18/02/2025

DEPARTMENT of CIVIL
ENGINEERING

INS 302E HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Introduction

Oguz Tengilimoglu, PhD

otengilimoglu@[Link]
1

Instructor

Dr Oguz Tengilimoglu

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Transportation Engineering

‘‘Transportation engineering is the application of technology and

scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation,
and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in
order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, and environmentally compatible movement of
people and goods.’’

Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)

Highway Engineering

‘‘Highway engineering is the branch

of transportation engineering which deals
with the planning, design, construction,
operation, and maintenance
of roads, highways, streets, bridges,
and tunnels to ensure safe and
effective transportation of people and
goods.’’

O'Flaherty, C.A., ed. (2002). Highways the location, design, construction and maintenance of road
pavements (4th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5090-8.

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Course Description and Objective

Course (INS 302E) Objective:
• To introduce students to the fundamental design knowledge for highway
engineering.
Content:
• Introduction, Basic definitions of highway components, Characteristics of
road users and vehicles, Vehicle movements, General characteristics of
highway traffic, Highway capacity, Selection of highway geometric
standards, Location survey, Horizontal curves and super-elevation,
Transition curves, Road profile and vertical curves, Earthworks, Cost
equation and Earth distribution.
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Course Outcomes
Course (INS 302E) Outcomes:
• By the end of this course, students should be able
to evaluate, analyse, draw, and calculate a typical
road plan, profile, and its related earthworks.
• Consequently, students familiar with the general
principles presented in the course will find it easier
to apply these skills if they choose transportation
engineering as their career field.
• The course content is designed to develop skills for effectively
designing highway engineering systems.
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Course Syllabus
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA # CONTRIBUTION TO FINAL SCORE
MIDTERM EXAM 2 2 × 12% = 24%
PLAN (Project Submission) 1 12%
PROFILE (Project Submission) 1 12%
EARTHWORKS (Project Submission) 1 12%
FINAL EXAM 1 40%

MINIMUM SCORE SHOULD BE 35 & ALL 3 PROJECTS SHOULD BE

PREREQUISITE FOR TAKING SUBMITTED
THE FINAL EXAM
SCORE = (2 MIDTERM EXAMS + 3 PROJECTS)/5

There will be 20 points deduction per day for late submissions.

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Agenda by Weeks
WEEK DATE AGENDA
Introduction to Highway Engineering (2 hr)
1 18/02/2025
Basic Definitions (2 hr)
• 14 weeks, 4 hours per week 2 25/02/2025
Road User Characteristics (2 hr)
Vehicle Dynamics (2 hr)
Fundamental Parameters of Traffic Flow (2 hr)
• Tuesday afternoon 3 04/03/2025 Roadway Classification and Geometric Standards (1 hr)
Practice Session: Vehicle Dynamics (1 hr)
Highway Design: Topographic Maps and Route Survey (2 hr)
• ≈ 4 Project meeting 4 11/03/2025 Project: Introduction and Layout Map Allocation (1 hr)
Highway Design: Horizontal Curves and Superelevation (1 hr)
Highway Design: Horizontal Curves and Superelevation (2 hr)
• ≈ 6 Practice sessions 5 18/03/2025 Highway Design: Transition Curves (1 hr)
Project: Plan Drawing (1 hr)
Highway Design: Profile and Vertical Curves (2 hr)
6 25/03/2025
Practice Session: Horizontal Curves and Superelevation (2 hr)
7 01/04/2025 MID-SEMESTER BREAK (31 March – 4 April)
• Some changes in the course Highway Design: Profile and Vertical Curves (2 hr)
schedule might occur. 8 08/04/2025 Practice Session: Profile and Vertical Curves (1 hr)
Project: Profile Drawing (1 hr)
MIDTERM EXAM -1
• Scores and other information 9 15/04/2025 Cross Sections and Elements (1 hr)
Cross-section Drawing, Classification of Soils, Heave and Settlement (1 hr)
will be shared from Ninova. 10 22/04/2025
Earthworks: Cross Section Area Calculations (2 hr)
Project: Earthworks (1hr)
Practice Session: Cross Section Area Calculation (1hr)
Earthworks: Cut-Fill Volumes (2 hr)
11 29/04/2025
Earthworks: Volumes Tables, Mass Diagram (2 hr)
Earthworks: Cost Equations and Earth Distribution (2hr)
12 06/05/2025
Practice Session: Cut-Fill Volume Calculation, Mass Diagram (2 hr)
Earthworks: First and Second Order Balancing and Cost Accounts (3hr)
13 13/05/2025
Earthworks: Bruckner Method (1hr)
MIDTERM EXAM -2
14 20/05/2025
Practice Session: Balancing Applications and Cost Accounts (2 hr)
15 27/05/2025 Make-up Exam 8

