Basic Mathematics (22103)

Definition:-
A set of 𝑚 × 𝑛 numbers arranged in a rectangular form of m rows & n columns enclosed
between a pair of square brackets is called a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 (read as m by n).
Matrices are generally denoted by capital alphabets & its elements are denoted by small
alphabets.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏11 ⋯ 𝑏1𝑛
𝑎
For e.g. 𝐴 = [ 21 𝑎 22 𝑎 23 ] ; 𝐵=[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3 𝑏𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑏𝑚𝑛 𝑚×𝑛
In short, 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 where
𝑖 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 1,2,3, … . , 𝑚 &
𝑗 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 1,2,3, … . . , 𝑛.

Order of a matrix:-
The order of a matrix is defined as 𝑚 × 𝑛 if it contains m rows & n columns.
Examples:
1. 𝐴 = [2 3 −1] Order of A is 1 × 3
2 −3
2. 𝐵=[ 4 0 ] Order of B is 3 × 2
−1 −2
5 6 1]
3. 𝐶=[ Order of C is 2 × 3
0 2 9
8
4. 𝐷 = [ ] Order of D is 2 × 1
4

Types of matrices:-
1. Row matrix: Matrix having only one row is called row matrix.
For e.g. : 𝐴 = [2 3 −1].
2. Column matrix: Matrix having only one column is called column matrix.
8
For e.g. : 𝐷 = [ ].
4
3. Square matrix : Matrix having equal number of rows & columns is called square matrix
2 −1 0
For e.g. 𝐴 = [1 3 −4]
5 −3 4
Note: In matrix A, elements 2, 3, 4 are diagonal elements and remaining are non-diagonal
elements.
4. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix where all non-diagonal elements are zero is called a
2 0 0
diagonal matrix. For e.g. : 𝐷 = [0 3 0]
0 0 4

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5. Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix where all diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar
2 0 0
matrix. For e.g. : 𝐾 = [0 2 0]
0 0 2
6. Identity matrix OR Unit matrix: A scalar matrix where all diagonal elements are one
(unit) is called an identity matrix or unit matrix denoted by I.
1 0 0
1 0
For e.g. : 𝐼3 = [0 1 0] ; 𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1
0 0 1
7. Zero matrix: A matrix having all elements equal to zero is called zero matrix.
0 0
For e.g. : 𝐴 = [0 0 0]; 𝐵 = [ ]
0 0

Algebra of matrices:
1. Addition of matrices: If two matrices are of same order then A+B can be obtained by
adding the corresponding elements. Order of matrix 𝐴 + 𝐵 is same as that of A and B.
5 6 1] 4 2 3
For e.g. if 𝐴 = [ , 𝐵=[ ]
0 2 9 −3 1 −2
5+4 6+2 1+3 9 8 4
then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [ ]=[ ]
0−3 2+1 9−2 −3 3 7
2. Subtraction of matrices: If two matrices are of same order then matrix
𝐴 − 𝐵 can be obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements. Order of matrix 𝐴 − 𝐵
is same as that of A and B.
5 6 1] 4 2 3
For e.g. if 𝐴 = [ , 𝐵=[ ]
0 2 9 −3 1 −2
5−4 6−2 1−3 1 4 −2
then 𝐴 − 𝐵 = [ ]=[ ]
0+3 2−1 9+2 3 1 11
3. Scalar Multiplication: If A is a matrix and ‘k’ is a scalar then the matrix ‘kA’ is obtained
by multiplying every element of the matrix A by ‘k’.
5 6 1] 25 30 5 ]
For e.g. if 𝐴 = [ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 5𝐴 = [ where k=5
0 2 9 0 10 45

Solved examples:
2 −3 1 2
1. If 𝐴 = [ 4 0 ] , 𝐵 = [6 −1] find 2𝐴 + 3𝐵.
−1 −2 0 3
2 −3 1 2
Solution: 2𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 2 [ 4 0 ] + 3 [6 −1]
−1 −2 0 3
4 −6 3 6
=[ 8 0 ] + [18 −3]
−2 −4 0 9

