2 Playing with Numbers

Try This!
a. 6 × 4 + 30 ÷ 15 – 20 = 6 × 4 + 2 – 20 = 24 + 2 – 20 = 26 – 20 = 6
b. 200 + 100 of 2 – 1000 ÷ 2 + 2 × 100
= 200 + 200 – 1000 ÷ 2 + 2 × 100
= 200 + 200 – 500 + 2 × 100
= 200 + 200 – 500 + 200 = (200 + 200 + 200) – 500 = 600 – 500 = 100

Try This!
15 + (33 – 6) = 15 + 27 = 42
Exercise 2A
1. a. 7 × (17 – 5) b. (27+ 8) – 9 c. (5 – 3) + 27
d. 36 ÷ (9 – 5) e. (12 + 6) ÷ (6 – 3) f. (4 – 3) + 7 × 6

2.
a. 18 – (3 + 5) = 18 – 8 = 10
b. 40 × 10 ÷ 5 + 20 = 40 × 2 + 20 = 80 + 20 = 100
c. 25 ÷ 5 + 30 – 35 = 5 + 30 – 35 = 35 – 35 = 0
d. 32 + 96 ÷ (7 + 9) = 32 + 96 ÷ 16 = 32 + 6 = 38
e. 24 + 33 ÷ (34 – 23) = 24 + 33 ÷ 11 = 24 + 3 = 27
f. 80 ÷ (15 + 8 – 3) + 4 = 80 ÷ 20 + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8

Try This!
(15 + 9) ÷ 3 = 24 ÷ 3 = 8 15 + (9 ÷ 3) =15 + 3 = 18
With brackets the order of operations changes therefore, we get a different answer.
Exercise 2B
1.
a. 70 + 2 × 5 + 3 of 10 – 60 ÷ 6 = 70 + 2 × 5 + 30 – 60 ÷ 6
= 70 + 2 × 5 + 30 – 10
= 70 + 10 + 30 – 10
= 110 – 10 = 100

b. 7 + [12 – {8 + 3 – (9 of 6 + 1 – 13 × 4)}] = 7 + [12 – {8 + 3 – (54 + 1 – 13 × 4)}]

= 7 + [12 – {8 + 3 – (54 + 1 – 52)}]
= 7 + [12 – {11 – 3}]
= 7 + [12 – 8]
= 7 + 4 = 11
c. 5 + [14 + 5 – {6 (5 + 1 – 4)}] = 5 + [14 + 5 – {6×2}]
= 5 + [14 + 5 – 12]
= 5 + 7 = 12

d. 100 × 10 + [400 ÷ {100 – (50 – 30)}] = 100 × 10 + [400 ÷ {100 – 20}]

= 100 × 10 + [400 ÷ 80]
= 100 × 10 + 5
= 1000 + 5 = 1005

e. 20 – 2(5 – 4) × {3 – (5 – 3)} = 20 – 2 × 1 × {3 – 2}
= 20 – 2 × 1 × 1
= 20 – 2 = 18

f. 45 + 3{34 – ����������
18 – 14} ÷ 3 [17 + 3 × 4 – (2 × 7)] = 45 + 3{34 – 4} ÷ 3 [17 + 3 × 4 – (2 × 7)]
= 45 + 3{34 – 4} ÷ 3 [17 + 3 × 4 – 14]
= 45 + 3{34 – 4} ÷ 3 [17 + 12 – 14]
= 45 + 3{30} ÷ 3[15]
= 45 + 90 ÷ 45
= 45 + 2 = 47
Mental Maths
1. 7 × 1 = 7, 7 × 2 = 14, 7 × 3 = 21, 7 × 4 = 28, 7 × 5 = 35
So, the first five multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35.

2. 10 × 1 = 10, 10 × 2 = 20, 10 × 3 = 30, 10 × 4 = 40, 10 × 5 = 50

So, the first five multiples of 10 are 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50.

3. 15 × 1 = 15, 1 and 15 are factors of 15.

5 × 3 = 15, 3 and 5 are factors of 15.
So, factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15.