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Course Materials
TEXTBOOK • Course documents presented by the instructor

PROJECT • Relevant documents/files provided by the instructor

• General Directorate of Highways (2016), Highway Design Handbook. /

Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü (2016), Karayolu Tasarım El Kitabı.
• American Association of State Highways and Transport Officials (2011), A
Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. (AASTHO).
RECOMMENDED
ADDITIONAL • R. Lamm, B. Psarianos, T. Mailaender, (1999), Highway Design and Traffic
READING Safety Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill.
• Güngör Evren (2001), Earthworks (Toprak İşleri). Birsen Yayınevi.
• Nadir Yayla, (2002), Highway Engineering (Karayolu Mühendisliği). Birsen
Yayınevi.

Modes of Transportation
The transport modes should be chosen by considering type of
terrain, distance, demand and characteristics of the goods or people
to be transported.

B
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Classification of Transportation Systems

Overland Transportation Systems
1) Highway transport
2) Rail transport
3) Continues flow systems (Pipelines, Cables etc.)
Water Transportation Systems
1) Sea transport
2) Inland water transport systems
Air Transportation Systems
1) Air carriers
2) General aviation
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Early Road Transportation

Roman Roads: Roman Road Network
200 AC
• At the peak of Rome's development,
no fewer than 29 great military
highways radiated from the capital (All
Roads Lead to Rome).
• The late Empire's 113 provinces were
interconnected by 372 great roads.
• The whole network comprised more
than 400,000 kilometres of roads, of
which over 80,500 kilometres were
stone-paved. Licio, V. (2021). When history leaves a mark: A new
measure of Roman roads. Italian Economic
Journal, 7(1), 1-35.
Source:
[Link] 12
a1/[Link]

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Early Road Transportation

Railway Era: Invention of steam power in early
1700s and design of locomotives in 1820s 
resulted in the rise of ‘railways’ in the 19th century.
The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the
world's first steam powered, inter-urban railway
designed to transport both passengers and goods.

By 1920s, railways became popular;

• Fast  40 km/hr
• Easy to build  compered to canals and water transportation
• Great traction power  good for carrying freight.
13

Highway Transportation
Beginning of 1900s  invention of
personal vehicle (automobiles)
1920s have witnessed to mass
production of automobiles (Ford’s
Assembly Line)
• Personalised and ‘door-to-door’
transportation system
Modern cars were first built in 1885 in Germany by
• Cars became popular & railways Karl Benz. However, the Model T, sold by the Ford
Motor Company from 1908 to 1927, was the
lost popularity earliest effort to make a car that most people
could actually buy (affordable).
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Motorisation period; more roads and

infrastructure were needed
Sources: [Link]

1918 2015

Today asphalt mixtures are used extensively in flexible pavement structure successfully for a
safe, rapid and economical highway transportation to sustain heavy axle loads. 15

Motorisation rate in last 2 decades

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Source: [Link]

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Road motor vehicles in Türkiye (2008-

2023)
Sources: [Link]

Vehicle Type 2023 %

Car 15,221,134 52.96
Minibus 502,628 1.75
Bus 210,740 0.73
Small truck 4,487,244 15.61
Truck 959,793 3.34
Motorcycle 5,079,396 17.67
Special purpose veh. 93,407 0.33
Tractor 2,186,150 7.61
Total 28,740,492

Turkish Statistical Institute, Source: General Directorate of Public Security, Notaries Union of Turkey 17

Age of road vehicle fleets in Türkiye

Sources: [Link]

2023
Average Age of Fleet (years) 14.5
• Car 14.1
• Minibus 15.8
• Bus 15.8
• Small truck 13.6
• Truck 17.9
• Motorcycle 11.6
• Special purpose vehicle 14.8
• Tractor 24.4

