:

2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Zn2[Fe(CN)6]↓ + 4 KCl
(White ppt)
BARIUM(Ba2+):
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution. No ppt. is observed. Fourth group, absent.
6. Heat the above content + pinch of White ppt. Is observed. Fifth group, Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ possible.
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH + excess of
(NH4)2CO3.
7. Dissolve the ppt in CH3COOH and
divide it into three parts:
Ist part + K2CrO4. Yellow ppt. Is observed. Ba2+ confirmed.

(i) BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3  BaCO3 + 2 NH4Cl

(White ppt)
9
 (ii) BaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH  (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2↑ + H2O
(PPt. Dissolves)
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
(iii) (CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4  2 CH3COOK + BaCrO4↓
(Yellow ppt.)
** Barium imparts green colour to flame test.
STRONTIUM(Sr2+):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution. No ppt. is observed. Fourth group, absent.
6. Heat the above content + pinch of White ppt. Is observed. Fifth group, Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ possible.
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH + excess of
(NH4)2CO3.
7. Dissolve the ppt in CH3COOH and
divide it into three parts:
Ist part + K2CrO4. No ppt. Is observed. Ba2+ absent.
IInd part + (NH4)2SO4. White ppt. Is observed. Sr2+ confirmed.

(i) SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3  SrCO3 + 2 NH4Cl

(White ppt)
(ii) SrCO3 + 2 CH3COOH  (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2↑ + H2O
(PPt. Dissolves)
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
(iii) (CH3COO)2Ba + (NH4)2SO4  2 CH3COONH4 + SrSO4↓
(White ppt.)
** Strontium imparts crimson red colour to flame test.
CALCIUM (Ca2+):
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution. No ppt. is observed. Fourth group, absent.
6. Heat the above content + pinch of White ppt. Is observed. Fifth group, Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ possible.
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH + excess of
(NH4)2CO3.
7. Dissolve the ppt in CH3COOH and
divide it into three parts:
Ist part + K2CrO4. No ppt. Is observed. Ba2+ absent.
IInd part + (NH4)2SO4. No ppt. Is observed. Sr2+ absent.
IIIrd part + (NH4)C2O4. White ppt. Is observed. Ca2+ confirmed.

(i) CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3  CaCO3 + 2 NH4Cl

10
 (White ppt)
(ii) CaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH  (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2↑ + H2O
(PPt. Dissolves)
CONFIRMATORY TEST:
(CH3COO)2Ba + (NH4)2C2O4  2 CH3COONH4 + CaC2O4↓
(White ppt.)
** Calcium imparts brick red colour to flame test.

MAGNESIUM(Mg2+):

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Salt + H2O + NaOH No Smell is observed. Zero group, absent.
2. Salt+ H2O + Dil. HCl. No ppt. is observed. First group, absent.
3.Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. Is observed. Second group, absent.
4. Heat the above content + Few
drops of con. HNO3 + Δ + pinch of
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH. No ppt. is observed. Third group, absent.
5. Pass H2S gas in above solution. No ppt. is observed. Fourth group, absent.
6. Heat the above content + pinch of No ppt. Is observed. Fifth group, absent.
NH4Cl + Excess of NH4OH + excess of
(NH4)2CO3.
White ppt. Is observed. VI th group, Mg2+ present and
7. Above solution + (NH4)2HPO4. confirmed.

MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4  Mg(NH4)PO4↓ + 2 NH4Cl + H2O.

(White ppt.)
TITRATION: VIVA Questions

1. Type of titration.
2. Classify indicators. What is end point.
3. Why dil. H2SO4 is used while making solution of FAS and not for Oxalic Acid. (Since H2SO4 prevents the hydrolysis
of FAS, and in absence of H2SO4 FAS gives Fe(OH)2.
4. Why dil. H2SO4 is used while titration.
5. Least count of Burette and chemical balance.
6. Weight of rider. (10 mg)
7. Oxidation no. Of KMnO4 in acidic, neutral and basic medium.
8. Why sometimes brown colour is observed instead of pink.
9. Why KMnO4 in burette and FAS in conical?
10. Why H2SO4 for making medium acidic and not HCl or HNO3.
(Since HCl gives Cl2 on oxidation and HNO3 is itself is good oxidizing agent)
11. What is standard solution, primary standard solution and secondary standard solution.
12. Why standard solution of NaOH can’t be prepared?
13. Why heating is done during titration of OA.
14. Sometimes brown ppt is formed during titration of OA v/s KMnO4.
(i) Due to fast addition of KMnO4 , KMnO4 is reduced to MnSO4
2KMnO4 + 3 MnSO4 + 7 H2O  5 (MnO2.H2O) + K2SO4 +2 H2SO4
(ii) Due to addition of lesser amount of H2SO4
4 KMnO4 + 2H2O  4 MnO + 4 KOH + 5O2.
15. Why pipette should never be held from its bulb?
(The body temperature may expand the glass and introduce an error in the measurement volume.)
16. Why is Mohar salt is preferred as a primary standard over ferrous sulphate in volumetric analysis?

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(This is because of the fact that Mohar’s salt is stable and is not readily oxidised by air. Ferrous sulphate gets oxidised to
ferric sulphate, hence gives red brown ppt. to the solution).

SALT ANALYSIS: VIVA Questions

1. Old con. HNO3 becomes yellow. (Since on photodecomposition HNO3 liberates NO2, which gets dissolve in HNO3
to give yellow colour)
2. AgNO3 is placed in coloured bottle. (To avoid photodecomposition of AgNO3)
3. HNO3 turns skin yellow. (Since HNO3 reacts with protein of skin).
4. Paper in wire gauze is of asbestos.
5. Why HCl is not used in place of H2SO4 in salt analysis?
(i) Since Cl- can’t be detected then.
(ii) BP of HCl is 110 0C, therefore even on mild heating HCl will lost in form of its vapours, whereas BP of
H2SO4 is 340 oC.
6. Explain ring test of nitrate, Common Ion Effect, Aqua regia.
7. What is the base of classification of group in cation analysis. (K IP > Ksp).
8. Why con. HNO3 is added to gr. III.
9. Why Ba++, Sr++ and Ca++ is analysed in this sequence.
10. What is flame test. Why Pt wire is used. (Since it do not react with Con. HCl at high temp.)
Dip Pt wire in Con. HCl and heat  make paste of salt in con. HCl and heat and observe the colour (Salt dissolve
in con. HCl since metal chlorides are more volatile then other salts)
Ba2+  Apple green red ; Ca2+  Brick red; Sr2+  Crimson red..
Why Mg don’t give colour to flame.
11. Na2CO3 can’t be used in place of (NH4)2CO3 for gr. V analysis.
12. Why lead is placed in group 1 and 2 both?
13. What is common ion effect?
14. Why con. HNO3 is added to group III analysis?
15. Why only H2SO4 is used for anion analysis?
16. What is Chromyl chloride test?

MISC.:
1.What is tollen’ reagent, Fehling solution, Benedict solution, Schiffs base, Molish reagent,
2. what is principle of chromatography.
3. What is mobile and stationary phase in paper chromatography?
4. What is reducing and non reducing sugar?
5. What is role of tartarate in Fehling solution?
(It acts as complexing agent and prevents the precipitation of Cu(OH)2.
6.Explain why does fructose reduces Fehling solution and Tollen’s reagent inspite of the presence of ketonic group.
(In alkali medium fructose rearrangement to glucose and the two are in equilibrium with each
other)

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