Try This!
Exercise 2C
1.
a. 2 × 1 = 2, 2 × 2 = 4, 2 × 3 = 6, 2 × 4 = 8, 2 × 5 = 10
So, the multiples of 2 between 1 and 10 (both inclusive) are 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10
b. 2 × 16 = 32, 2 × 17 = 34, 2 × 18 = 36, 2 × 19 = 38, 2 × 20 = 40
So, the multiples of 2 between 31 and 41 are 32, 34, 36, 38, 40
c. 2 × 41 = 82, 2 × 42 = 84, 2 × 43 = 86, 2 × 44 = 88, 2 × 45 = 90
So, the multiples of 2 between 81 and 91 are 82, 84, 86, 88, 90
d. Even numbers between 1 and 10 (both inclusive) are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
So, there are 5 even numbers.
e. Even numbers between 1 and 20 (both inclusive) are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
So, there are 10 even numbers.
f. They are all divisible by 2
g. None of them are divisible by 2
h. Even numbers between 1 and 100 (both inclusive) are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28,
30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82,
84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, and 100
So, there are 50 even numbers.
i. Odd numbers between 1 and 100 (both inclusive are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29,
31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83,
85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99.
So, there are 50 odd numbers.

2.
a. 12 × 1 = 12, 2 × 6 = 12, 3 × 4 = 12, 4 × 3 = 12, 6 × 2 = 12, 12 × 1 = 12
So, the factor of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
b. 1 × 25 = 25, 5 × 5 = 25, 25 × 1 = 25
So, the factor of 25 = 1, 5, 25.
c. 1 × 16 = 16, 2 × 8 = 16, 4 × 4 = 16, 8 × 2 = 16, 16 × 1 = 16
So, the factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
d. 1 × 24 = 24, 2 × 12 = 24, 3 × 8 = 24, 4 × 6 = 24, 6 × 4 = 24, 8 × 3 = 24, 12 × 2 = 24, 24 × 1 =24
So, the factors of 24 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24.
e. 1 × 18 = 18, 2 × 9 = 18, 3 × 6 = 18, 6 × 3 = 18, 9 × 2 =18, 18 × 1 =18
So, the factors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18.
f. 1 × 36 = 36, 2 × 18 = 36, 3 × 12 = 36, 4 × 9 = 36, 6 × 6 = 36, 9 × 4 = 36, 12 × 3 = 36,
18 × 2 = 36, 36 × 1 = 36
So, the factors of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36.
g. 1 × 288 = 288, 2 × 144 = 288, 3 × 96 = 288, 4 × 72 = 288, 6 × 48 = 288, 8 × 36 = 288, 9 × 32 = 288,
12 × 24 = 288, 16 × 18 = 288, 24 × 12 = 288, 32 × 9 = 288, 36 × 8 = 288, 48 × 6 = 288, 72 × 4 = 288,
96 × 3 = 288, 144 × 2 = 288, 288 × 1 = 288
So, the factors of 288 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 24, 32, 36, 48, 72, 96, 144, 288.
h. 1 × 250 = 250, 2 × 125 = 250, 5 × 50 = 250, 10 × 25 = 250, 25 × 10 = 250, 50 × 5 = 250,
125 × 2 = 250, 250 × 1 = 250
So, the factor of 250 = 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 125, 250.
3.
a. If a number a is exactly divisible by 𝑏𝑏, then 𝑏𝑏 is a factor of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑎𝑎 ÷ 𝑏𝑏 will have zero as the
remainder.
b. A number is a factor and a multiple of itself.

4.
a. 10 × 6 = 60, 10 × 7 =70, 10 × 8 = 80, 10 × 9 = 90, 10 × 10 = 100, 10 × 11 = 110
So, the multiples of 10 between 55 and 105 are 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100.
b. 15 × 4 = 60, 15 × 5 = 75, 15 × 6 = 90, 15 × 7 = 105
So, the multiples of 15 between 55 and 105 are 60, 75 and 90.
c. 20 × 3 = 60, 20 × 4 = 80, 20 × 5 = 100, 20 × 6 = 120
So, the multiples of 20 between 55 and 105 are 60, 80 and 100.
d. 25 × 3 = 75, 25 × 4 = 100, 25 × 5 = 125
So, the multiples of 25 between 55 and 105 are 75 and 100.
e. 30 × 2 = 60, 30 × 3 = 90, 30 × 4 = 120
So, the multiples of 30 between 55 and 105 are 60 and 90.
f. 40 × 1 = 40, 40 × 2 = 80, 40 × 3 = 120
So, the multiples of 40 between 55 and 105 is only 80.