• Higher demand for motorbike

couriers due to Covid-19
• Rapid growth of the delivery service
• Sudden increase in fuel and vehicle
prices etc. 18
Turkish Statistical Institute

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Road motor vehicles by kind of fuel used

in Türkiye
Sources: [Link]

Total Fleet 2023 (%)

Gasoline 32.4
Diesel 47.2
- Emission problems in diesel LPG 18.1
- Decrease in the proportion of Hybrid 0.8
heavy weight vehicles in the fleet Electric 1.3
Unknown 0.2
100.0

Car Only 2023 (%)

Gasoline 28.7
Diesel 35.6
LPG 33.5
Hybrid 1.5
Electric 0.5
Unknown 0.2
100.0
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Turkish Statistical Institute

Road Length in Türkiye - GDH

km
Road lengths
450 000

400 000

350 000

300 000

250 000

200 000

150 000
General Total
100 000
Village Road
50 000
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

Changes (2008 -2023)

Turkish Statistical Institute, Source: General
Motorways 48.42%
Directorate of Highways, General Directorate
State road -1.45% for Local Authorities
Provincial road 9.84%
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Roads by type of the surface

Surfaced roads: (Bituminous, Stone black,
Stone crushed and stabilised)

head-on collisions and roadway

departure collisions

Turkish Statistical Institute, Source: General Directorate of Highways,

General Directorate for Local Authorities
Village road excluded - %95 Paved Roads 21

Number of drivers in Türkiye

• Drivers

• Gender
equality gap

22
Turkish Statistical Institute

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Current Status of Transportation Sector

in Türkiye
450 1.00
• More Vehicles ! 400 0.90

• More Drivers ! 350

0.80

0.70

Km per 1000 People

Population density (p/km2) 300
115 0.60
110 250
105 0.50
100 200
95 0.40
90
150
85 0.30
80
100
0.20

50 0.10

0 0.00
• Road network not developed
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023
as much as developed
countries.  Capacity not Number of Vehicle per 1000 People Number of Cars per 1000 People

increasing much ! Driver License per 1000 People Road Length (km) per 1000 People
Railway Length (km) per 1000 People 23

Road infrastructure density compared

to EU

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Current Status of Transportation Sector

in Türkiye – Highway Oriented
Modal split of inland passenger transport ([Link] %) 2022 Modal split of inland freight transport ([Link] %) 2022
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Water Railway Highway Air Water Railway Highway Air

Türkiye Netherlands France Germany Türkiye Netherlands France Germany

Water plays a marginal role in passenger transportation.

Sources: Turkish Statistical Institute &
In terms of tonne-kilometres performed, air transport plays only a marginal
role at EU level, with a share of 0.1  The situation is no different in Türkiye
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Current Status of Transportation Sector

in Türkiye - Demand increasing rapidly !
(Million) Freight and passenger transportation and the circulation on
Transportation of Passengers and Goods the roads (Motorways, State Roads and Provincial Roads)
by Mode in Türkiye (%) 2023 400000
100
90.56 90.85 350000
90
300000
80

70 Goods Passenger 250000

60
200000
50
Highway Oriented 150000
40

30 100000

20 50000
10 5.89 7.24
3.54 1.50
0.42 0.01 0
0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Highways Maritime Railways Air Transport

Vehicle-km (Million) Tonne-km (Million) Passenger-km (Million)

Source: Turkish Statistical Institute

Passenger transport by Turkish State Railways (TCDD). Suburban [Link]
lines are not included. [Link] 26

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Current Status of Transportation Sector

in Türkiye - Road Safety
Number of accidents in Türkiye Number of aaccidents involving death and personal injury
1400
200
Thousands

Thousands
1200 180

160
1000
140
800 120

600 100

80
400
60
200 40

20
0
0

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023
Accidents involving death and personal injury
Accidents involving material loss only Ocured in settlement Occured outside the settlement
Total number of accidents

In 2024
Source: Turkish Statistical Institute • Killed persons at accident scene: 2,984 people
• Number of persons injured: 350,855 27

Why do we have a higher road fatality

rate?
Faults causing road traffic accidents involving death
and personal injury
350
Thousands

Driver faults Passengers faults

300 Pedestrian faults Road faults
Vehicle faults
250

200

150 ~90%
100

50

0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

• The vehicle fleet is old.

