RESEARCH PAPER ON SOLAR-WIND HYBRID INVERTER

A.Praveen kumar,2.,3,4,5 Dr B.Siva Prasad,6 Dr B.Siva Prasad 1,2,3,4

B.Tech student Department of ECE, NSRIT, Vizag, AP, India 5Assistant

Professor, Department of ECE, NSRIT, Vizag, AP, India 6Professor, Head

of Department of ECE, NSRIT, Vizag, AP, India

ABSTRACT :
This paper introduces a hybrid energy system that
that combine multiple energy sources for enhanced
combines solar and wind power with battery storage and an
reliability and efficiency.
AC mains supply. This configuration enables the three energy
sources to either independently or simultaneously connect to LITERATURE SURVEY :
the battery and power the load, depending on their Shao, Buhan Zhang, Chenxiong Mao, Yizhe Chen, Biao Mao, Yi
availability. In numerous rural regions of India, Chen, Jie Zeng, Xun Chen [1], presented With a large number
electricity has not yet reached many homes, leading to of distributed generations’ access, the impact of
frequent load shedding. The paper outlines a hybrid distributed generations to the grids ’ security and stability
battery charging system concept and its implementation. The cannot be ignored. The micro-grid is a good solution to the
battery is charged by solar PV, wind energy, and AC mains approach. This paper makes the asynchronous wind
supply whenever these sources are accessible. This turbine and the microgrid model based on
approach ensures a continuous power supply and faster Matlab/Simulink simulation platform. Arjun A. K., Athul S.,
battery charging. The system is designed to address the Mohamed Ayub, Neethu Ramesh, and Anith Krishnan [2],
typical Indian scenario of power shortages, which result in presented one of the primary needs of socioeconomic
both scheduled and unscheduled outages. While the world is development in any nation in the creation is the provision of
advancing rapidly with traditional energy sources, they reliable electricity supply systems with lower carbon footprint
have two major disadvantages: environmental levels. The aim of this study is the maturation of a Solar-
pollution and limited availability. Conversely, non- Wind hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable
conventional energy sources are plentiful, cost-free, energies in the Sun and Wind to generate electricity. Ghassan
and environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is Halasa [3], presented the electrical power generation using
advantageous to non-conventional energy sources like solar, solar- and wind-energy for the country of Jordan. Presently,
wind, wave, and biomass energy. This study explores an with the oil prices are on the ascent, the cost of electrical
energy conservation strategy that integrates two non- power o Wen utput is really gamey. The prospect of a
conventional energy sources: solar and wind energy.This large wind and solar hybrid power production is being
hybrid inverter converts variable DC output from solar explored. Sights are chosen to produce electricity using,
panels and AC or DC output from wind turbines into usable the wind in the Mountains. Ugur Fesli, Raif BAYIR,
AC electricity suitable for grid connection or standalone Mahmut OZER [4], presented the most important
applications. The system is designed to make the most of application field of this search is renewable energy
solar and wind energy by taking advantage of how well resources. Wind and solar energy have being popular ones
they complement each other—when the sun isn't shining, owing to abundant, ease of availability and convertibility to the
the wind often picks up.To make this process as efficient electric energy. This work covers realization of a hybrid
as possible, the system uses smart control techniques renewable energy system for a domestic application,
like advanced algorithms, MPPT (Maximum Power Point which runs under a microcontroller to utilize the solar
Tracking), and battery management tools. These features and wind power. Chaitanya Marisarla, K. Ravi Kumar [5],
help ensure the system runs smoothly, delivers reliable presented paper proposes a hybrid energy system
energy, and makes the best use of stored power. So The consisting of wind, photovoltaic and fuel cell. Battery
increasing global demand for clean and sustainable energy storage is designed to supply continuous power and to
has led to the development of hybrid renewable energy provide the deficit power when the combined wind and
systems
photovoltaic sources cannot meet the net load demand.
Ch. Breyer, S. Rieke,
 M. Sterner, J. Schmid [6], presented Solar and wind dependency on fossil fuels, renewable energy sources
resources are abundantly available on earth, enabling the such as solar and wind have gained significant
usage of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy technologies on a attention. While both solar and wind energy offer
large plate in most neighborhoods in the Earth. This paper clean and sustainable power, their individual
aims at investigating a global energy supply scenario intermittency poses a challenge for consistent energy