5.
a. 55 × 4 = 220, 55 × 5 = 275, 55 × 6 = 330
So, the multiples of 55 between 200 and 300 are 220, 275.
b. 63 × 4 = 252, 63 × 5 = 315
So, the multiple of 63 between 200 and 300 is 252.
c. 82 × 3 = 246, 83 × 4 = 332
So, the multiple of 82 between 200 and 300 is 246.
d. 91 × 3 = 273, 91 × 4 = 364
So, the multiple of 91 between 200 and 300 is 273.
e. 43 × 5 = 215, 43 × 6 = 258, 43 × 7 = 301
So, the multiples of 43 between 200 and 300 are 215, 258.
f. 25 × 9 = 225, 25 × 10 = 250, 25 × 11 = 275, 25 × 12 = 300
So, the multiples of 25 between 200 and 300 are 225, 250, 275.

6.
a. 72 ÷ 2 = 36, Remainder = 0
So, 72 is a multiple of 2.
b. 81 ÷ 2 = 40, Remainder = 1
So, 81 is not a multiple of 2.
c. 896 ÷ 2 = 448, Remainder = 0
So, 896 is a multiple of 2.
d. 6731 ÷ 2 = 3365, Remainder = 1
So, 6731 is not a multiple of 2
e. 4236 ÷ 2 = 2118, Remainder = 0
So, 4236 is a multiple of 2.
f. 7162 ÷ 2 = 3581, Remainder = 0
So, 7162 is a multiple of 2.
7.
a. 670 ÷ 10 = 67, Remainder = 0
So, 670 is a multiple of 10.
b. 6432 ÷ 10 = 643, Remainder = 2
So, 6432 is not a multiple of 10.
c. 8901 ÷ 10 = 890, Remainder = 1
d. 84390 ÷ 10 = 8439, Remainder = 0
So, 84390 is a multiple of 10.
e. 713 ÷ 10 = 71, Remainder = 3
So, 713 is not a multiple of 10.
f. 40 ÷ 10 = 4, Remainder = 0
So, 40 is a multiple of 10.
Higher Order Thinking Skills
1. 72 can be expressed as: 72 × 1, 36 × 2, 24 × 3, 18 × 4, 12 × 6, and 9 × 8
We can see that only at 8 × 9 = 72, both the conditions are satisfied
Number of columns and number of rows have more than 6 students
For column = 9; row = 8 which is more
Number of rows = 8

2. 1 cake should be cut into 9 pieces.

So, 8 cakes = 9 × 8 = 72 pieces of cake
There are 9 children.
So, divide 72 pieces of cake with number of children.
So, each child gets, 72 ÷ 9 = 8 pieces

3. 1 × 36 = 36, 1 row of 36 tables

2 × 18 = 36, 2 rows with 18 tables in each row
3 × 12 = 36, 3 rows with 12 tables in each row
4 × 9 = 36, 4 rows with 9 tables in each row
6 × 6 = 36, 6 row with 6 tables in each row
Total 5 arrangements are possible.

Mental Maths
1. Two prime numbers exist such that, they have with a gap of only one number between them, then such
pairs of prime numbers are called twin prime.
61 can form a twin-prime with either 59 or 63.
We know that 63 is not a prime number and 59 is a prime number.
So, 59 is the twin prime number of 61.

2. Prime numbers between 1 and 50 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and 47.
So, there are 15 prime numbers between 1 and 50.
3. Prime numbers between 1 and 100 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,
67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
So, there are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100.

Exercise 2D
1.
a. Prime numbers between 1 and 10 are 2, 3, 5, 7.
So, there are 4 prime numbers between 1 and 10.
b. Prime numbers between 1 and 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19.
So, there are 8 prime numbers between 1 and 20.
c. Prime numbers between 20 and 40 are 23, 29, 31, 37.
So, there are 4 prime numbers between 20 and 40.
d. Prime numbers between 40 and 80 are 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79.
So, there are 10 prime numbers between 40 and 80.
e. Prime numbers between 80 and 100 are 83, 89, 97.
So, there are 3 prime numbers between 80 and 100.