• The infrastructure is not at the desired level.
• The drivers are not well trained.
• Lack of traffic law enforcement.  Violations of rules 28

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Driver faults in accidents in 2024

(Türkiye)
Other fault behaviour of the driver
Not stopping at the scene of an accident, not taking necessary precautions and not notifying the authorities
Failure to have and use protective headgear and goggles on motorcycles
Not having and using seat belts,
Failure of other vehicles to stop and misuse of the ‘STOP’ sign by school vehicles
Not slowing down at pedestrian and school crossings, not giving pedestrians the right of way
Driving disrespectfully, throwing and spilling things from the vehicle, using mobile phones while driving
Keeping animals on the highway outside the settlement except in compulsory cases, using passenger animals…
Riding bicycles, motorbikes and motorcycles without following the rules
Dangerous or excessive loading
Taking passengers over the transport limit
Using light inappropriately or inappropriately
Driving with missing, defective or inappropriate vehicle equipment
Parking incorrectly or in prohibited places
Failure to comply with passenger loading and unloading rules
Failure to observe the priority of passage where the pavement is narrow
Driving their vehicles below the speed limit or slowing down unnecessarily abruptly
Failure to comply with vehicle driving times
Driving with drugs or intoxicants
Violating the no vehicle sign

Speed
Encroaching on the lane
Failure to comply with the general conditions governing manoeuvres
Hit a parked car “Swiss Cheese Model” by
Running a red light Ben Aveling
Failure to observe the priority of passage at intersections
Violating the prohibition of passing
Failure to comply with the rules of changing direction
Driving too fast
Rear impact
Failure to adapt the vehicle speed to the conditions required by the road, weather and traffic
Drunk driving % 29
Source: Turkish Statistical Institute 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Speed Violation!
100%
. .
• More than half of all road
traffic deaths are among
90%
80%
%90 .
vulnerable road users,
Possibilty of Fatalty

70%
including pedestrians,
cyclists and motorcyclists.
60%
.
.
50%
40%
30%
. Pedestrain

• Speed increase of 10 km/h

leads to a doubling of the
20%
. Driver

. ..
10%
risk of injury crash, and 0%
even higher risk of fatal 0 20 40 60 80 100
crash. Speed Km/h
* Pasanen E, 1991 ve Joksch, 1993
Source Pasanen E, 1991 ve Joksch, 1993 30

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Environmental side of road transportation

• The transport sector is responsible for

approximately one quarter of
greenhouse gas emissions.

• Most vehicles in the world still rely on

petrol and diesel, which release air
pollutants that harm our health
and greenhouse gases emissions that
contribute to climate change.

Greenhouse gas emissions by sector,

2021, by proportion (DfT) 31

Environmental side of road transportation

GHG EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN THE EU-27 IN 2019

32

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Share of transport in carbon production

Source: Institute for sensible Transport;

[Link]
ort-and-climate-change/

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Environmental side of road transportation

170 Passengers
170 Passengers

100 Cars (occupancy

rate 1.7) 2 Buses

100 vehicle*km 2 vehicle*km

170 passenger*km 170 passenger*km

Switch to more environmentally friendly modes

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What is Intelligent Transportation

Systems (ITS)?

• The application of information and telecommunications

technologies to the management and operation of
transportation systems
• Electronics, communications, and information processing used
in combination to improve the performance of transportation
systems.

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ITS Concepts

• Gather, use, and distribute information

• Integration
• Multi-disciplinary

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Why is ITS important?

• Cost
• Adverse Impacts
• more capacity- more demand
• Right-of-way
• Not all transportation problems can be solved by conventional
improvements

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Types of ITS

• Mobility ITS, which aim to provide the shortest route, using data
about distance, time, energy consumption, etc.
• Safety ITS, which reduce collisions, incidents and delays through
warnings and alerts.
• Environment ITS, which aim to make journeys more
environmentally-friendly.

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ITS Functional Areas

• ATMS - Advanced Traffic Management Systems

• ETC - Electronic Toll Collection
• ATIS - Advanced Traveller Information Systems
• APTS - Advanced Public Transportation Systems
• EMS - Emergency Management System
• CVO - Commercial Vehicle Operation
• AVCS- Advanced Vehicle Control Systems

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Bonus

[Link]
Magic Highway, U.S.A. (1958)

40

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