based of PV and wind power supported by an appropriate supply. A hybrid system that combines solar and
energy. Saeed Jahdi, Loi Lei Lai, Daneil Nankoo, [7] given wind energy can leverage the advantages of both
sources, offering a more stable and efficient power
the role of Renewable Energy power sources is the best
generation solution. The hybrid inverter is the core
possible solution today to reduce the increased danger of component of such systems, managing power
global warming and the most important type of conversion, distribution, and storage.
renewable is Wind and Solar energies which are the most
effective. The green power generation resources use power
generators in Distributed Generation (DGs) sauces that are
in direct relation with the function of micro capacity power
OBJECTIVES:
generating units of power arrangement that are installed in
distribution level of power systems or all segments that
loads and energy consumers are placed. Balamurugan T., Solar and wind hybrid inverters play a crucial role in
Manoharan S., maximizing the potential of renewable energy systems by
efficiently combining and managing power from both
[8] reported the optimum Power Flow internal control for solar panels and wind turbines. These advanced devices are
Grid Connected Photovoltaic/Wind turbine/ Diesel designed to address the inherent variability of
generator (GCPWD) Hybrid System with hybrid storage renewable energy sources, ensuring a stable and reliable
system. power supply. By seamlessly switching between solar and
wind inputs based on real-time availability and demand,
hybrid inverters optimize energy production and utilization.
They also incorporate sophisticated power conversion
technologies to maintain high efficiency across a wide
1. INTRODUCTION: range of input conditions, minimizing energy losses
during the conversion process.
Nearly all devices we rely on daily need energy to
function. As population grows and technology
advances, electricity usage is rapidly increasing. The integration of battery storage systems and grid-tie
Simultaneously, electricity production must be functionality further enhances the capabilities of hybrid
boosted to meet the needs of a continuously growing inverters. This allows for improved energy management,
population. The major drawback of traditional
enabling excess energy to be stored for later use or fed
energy sources is their environmental pollution,
which releases various pollutants, such as ash from back into the grid. Smart monitoring and control features
coal plants, smoke from diesel plants, and provide system operators with valuable insights into
radioactive waste from nuclear plants. Managing performance metrics, facilitating proactive maintenance
these pollutants is both challenging and expensive. and optimization. By combining multiple functions into a
Therefore, alternative methods for generating single unit, hybrid inverters reduce overall system
electricity must be explored. The most effective complexity and installation costs compared to separate
approach is to nonconventional energy sources. inverters for each energy source. This integration also
Among these, solar and wind energy are the most
enhances system reliability through redundancy, as the
efficient. A significant challenge with solar energy is
its limited availability, typically approximately 8 h a system can continue to operate even if one energy
day, whereas wind energy is accessible for almost 24 source is temporarily unavailable. Ultimately, solar and
h. By integrating these two factors, we can overcome wind hybrid inverters contribute to minimizing
this limitation. In adverse weather, and in environmental impact by promoting the widespread
conditions, both can be harnessed. Consequently, adoption of renewable energy sources and adapting to
this study discusses a solar-wind hybrid power varying load demands in both off-grid and grid-connected
system. The IMEON hybrid inverter developed in applications.This includes implementing advanced MPPT
France by IMEON exemplifies a solar hybrid algorithms to maximize power extraction under varying
inverter with artificial intelligence. Another example
environmental conditions, and incorporating an effective
of a commercially available intelligent hybrid
inverter system is the Pika Energy Island, produced battery management system to ensure optimized energy
by Pika Energy.With the growing emphasis on storage and retrieval. Another key goal is to assess the
reducing carbon emissions and feasibility and performance of the hybrid inverter in both
grid-connected and standalone scenarios. Additionally, the the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are executed
study aims to explore the scalability and adaptability of by the main loop. This method brings the
such systems for a variety of applications including
residential, commercial, and rural electrification projects.
primary objectives of developing a solar and wind
hybrid inverter system are to design a reliable and
efficient inverter that integrates both solar and wind
energy sources, and to enhance energy availability by
utilizing their complementary nature.

