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? SQL Basics - Quick Reference & Study Guide

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10 views2 pages

? SQL Basics - Quick Reference & Study Guide

Uploaded by

salmanoops3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📗 SQL Basics – Quick Reference & Study

Guide
1. Introduction to SQL
●​ SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language for working with relational
databases.​

●​ It allows you to define structures (DDL), manipulate data (DML), and query
information efficiently.​

2. Core SQL Commands


●​ SELECT – Retrieve data from a table.​

●​ INSERT – Add new rows into a table.​

●​ UPDATE – Modify existing records.​

●​ DELETE – Remove records from a table.​

●​ JOIN – Combine rows from multiple tables based on related columns.​

3. Filtering & Aggregation


SELECT department, COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 50000
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
●​ WHERE filters records.​

●​ GROUP BY groups data for aggregation (SUM, AVG, COUNT).​

●​ ORDER BY sorts results.​

4. Types of Joins
●​ INNER JOIN – Matches records in both tables.​

●​ LEFT JOIN – All records from the left table, plus matched records.​

●​ RIGHT JOIN – All records from the right table, plus matched records.​

●​ FULL OUTER JOIN – All records with matches in either table.​

5. Best Practices
●​ Avoid SELECT *, specify needed columns.​

●​ Use aliases (AS) for readability.​

●​ Use indexes for performance.​

●​ Normalize data to reduce redundancy.

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