2.
a. The sum of two even numbers is always even.
b. The sum of two odd numbers is always even.
c. The sum of an even and an odd number is always odd.
d. The product of two even numbers is always even.
e. The product of two odd numbers is always odd.
f. The product of an even and an odd number is always even.
3.
a. 141 ÷ 3 = 47, so, 141 is not a prime number.
b. 181 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 181. So, 181 is a prime number.
c. 86 ÷ 2 = 43, so, 86 is not a prime number.
d. 83 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 83. So, 83 is a prime number.
e. 81 ÷ 3 = 27, so, 81 is not a prime number.
f. 67 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 67. So, 67 is a prime number.
g. 93 ÷ 3 = 31, so, 93 is not a prime number.
h. 61 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 61. So, 61 is a prime number.
i. 43 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 43. So, 43 is a prime number.
j. 97 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 97. So, 97 is a prime number.
k. 91 ÷ 7 = 13, so, 91 is not a prime number.
l. 30 ÷ 2 = 15, so, 30 is not a prime number.
m. 163 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 163. So, 163 is a prime number.
n. 187 ÷ 11 = 17, so, 187 is not a prime number.
o. 184 ÷ 2 = 92, so, 184 is not a prime number.
p. 131 has only two factors, i.e., 1 and 131. So, 131 is a prime number.
q. 169 ÷ 13 = 13, so, 169 is not a prime number.
r. 119 ÷ 7 = 17, so, 119 is not a prime number.
s. 134 ÷ 2 = 67, so, 67 is not a prime number.
t. 177 ÷ 3 = 59, so 59 is not a prime number.
4. Two numbers that have only 1 as a common factor are known as co-prime numbers.
a. Factors of 52 are 1, 2, 4, 13, 26, and 52.
Factors of 81 are 1, 3, 9, 27, and 81.
Here we see that 52 and 81 has no common factors other than 1.
So, 52 and 81 are co-prime numbers.
b. Factors of 294 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42, 49, 98, 147, 294.
Factors of 256 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256.
Here we see that 294 and 256 has 2 as the common factor.
So, 294 and 256 are not co-prime numbers.
c. Factors of 88 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 22, 44, 88.
Factors of 187 are 1, 11, 17, 187.
Here we see that 294 and 256 has 11 as the common factor.
So, 294 and 256 are not co-prime numbers.
d. Factors of 675 are 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 25, 27, 45, 75, 135, 225, 675.
Factors of 392 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 49, 56, 98, 196, 392.
Here we see that 675 and 392 has no common factors other than 1.
So, 52 and 81 are co-prime numbers.

5. a. 11, 31, 41, 61,71 b. 3, 13, 23, 43, 53, 73, 83

c. 5 d. 7, 17, 37, 47, 67, 97
6. (3,5), (5,7), (11,13), (17,19), (29,31), (41,43), (59,61), and (71,73)
Exercise 2E
1. A number is divisible by 2 if the digit at the ones place is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
a. 362 has 2 in the ones place so, it is divisible by 2.
b. 731 has 1 in the ones place, so, it is not divisible by 2.
c. 895 has 5 in the ones place, so, it is not divisible by 2.
d. 8246 has 6 in the ones place so, it is divisible by 2.
e. 217 has 7 in the ones place, so, it is not divisible by 2.
f. 812 has 2 in the ones place so, it is divisible by 2.
g. 6022 has 2 in the ones place so, it is divisible by 2.
h. 5818 has 8 in the ones place so, it is divisible by 2.

2. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3, then the number is divisible by 3.
a. The sum of the digits in 231 = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6.
6 is divisible by 3. Hence, 231 is divisible by 3.
b. The sum of the digits in 343 = 3 + 4 + 3 = 10.
10 is not divisible by 3. Hence, 343 is not divisible by 3.
c. The sum of the digits in 861 = 8 + 6 + 1 = 15.
15 is divisible by 3. Hence, 861 is divisible by 3.
d. The sum of the digits in 783 = 7 + 8 + 3 = 18.
18 is divisible by 3. Hence, 783 is divisible by 3.
e. The sum of the digits in 61 = 6 + 1 = 7.
7 is not divisible by 3. Hence, 61 is not divisible by 3.
f. The sum of the digits in 81 = 8 + 1 = 9
 9 is divisible by 3. Hence, 81 is divisible by 3.
3. A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits of the number is divisible by 4.
a. The number formed by the last two digits, 32, is divisible by 4. Hence, 132 is divisible by 4.
b. 72 ÷ 4 = 18, Remainder = 0. Hence, 72 is divisible by 4.
c. The number formed by the last two digits, 82, is not divisible by 4. Hence, 382 is not divisible by 4.
d. The number formed by the last two digits, 36, is divisible by 4. Hence, 1236 is divisible by 4.
e. The number formed by the last two digits, 41, is not divisible by 4. Hence, 7141 is not divisible by 4.
f. The number formed by the last two digits, 12, is divisible by 4. Hence, 8612 is divisible by 4.

4. A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit of the number is either 5 or 0.

a. In 375, the unit digit is 5. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
b. In 25, the unit digit is 5. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
c. In 83, the unit digit is 3. Hence, it is not divisible by 5.
d. In 70004, the unit digit is 4. Hence, it is not divisible by 5.
e. In 6105, the unit digit is 5. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
f. In 2100, the unit digit is 0. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
g. In 8325, the unit digit is 5. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
h. In 5005, the unit digit is 5. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
i. In 5551, the unit digit is 1. Hence, it is not divisible by 5.
Exercise 2F
1.
a. 672 is an even number. Hence, it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits is 15, which is divisible by 3.
Therefore, 672 is divisible by 6.
b. 813 is an odd number. Therefore, it is not divisible by 6.
c. 7312 is an even number. Hence, it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits is 13, which is not divisible
by 3. Therefore, 7312 is not divisible by 6.
d. 1236 is an even number. Hence, it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits is 12, which is divisible by
3. Therefore, it is divisible by 6.
e. 4314 is an even number. Hence, it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digit is 12, which is divisible by 3.
Therefore, it is divisible by 6.
f. 689 is an odd number. Hence, it is not divisible by 6.
g. 263 is an odd number. Hence, it is not divisible by 6.
h. 164 is an even number. Hence, it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits is 11, which is not divisible
by 3. Therefore, it is not divisible by 6.
i. 8135 is an odd number. Hence, it is not divisible by 6.
j. 7236 is an even number. Hence, it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digit is 18, which is divisible by 3.
Therefore, it is divisible by 6.
2. A number divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.
a. 328 is divisible by 8
b. 4000 is divisible by 8 and the last 3 digits is also divisible by 8. Therefore, 4728 is divisible by 8.
c. 8000 is divisible by 8 and 256 is also divisible by 8. Therefore, 8256 is divisible by 8.
d. 9000 is divisible by 8 and 96 is also divisible by 8. Therefore, 9096 is divisible by 8.
e. 6000 is divisible by 8, but 324 is not divisible by 8. Therefore, 6324 is not divisible by 8.
f. 8000 is divisible by 8 but 4 is not divisible by 8. Therefore, 8004 is not divisible by 8.
g. 5000 is divisible by 8 and 368 is also divisible by 8. Therefore, 5368 is divisible by 8.
h. 6000 is divisible by 8 and 72 is also divisible by 8. Therefore, 6072 is divisible by 8.
i. 4000 is divisible by 8 and 568 is also divisible by 8. Therefore, 4568 is divisible by 8.
Exercise 2G
1. A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 9.
a. 8 + 1 + 6 + 3 = 18; 18 is divisible by 9, so 8163 is also divisible by 9.
b. 7 + 2 + 1 + 4 = 14; 14 is not divisible by 9, so 7214 is also not divisible by 9.
c. 8 + 3 + 5 + 3 = 19; 19 is not divisible by 9, so 8353 is also not divisible by 9.
d. 6 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 18; 18 is divisible by 9, so 6345 is also divisible by 9.
e. 1 + 5 + 8 + 4 = 18; 18 is divisible by 9, so 1584 is also divisible by 9.
f. 3 + 6 + 1 + 7 = 17; 17 is not divisible by 9, so 3617 is also not divisible by 9.
g. 6 + 2 + 7 + 3 = 18; 18 is divisible by 9, so 6273 is also divisible by 9.
h. 8 + 1 = 9; 9 is divisible by 9, so 81 is also divisible by 9.
i. 4 + 3 + 7 + 5 = 19; 19 is not divisible by 9, so 4375 is also not divisible by 9.
j. j. 8 + 9 + 3 + 1 = 21; 21 is not divisible by 9, so 8931 is also not divisible by 9.
2. A number is divisible by 10 if its units digit is 0.
a. In 29, the unit digit is not zero. Hence, it is not divisible by 10.
b. In 430, the unit digit is zero. Hence, it is divisible by 10.
c. In 89, the unit digit is not zero. Hence, it is not divisible by 10.
d. In 77, the unit digit is not zero. Hence, it is not divisible by 10.
e. In 120, the unit digit is zero. Hence, it is divisible by 10.
f. In 33, the unit digit is not zero. Hence, it is not divisible by 10.
g. In 17908, the unit digit is not zero. Hence, it is not divisible by 10.
h. In 3640, the unit digit is zero. Hence, it is divisible by 10.