Proposed systems

2. 3 Explanation of Embedded Systems:

1. Software Architecture:

There are several different types of software architecture in

common use.

Simple Control Loop :

In this design, the software simply has a loop. The
loop calls subroutines, each of which manages a part of
the hardware or software.

Interrupt Controlled System:

Some embedded systems are

predominantly interrupt controlled. This means that tasks
performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of
events. An interrupt could be generated for example by a
timer in a predefined frequency, or by a serial port
controller receiving a byte. These kinds of systems are used
if event handlers need low latency and the event handlers
are short and simple.
Usually these kinds of systems run a
simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not very
sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt
handler will add longer tasks to a queue structure. Later, after
system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete
processes.

Cooperative Multitasking:

A non-preemptive multitasking system

is very similar to the simple control loop scheme, except
that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer
defines a series of tasks, and each task gets its own
environment to “run” in. When a task is idle, it calls an
idle routine, usually called “pause”, “wait”, “yield”, “nop”
(stands for no operation), etc.The advantages and
disadvantages are very similar to the control loop, except
that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a
new task, or adding to the queue-interpreter.

Primitive Multitasking:

In this type of system, a low-level piece of

code switches between tasks or threads based on a timer
(connected to an interrupt). This is the level at which
the system is generally considered to have an
"operating system" kernel. Depending on how much
functionality is required, it introduces more or less of the
complexities of managing multiple tasks running
conceptually in parallel.
As any code can potentially damage
the data of another task (except in larger systems using
an MMU) programs must be carefully designed and
tested, and access to shared data must be controlled by
some synchronization strategy, such as message
queues, semaphores or a non-blocking synchronization
scheme.
Because of these complexities, it is
common for organizations to buy a real-time operating
system, allowing the application programmers to
concentrate on device functionality rather than operating
system services, at least for large systems; smaller
systems often cannot afford the overhead associated with
a generic real time system, due to limitations regarding
memory size, performance, and/or battery life.
Microkernels And Exokernels:

A microkernel is a logical step up from a

real-time OS. The usual arrangement is that the
operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the
CPU to different threads of execution. User mode
processes implement major functions such as file
systems, network interfaces, etc.
In general, microkernels succeed when
the task switching and intertask communication is fast,
and fail when they are slow. Exokernels communicate
efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and
all the software in the system are available to, and etc.., to another computer with internet connection
extensible by application programmers. Based on throughout anywhere in the world.
performance, functionality, requirement the embedded
systems are divided into three categories:
2. Stand Alone Embedded System:

These systems takes the input in the

form of electrical signals from transducers or commands from
human beings such as pressing of a button etc.., process
them and produces desired output. This entire process of
taking input, processing it and giving output is done in
standalone mode. Such embedded systems comes under
stand alone embedded systems
Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc..
3. Real-time embedded systems:

Embedded systems which are used to

perform a specific task or operation in a specific time
period those systems are called as real-time embedded
systems. There are two types of real-time embedded
systems.

Hard Real-time embedded systems:

These embedded systems follow an

absolute dead line time period i.e.., if the tasking is not
done in a particular time period then there is a cause of
damage to the entire equipment.
Eg: consider a system in which we have to open a
valve within 30 milliseconds. If this valve is not opened in 30
ms this may cause damage to the entire equipment. So in such
cases we use embedded systems for doing automatic
operations.

Soft Real Time embedded systems:

Eg: Consider a TV remote control system, if the

remote control takes a few milliseconds delay it will not
cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control.
These systems which will not cause damage when they are
not operated at considerable time period those systems
comes under soft real-time embedded systems.

4. Network communication embedded

systems:
A wide range network interfacing
communication is provided by using embedded systems.
Eg:
Consider a web camera that is connected to the
computer with internet can be used to spread
communication like sending pictures, images, videos
Consider a web camera that is connected at the door state when RESET is active, although the clock is not
lock.Whenever a person comes near the door, it captures the running.
image of a person and sends to the desktop of your
computer which is connected to internet. This gives an
alerting message with image on to the desktop of your
computer, and then you can open the door lock just by
clicking the mouse.

