Class 10 Geometry Notes (Based on R.D.
Sharma)
Chapter 6: Triangles
1. Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales' Theorem)
Statement: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct
points, then it divides the two sides in the same ratio.
Given: Triangle ABC, and a line DE parallel to BC intersecting AB and AC at D and E respectively.
AD
To Prove: DB = AE
EC
Proof Outline: Use similar triangles ADE and ABC.
AD
Result: DB = AE
EC
2. Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
AD
Given: DB = AE
EC
To Prove: DE || BC
3. Pythagoras Theorem
Statement: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the other two sides.
Given: In triangle ABC, angle B = 90°.
Then: AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
4. Converse of Pythagoras Theorem
If in a triangle, the square of one side equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the
triangle is right-angled.
Given: AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
Then: Triangle ABC is right-angled at B.
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5. Similar Triangles and their Criteria
a. AA (Angle-Angle) Similarity Criterion
If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.
b. SSS (Side-Side-Side) Similarity Criterion
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are in the same ratio, then the two triangles are similar.
c. SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Similarity Criterion
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle, and the sides including these angles
are in the same ratio, then the triangles are similar.
6. Areas of Similar Triangles Theorem
If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of their areas is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
Formula:
2
Area(△ABC)
=( )
AB
Area(△PQR) PQ
7. Angle Bisector Theorem
The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side internally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.
Given: In triangle ABC, AD bisects angle A.
Then: BD
DC = AB
AC
Chapter 7: Circles
1. Tangent to a Circle Theorems
a. Tangent Perpendicular to Radius
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
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Given: O is the centre, P is a point on the circle, PT is the tangent.
Then: OP ⊥ PT
b. Two Tangents Theorem
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Given: PA and PB are tangents from point P to circle with centre O.
Then: P A = PB
2. Alternate Segment Theorem
The angle between the tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle in the
alternate segment.
Chapter 8: Constructions
1. Division of a line segment in a given ratio
Construct a point on a given line segment such that the line is divided in a specific ratio (m:n).
2. Constructing Similar Triangles
Given a triangle, construct another triangle similar to it with scale factor m
n .
3. Tangents from an external point
Construct two tangents from a point outside a given circle to the circle.
Chapter 13: Surface Areas and Volumes
Surface Areas:
Solid Surface Area
Cube 6a2
Cuboid 2(lb + bh + hl)
Cylinder 2πr(h + r)
Cone πr(l + r)
3
Solid Surface Area
Sphere 4πr2
Hemisphere 3πr2
Volumes:
Solid Volume
Cube a3
Cuboid l×b×h
Cylinder πr2 h
1 2
Cone 3 πr h
4 3
Sphere 3 πr
2 3
Hemisphere 3 πr
Summary of Key Results
Concept Key Result
BPT
AD
DB = AE
EC
Pythagoras Hyp2 = Base2 + Height2
Similarity Side ratios = area ratio squared
Angle Bisector
BD
DC = AB
AC
Tangents Equal from external point; ⊥ to radius
Constructions Use similarity or tangency rules
SA & Volume Memorize all solid formulas