3. A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sums of the alternate digits is either 0 or divisible by
11.
a. In 71412, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (2 + 4 + 7) and (1 + 1) is 11. Hence, it is
divisible by 11.
b. In 376277, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (7 + 2 + 7) and (7 + 6 + 3) = 0. Hence, it is
divisible by 11.
c. In 6116, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (6 + 1) and (1 + 6) = 0. Hence, it is divisible by
11.
d. In 86124, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (4 + 1 + 8) and (2 + 6) = 5. Hence, it is not
divisible by 11.
e. In 643214, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (4 + 2 + 4) and (1 + 3 + 6) = 0. Hence, it is
divisible by 11.
f. In 20438, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (8 + 4 + 2) and 3 = 11. Hence, it is divisible by
11.
g. In 48295, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (5 + 2 + 4) and (9 + 8) = 6. Hence, it is not
divisible by 11.
h. In 14909, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (9 + 9 + 1) and 4 = 15. Hence, it is not divisible
by 11.
i. In 97526, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (6 + 5 + 9) and (2 + 7) = 11. Hence, it is
divisible by 11.
j. In 563761, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (1 + 7 + 6) – (6 + 3 + 5) = 0. Hence, it is
divisible by 11.
4.
a. 279, 297, 729, 792, 927, 972.
Thus, 6 three-digit numbers can be formed using 7, 2, and 9, without repetition.
b. The sum of the digits in 279 = 2 + 7 + 9 = 18. 18 is divisible by 3. Hence, 279 is divisible by 3.
Since, the sum of the digits is same for all the combinations, all the numbers formed above are
divisible by 3.
c. The sum of the digits in 279 = 2 + 7 + 9 = 18. 18 is divisible by 9. Hence, 279 is divisible by 9.
Since, the sum of the digits is same for all the combinations, all the numbers formed above are
divisible by 3.
d. Out of all the numbers, only 792 and 972 are even numbers. So, they are divisible by 2. They are also
divisible by 3. Hence, 792 and 972 are divisible by 6.
5. 72𝑎𝑎384 is divisible by 9 only when the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 9.
7 + 2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 3 + 8 + 4 = 24 + 𝑎𝑎
27 is divisible by 9.
Thus, the value of '𝑎𝑎' = 3.

6. 46𝑎𝑎7𝑏𝑏2 is divisible by 9 only when the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 9
4 + 6 + 𝑎𝑎 + 7 + 𝑏𝑏 + 2 = 19 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏
Minimum value of 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 8, because 19 + 8 = 21 is divisible by 9.
Maximum value of 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 17, because 19 + 17 = 36 is divisible by 9.

7. 150 can be expressed as 150 × 1, 75 × 2, 50 × 3, 30 × 5, 25 × 6, 15 × 10.

Thus, there are 5 ways – 6 × 25, 25 × 6, 5 × 30, 10 × 15, 15 × 10.