5. Different types of processing units:

The central processing unit (c.p.u) can

be any one of the following microprocessor,
microcontroller, digital signal processing.
Among these Microcontroller is of low cost processor and
one of the main advantage of microcontrollers is, the
components such as memory, serial communication
interfaces, analog to digital converters etc.., all these are built
on a single chip. The numbers of external components
that are connected to it are very less according to the
application.Microprocessors are more powerful than
microcontrollers. They are used in major applications
with a number of tasking requirements. But the
microprocessor requires many external components like
memory, serial communication, hard disk, input output
ports etc.., so the power consumption is also very high when
compared to microcontrollers.

Digital signal processing is used mainly for the

applications that particularly involved with processing of
signals

3. Methodology

1. Hardware Design

1. PIN
DIAGRAM OF
ATMEGA328 VCC
Digital supply voltage magnitude of the voltage range
between 4.5 to 5.5 V for the ATmega8 and 2.7 to 5.5 V for
ATmega8L

GND
Ground Zero reference digital voltage supply.
PORTB (PB7.. PB0)
PORTB is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 8-bit with
internal pull-up resistor can be selected. This port output
buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a
source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low
externally will emit a current if the pull-up resistor is
activated it. PORTB pins will be in the condition of the tri-
PORTC (PC5.. PC0): inside a microcontroller which is connected by wires to the
PORTC is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 7-bit with pins of a microcontroller. Ports represent
internal pull-up resistor can be selected. This port output
buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a
source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low
externally will emit a current if the pull-up resistor is
activated it. PORTC pins will be in the condition of the tri-
state when RESET is active, although the clock is not
running.

PC6/RESET:
If RSTDISBL Fuse programmed, PC6 then serves as a pin I /
O but with different characteristics. PC0 to PC5 If Fuse
RSTDISBL not programmed, then serves as input Reset PC6.
LOW signal on this pin with a minimum width of 1.5
microseconds will bring the microcontroller into reset
condition, although the clock is not running.

PORTD (PD7.. PD0):

PORTD is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 8-bit with
internal pull-up resistor can be selected. This port output
buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a
source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low
externally will emit a current if the pull-up resistor is
activated it. PORTD pins will be in the condition of the tri-
state when RESET is active, although the clock is not
running.

RESET:
Reset input pin. LOW signal on this pin with a minimum
width of 1.5 microseconds will bring the microcontroller
into reset condition, although the clock is not running.
Signal with a width of less than 1.5 microseconds does
not guarantee a Reset condition.

AVCC:
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the ADC, PC3 .. PC0, and
ADC7..ADC6. This pin should be connected to VCC, even if the
ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, AVCC should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass filter to reduce
noise.
Aref:

Analog Reference pin for the ADC.

ADC7 .. ADC6
ADC analog input there is only on ATmega8 with TQFP and
QFP packages / MLF.
PORTS :
Term "port" refers to a group of pins on a microcontroller
which can be accessed simultaneously, or on which we can
set the desired combination of zeros and ones, or read
from them an existing status. Physically, port is a register
physical connection of Central Processing Unit with an
outside world. Microcontroller uses them

We will use mainly 3 registers known as DDRX, The Atmega8 has 23 I/O ports which are organized into 3
PORTX & PINX. We have total four PORTs on my groups:
ATmega16. They are PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and Port B (PB0 to PB7)
PORTD. They are multifunctional pins. Each of the pins
Port C (PC0 to PC6)
in each port (total 32) can be treated as input or output
pin. Port D (PD0 to PD7)

1. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

1. Introduction:

Power supply is a supply of electrical

power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other
types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most
commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less
often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
A power supply may include a power distribution system
as well as primary or secondary sources of energy such as
Conversion of one form of electrical power to another
desired form and voltage, typically involving
converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-
voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low
power DC power supply units are commonly integrated
with the devices they supply, such as computers and
household electronics.

LCD DISPLAY
2. LCD Background:
One of the most common devices attached to a micro
controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common
LCD’s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2
and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2
lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD.

3.3 Dynamo
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct
current with the use of a commutator.
Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of
delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon
which many other later electricpower conversion devices
were based, including the electric motor, the
alternatingcurrent alternator, and the rotary converter. starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were
Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale electromagnetic. About 1856 he formulated the concept of
power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost the dynamo about six years before Siemens and
reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a Wheatstone but did not patent it as he thought he was not
mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to the first to realize this. His dynamo used, instead of
direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum permanent magnets, two electromagnets placed opposite to
tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually each other to induce the magnetic field around the
economical. rotor. It was also the discovery of the principle of dynamo
selfexcitation.
The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and
magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a
pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of
induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary
structure, called the stator, which provides a constant
magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the
armature which turn within that field. The motion of the
The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the
discovered in the years of 1831–1832 by Michael Faraday. electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the
The principle, later called Faraday's law, is that an wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be
electromotive force is generated in an electrical provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger
conductor which encircles a varying magnetic flux. He also machines have the constant magnetic field provided by
built the first electromagnetic generator, called the one or more electromagnets, which are usually called
Faraday disk, a type of homopolar generator, using a field coils.
copper disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe
magnet. It produced a small DC voltage. This was not a Solar cell/Plate:
dynamo in the current sense, because it did not use a A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts
solar energy into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
commutator. This design was inefficient, due to Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices
selfcancelling counterflows of current in regions that were not intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight,
under the influence of the magnetic field. While current while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is
was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar
would circulate backwards in regions that were outside panel, solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays.
Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research
the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow
related to the application of solar cells for solar energy.
limited the power output to the pickup wires, and induced
waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar Solar cell efficiencies vary from 6% for amorphous
silicon-based solar cells to 40.7% with multiple-junction
generators would solve this problem by using an array of research lab cells and 42.8% with multiple dies
magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a assembled into a hybrid package. Solar cell energy
steady field effect in one currentflow direction. Another conversion efficiencies for commercially available
disadvantage was that the output voltage was very low, multicrystalline Si solar cells are around 14-19%.
due to the single current path through the magnetic flux. Solar cells can also be applied to other electronics
Faraday and others found that higher, more useful devices to make it self-power sustainable in the sun.
voltages could be produced by winding multiple turns of There are solar cell phone chargers, solar bike light and
wire into a coil. Wire windings can conveniently produce solar camping lanterns that people can adopt for daily use.
any voltage desired by changing the number of turns, so Inverter circuit using CD 4047:
they have been a feature of all subsequent generator
designs, requiring the invention of the commutator to CD 4047 is used for generating the 100 Hz pulses and four
produce direct current. Independently of Faraday, the 2N3055 transistors for driving the load. The IC1 Cd4047
Hungarian Anyos Jedlik started experimenting in 1827 wired astable multi vibrator produces two 180 degree out
with the electromagnetic rotating devices which he of phase 100 Hz pulse trains. These pulse trains are pre
called electromagnetic selfrotors. In the prototype of amplified by the two TIP122 transistors. The out puts of
the singlepole electric the TIP 122 transistors are amplified by four 2N3055
transistors (two transistors for each half cycle) to drive
the inverter transformer. The 220V AC will
be available at the secondary of the transformer. Multivibrator creates an electrical signal that changes state
on a regular basis (astable) or on demand (monostable).
One of the benefits of the 4047 is being able to do so as well,
Description:
but with fewer external components.

 A 12 V car battery can be used as the 12V

source.
 Use the POT R1 to set the output

frequency to50Hz.
 For the transformer get a 12-0-12 V, 10A
step down transformer. But here the 12-
 0-12 V winding will be the primary and

220V winding will be the secondary.

 For 10A rated transformer, we get a 5A
output. But the allowed out put power
will be reduced to 60W. Use a 10 A
fuse in series with the battery.