Chapter Check-Up
1. 135 is multiple of 15; 15 × 9 = 135.
2.
a. 2248, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (2 + 8) and (4 + 2) is 4. Hence, it is not divisible by
11.
b. 3648, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (6 + 8) and (3 + 4) is 7. Hence, it is not divisible by
11.
c. 1561, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (5 + 1) and (1 + 6) is 1. Hence, it is not divisible by
11.
d. 2695, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (5 + 6) and (9 + 2) is 0. Hence, it is divisible by 11.

3.
a. 6 of 20 ÷ 5 – 10 = 6 × 20 ÷ 5 – 10
= 6 × 4 – 10
= 24 – 10 = 14
b. 85 – 20 ÷ 4 + 10 of 2 = 85 – 20 ÷ 4 + 10 of 2
= 85 – 5 + 10 × 2
= 85 – 5 + 20
= 85 + 20 – 5 = 100

c. 37 + 26 ÷ 2 + 2 of 25 – 80 ÷ 2 = 37 + 13 + 2 × 25 – 40
= 37 + 13 + 50 – 40
= 100 – 40 = 60

d. 45 + (35 – 12) – 5 = 45 + 23 – 5
= 68 – 5 = 63

e. 20 ÷ (2 of 3 + 8 – 4) + 7 = 20 ÷ (6 + 8 – 4) + 7
= 20 ÷ 10 + 7
=2+7=9

f. 80 – {20 – (5 + 2 – 4 ÷ 2)} = 80 – {20 – (5 + 2 – 2)}

= 80 – {20 – 5}
= 80 – 15 = 65

g. 90 + {10 + 15 of 3 – (20 + 30 – 45 ÷ 5)} = 90 + {10 + 15 of 3 – (20 + 30 – 9)}

= 90 + {10 + 15 of 3 – 41}
= 90 + {10 + 45 – 41}
= 90 + 14 = 104

h. 8 – {3 – 2 + (6 – 4 + 1)} = 8 – {3 – 2 + 3}
=8–4=4
4. 5 × 4 = 20, 5 × 5 = 25, 5 × 6 = 30, 5 × 7 = 35, 5 × 8 = 40, 5 × 9 = 45, 5 × 10 = 50.
So, the multiples of 5 between 20 and 50 are 25, 30, 35, 40, 45.

5. 1 × 72 = 72, 2 × 36 = 72, 3 × 24 = 72, 4 × 18 = 72, 6 × 12 = 72, 8 × 9 = 72

So, the factors of 72 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 36, 72.

6. 1 × 28 = 28, 2 × 14 = 28, 4 × 7 = 28
Factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28.
Sum of the factors = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.
28 is a perfect number, as the sum of the factors of 28 (excluding the number) is equal to the number
itself.
6 is another perfect number, as the sum of the factors of 6 is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, which is equal to the
number itself.

7. Two prime numbers exist such that, they have with a gap of only one number between them, then such
pairs of prime numbers are called twin prime.
Prime numbers between 1 and 50 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and 47.
So, the twin primes between 1 and 50 are (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43).
8. Two numbers that have only 1 as a common factor are known as co-prime numbers.
a. Factors of 441 are 1, 3, 7, 9, 21, 49, 63, 147, 441.
Factors of 288 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 24, 32, 36, 48, 72, 96, 144, 288.
Since 441 and 288 have more than one common factors, so they are not co-prime numbers.

b. Factors of 91 are 1, 7, 13, 91.

Factors of 27 are 1, 3, 9, 27.
91 and 27 have only 1 as the common factor, so they are co-prime numbers.

c. Factors of 2310 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 22, 30, 33, 35, 42, 55, 66, 70, 77, 105, 110, 154,
165, 210, 231, 330, 385, 462, 770, 1155, 2310.
Factors of 2431 are 1, 11, 13, 17, 143, 187, 221, 2431.
Since 2310 and 2431 have more than one common factors, they are not co-prime numbers.