MOSFET
The metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a transistor used for
amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although the
MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source (S), gate
[1]
(G), drain (D), and body (B) terminals, the body (or
substrate) of the MOSFET often is connected to the
source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like
other field-effect transistors When two terminals are
connected to each other (short-circuited) only three
terminals appear in electrical diagrams. The MOSFET is by far
the most common transistor in both digital and analog
circuits, though the bipolar junction transistor was at one
time much more common.
Monostable Multivibrator:

IC CD 4047 is mainly used in Inverter circuits. It's very

compact and has a very high life in inverter circuits.
CD4047B consists of a gatable astable multi vibrator with
logic techniques incorporated to permit positive or
negative edge-triggered mono stable multi vibrator action
with retriggering and external counting options. CD 4047 is
the low power Mono stable / Astable Multi vibrator that
require only an external capacitor and a resistor to give
the output pulses.
The values of these components determine the output
pulse width in the Monostable mode and output
frequency in the Astable mode.
Battery :This is 12v 3s Lithium Ion Battery Pack. You It cannot be used to make prepare boards for DIY
can use it in many purpose like in LED, dc motors. rc production
toys, DIY Projects etc.
This is 2000 mah or 2AH battery pack. Lithium ion battery
has cheaper in price and more lifecycle than lead acid
battery Package Include- 1 X Battery.Dynamo generator A
dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct
current with the use of a commutator.
Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of
delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon
which many other later electricpower conversion devices
were based, including the electric motor, the
alternatingcurrent alternator, and the rotary converter.
Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale
power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost
reasons.
Wind Turbine:
A wind turbine, or alternatively referred to as a wind
energy converter, is a device that converts the wind's
kinetic energy into electrical energy. Wind turbines are
manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal
axis. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as
battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or
caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Larger turbines
can be used for making contributions to a domestic power
supply while selling unused power back to the utility
supplier via the electrical grid.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

This project is implemented using following software’s:

Express PCB – for designing circuit
Arduino IDE compiler - for compilation part Proteus
7 (Embedded C) – for simulation part Express
PCB:
Breadboards are great for prototyping
equipment as it allows great flexibility to modify a design
when needed; however the final product of a project,
ideally should have a neat PCB, few cables, and survive a
shake test. Not only is a proper PCB neater but it is also
more durable as there are no cables which can yank loose.
Express PCB is a software tool to design
PCBs specifically for manufacture by the company
Express PCB (no other PCB maker accepts Express PCB
files). It is very easy to use, but it does have several
limitations.
It can be likened to more of a toy then a professional CAD
program.
It has a poor part library (which we can work around) It
cannot import or export files in different formats
 Express PCB has been used to design module, and then a number of such modules are
many PCBs (some layered and with surface-mount parts. Print assembled together to form a solar panel. Several solar
out PCB patterns and use the toner transfer method with an
Etch Resistant Pen to make boards. However, Express PCB
does not have a nice print layout. Here is the procedure to
design in Express PCB and clean up the patterns so they
print nicely.

1. Preparing Express PCB for First Use:

Express PCB comes with a less then exciting list of
parts. So before any project is started head over to Audio
logical and grab the additional parts by morsel, ppl, and
tangent, and extract them into your Express PCB directory.
At this point start the program and get ready to setup the
workspace to suit your style.
Click View -> Options. In this menu,
setup the units for “mm” or “in” depending on how you
think, and click “see through the top copper layer” at the
bottom. The standard color scheme of red and green is
generally used but it is not as pleasing as red and blue.

2. The Interface:
When a project is first started you will be
greeted with a yellow outline. This yellow outline is the
dimension of the PCB. Typically after positioning of parts and
traces, move them to their final position and then crop
the PCB to the correct size. However, in designing a board
with a certain size constraint, crop the PCB to the correct
size before starting.

Working:

Solar power systems employ photovoltaic cells to convert the

radiant energy of sunlight directly into electrical
energy. Photovoltaic solar cells are semiconductor
devices which convert sunlight into electricity. Solar cells
which utilize crystalline semiconductors, such as silicon,
offer the advantages of high performance and reliability.
Photovoltaic cells are silicon-base crystal wafers which
produce a voltage between opposite surfaces when light
strikes one of the surfaces, which surface has a current
collecting grid thereon. The photons of the light are
absorbed by photovoltaic cells and yield their energy to the
valence electrons of the semiconductor and tear them from
the bonds that maintain them joined to the cores of the
atoms, promoting them to a superior energetic state called
conduction band in which they can move easily through
the semiconductor.