9. Even numbers are 44, 40, 62, 82, 56, 46 and 72.
Odd numbers are 13, 23, 89, 61, 19, 35 and 21.

10. A number is divisible by 2 if the digit at the ones place is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.

a. 27 has 7 in the ones place so, it is not divisible by 2.
b. 892 has 2 in the ones place so, it is divisible by 2.
c. 6700 has 0 in the ones place so, it is divisible by 2.
d. 471 has 1 in the ones place so, it is not divisible by 2.
11.
a. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3, then the number is divisible by 3.
i. The sum of the digits in 319 is 3 + 1 + 9 = 13.
13 is not divisible by 3. Hence, 319 is not divisible by 3.
ii. The sum of the digits in 528 is 5 + 2 + 8 = 15.
15 is divisible by 3. Hence, 319 is also divisible by 3.
iii. The sum of the digits in 116 is 1 + 1 + 6 = 8.
8 is not divisible by 3. Hence, 116 is not divisible by 3.
iv. The sum of the digits in 4173 is 4 + 1 + 7 + 3 = 15.
15 is not divisible by 3. Hence, 4173 is also divisible by 3.

b. A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits of the number is divisible by 4.
i. The last two digit in 343, i.e., 43 is divisible not divisible by 4. Hence, 343 is not divisible by 4.
ii. The last two digit in 454, i.e., 54 is divisible not divisible by 4. Hence, 454 is not divisible by 4.
iii. The last two digit in 14468, i.e., 68 is divisible by 4. Hence, 14468 is divisible by 4.
iv. The last two digit in 1376, i.e., 76 is divisible by 4. Hence, 1376 is divisible by 4.

c. A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit of the number is either 5 or 0.

i. In 6556, the unit digit is 6. Hence, it is not divisible by 5.
ii. In 34515, the unit digit is 5. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
iii. In 8106, the unit digit is 6. Hence, it is not divisible by 5.
iv. In 7800, the unit digit is 0. Hence, it is divisible by 5.
12.
a. A number divisible by 6 must be divisible by both 2 and 3
i. 348 is an even number, so it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits in 348 is 3 + 4 + 8 = 15,
which is divisible by 3. Hence, 348 is divisible by 6.
ii. 294 is an even number, so it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits in 294 is 2 + 9 + 4 = 15,
which is divisible by 3. Hence, 294 is divisible by 6.
iii. 232 is an even number, so it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits in 232 is 2 + 3 + 2 = 7,
which is not divisible by 3. Hence, 232 is not divisible by 6.
iv. 94 is an even number, so it is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits in 94 is 9 + 4 = 13, which is
not divisible by 3. Hence, 94 is not divisible by 6.

b. A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3 digits are divisible by 8.

i. 458 is not divisible by 8.
ii. The last 3 digits in 1472, i.e., 472 is divisible by 8. Hence, 1472 is also divisible by 8.
iii. The last 3 digits in 6132, i.e., 132 is not divisible by 8. Hence, 6132 is not divisible by 8.
iv. The last 3 digits in 1104, i.e., 104 is divisible by 8. Hence, 1104 is also divisible by 8.

c. A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 9.

i. The sum of the digits in 333 is 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 is divisible by 9. Hence, 333 is divisible by 9.
ii. The sum of the digits in 90 is 9 + 0 = 9 is divisible by 9. Hence, 90 is divisible by 9.
iii. The sum of the digits in 469 is 4 + 6 + 9 = 19 is not divisible by 9. Hence, 469 is not divisible
by 9.
iv. The sum of the digits in 2149 is 2 + 1 + 4 + 9 = 16 is not divisible by 9. Hence, 2149 is not
divisible by 9.

d. A number is divisible by 10 if its units digit is 0.

i. The unit digit of 31 is not zero. Hence, it is not divisible by 10.
ii. The unit digit of 50 is 0. Hence, it is divisible by 10.
iii. The unit digit of 1250 is 0. Hence, it is divisible by 10.
iv. The unit digit of 505 is 0. Hence, it is not divisible by 10.

e. A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sums of the alternate digits is either 0 or divisible
by 11.
i. In 121, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (1 + 1) and 2 is 0. Hence, it is divisible by
11.
ii. In 894036, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (9 + 6) and (8 + 4 + 3) is 0. Hence, it is
divisible by 11.
iii. In 693, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (6 + 3) and 9 is 0. Hence, it is divisible by
11.
iv. In 40982, the difference of the sum of alternate digits (4 + 9 + 2) and 8 is 7. Hence, it is not
divisible by 11.