Typically, a plurality of solar cells are assembled and

interconnected so as to form a physically-integrated
panels may be connected together to form a larger array. The sites which were used while doing this project:
The individual photovoltaic cells in a module may be
connected in series or parallel,typically by an internal
wiring arrangement and similarly two or more modules in a
panel may be connected in series or parallel,
depending upon the voltage output desired. Solar cells are
usually interconnected into series strips by electrically
interconnecting a collector pad on the grid to the opposite
surface of the adjacent cell in the strip. Photovoltaic cells are
manufactured in a variety of configurations, but
generally comprise a layered structure on a substrate.
There are many different types of converging solar cell
modules in which sunlight is converged by means of a
lens system so that the total area of expensive solar cells can
be reduced in order to reduce the cost of electric
power generating systems using these solar cells. In
order to most efficiently use the electrical power
generated by a photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic array, it is
desirable to maximize the power generated by the
photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic array, despite varying
weather conditions. Various sun tracking systems have
been used to enhance the power generating efficiency of the
converging solar cell module.

Applications:

The system is used for domestic purpose. Street lighting,

Traffic signals.• Various monitoring systems.• Powering up
for communication system.• Pump
irrigation Systems.• Small Boats like yatch.• As per
requirement of electrical energy the system can be either
designed or updated for higher energy requirement.• When
ac mains supply is not available, the proposed system can be
used as emergency system with only few changes.• So, it can
be used for almost every electronic, mechanic, viz.
system needing/ require electric energy to work on.•
Future Scope:
As the awareness of non-renewable sources and
pollution causes by them, the clean energy production
with renewable sources is widely preferred and day by
day implementation of such sources going on, so,
research and resources are also increasing for such
plants and projects. As the first time installation cost is
higher due to design and manufacturing perspective. The
system can be monitories using graphical user
interference on computer. So, the whole information will
be available to user and/or stored regarding further
applications and development.

REFERENCES :
  Baring-Gould E.I, Newcomb C., Corbus
D., and Kalidas R., ‘Field performance of
hybrid power systems’,AWEA wind power
2001 conference, Washington June 4-7 2001.
 Lew D.J, Barly C.D., Flowers L. T., ‘
Hybrid wind photovoltaic system for
house holds in inner
Mongolia’,International conference on
village electrification through renewable
energy,New Delhi, March 3-5 1997.
 Mcgowan J. G. and Manwell J. F.,
‘Hybrid wind/ photovoltaic/diesel system
research at the university of Massachusetts’,
Wind Engineering Vol.24, No.2, 2000.
 Environment Canada. Canadian Climate
Normals, 1961-1990 Available online at
http://www.msc-
smc.ec.gc.ca/climate/climate_normals/index_e.cfm
 Office of Energy Efficiency. Energy
efficient new housing /R2000 homes. Natural
Resource Canada,
 Ch. Breyer, S. Rieke, M. Sterner, J. Schmid, “Hybrid
PV-wind-renewable Methane Power Plants – A Potential
Cornerstone Of Global Energy Supply” proceedings of
the 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Conference, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 1-13, 5– 9

September 2011.
 Saeed Jahdi, Loi Lei Lai, Daneil Nankoo, “Renewable
Hybrids Grid-Connection Using Converter Interferences,”
International Journal of Sustainable Energy Development
(IJSED), Volume 1, Issues 1/2, pp. 51-57, March/June
2012.
 Balamurugan T., Manoharan S., “Optimal Power Flow
Management Control for Grid Connected
Photovoltaic/ Wind turbine/Diesel generator (GCPWD)
Hybrid System with Batteries,” INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH
Balamurugan.T. et al., Vol.3, No.4, 2013.
 Boucetta. Abdallah, Labed. Djamel, “Modeling and
Control of a Wind/PV Hybrid System
Gridconnected” International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 8, pp. 1394-
1398, August-2013. [10]Thanaa F. El-Shatter, Mona
N. Eskander, Mohsen T. El-Hagry, “Energy flow and
management of a hybrid wind/PV/fuel cell
generation system” Energy Conversion and Management
vil. 47, pp. 1264–1280, ELSEVIER, 2006.