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4 + 3 −6 + 6
= [ 8 + 18 0 − 3 ]
−2 + 0 −4 + 9
7 0
= [ 26 −3]
−2 5
2 5    1
4 1 7
2. If A = 0 1 , B = 2  , C = 5 2 then find 5A  3B + 2C
 0
Solution: 5A  3B + 2C
2 5 4  1 1 7
=5 0 1  3 2  + 2 5 2
 0
10 25 12  3  2 14
=  0 5    6 +
 0  10 4 
10  12 + 2 25 + 3 + 14
= 
 0  6 + 10 50+4 
0 42
= 4 9 
3. Find the value of x and y satisfying the equation
1 𝑥 0 3 1 2 4 2 2
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝑦 2 4 4 3 −2 6 5 2
1 𝑥 0 3 1 2 4 2 2
Solution: [ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝑦 2 4 4 3 −2 6 5 2
1+3 𝑥+1 0+2 4 2 2
∴[ ]=[ ]
𝑦+4 2+3 4−2 6 5 2
4 𝑥+1 2 4 2 2
∴[ ]=[ ]
𝑦+4 5 2 6 5 2
By using equality of matrices, 𝑥 + 1 = 2 and 𝑦 + 4 = 6
∴𝑥=1 & 𝑦=2
2  1  3  2
4. If A = 4 ,B=  , find the matrix ‘X’ such that 2A + X = 3B
 3  1 4 
Solution: 2A + X = 3B
 X= 3B  2A
 3  2 2  1
 X= 3    2 4 
 1 4   3 
 9  6 4  2
=   
 3 12  8 6 
 9  4  6 + 2
=  
 3  8 12  6 
 5  4
X=  
 11 6 

2 5] 4 −1 1 7
5. If 𝐴 = [ ,𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ]
0 1 2 0 5 2

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Then prove that (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)

Solution: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶
2 5] [4 −1] 1 7
=([ + )+[ ]
0 1 2 0 5 2
6 4 1 7
=[ ]+[ ]
2 1 5 2
7 11
=[ ]
7 3
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶 )
2 5] 4 −1 1 7
=[ +([ ]+[ ])
0 1 2 0 5 2
2 5] [5 6]
=[ +
0 1 7 2
7 11
=[ ]
7 3
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
Exercise:
 5 3 2  1
1) If A =   and B = 3  , find 2A  3B
 1 1  2
 1 2 4 5   7 11
2) If X =   , Y =   , Z =   . Show that 3X + Y = Z
 3 4 1  3  8 9 
2 3 1 3
3) If A = 4 7 , B = 4 6 , find 2A + 3B  4I

2  3 4 5  3  1
4) If A = 3  , B = 3  , C = 0  , find 3A + 4B  2C
 4   2  6
 1 2 1  1 0  1
5) If A =  ,B= ,C= 
 1 3 3  2 1  1
Verify that (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
x 2  5 2y + 5 6  15
6) If A =     and if 3A = B , find x and y
,B= 
3 1 2y   9 3 6
3 2   1  1
7) If A = 1  1 , B =  3 2  , verify that A + B = B + A

0 4   4  2

Matrix multiplication:
The product of two matrices A and B is possible only if the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B.
Let A = [aij] be an m  n matrix
B = [bij] be an n  p matrix.

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Order of A× B is m×p
Method of Multiplication of two matrices:
𝑅 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
Let A= 1 [𝑎 𝑏 ] , 𝐵 = [𝑥 𝑦 𝑧]
𝑅2 𝑐 𝑑

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑅 𝐶 𝑅1 𝐶2 𝑅1 𝐶3 ap + bx aq + by ar + bz
then 𝐴𝐵 = [ 1 1 ]=[ ]
𝑅2 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑅2 𝐶3 cp + dx cq + dy cr + dz
Note: 𝑅1 𝐶1 means multiplying the elements of first row of A with corresponding elements of
first column of B.
Note: In matrices, matrix multiplication is not commutative.
i.e. A × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴 in general

Solved examples:-
2  1
 3 4  2
1. If A   B  3 4  find matrix AB
2 1 0  0 2 
2  1
 3 4  2 3 4 
Solution : AB     
2 1 0  0 2 
(3)( 2)  (4)(3)  (2)(0) (3)( 1)  (4)( 4)  (2)( 2)
AB  
 (2)( 2)  (1)(3)  (0)(0) (2)( 1)  (1)( 4)  (0)( 2) 

6  12  0  3  16  4
 
 43 0  2 4 0 

18 9
AB  
 7 2

2 −1 0
2. If 𝐴 = [1 3 −4] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 − 3I.
5 −3 4
2 −1 0 2 −1 0
2
Solution : 𝐴 = [1 3 −4] × [1 3 −4]
5 −3 4 5 −3 4
4−1+0 −2 − 3 + 0 0+4+0
= [ 2 + 3 − 20 −1 + 9 + 12 0 − 12 − 16]
10 − 3 + 20 −5 − 9 − 12 0 + 12 + 16

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3 −5 4
= [−15 20 −28]
27 −26 28
1 0 0 3 0 0
3𝐼 = 3 [0 1 0 ] = [ 0 3 0]
0 0 1 0 0 3
3 −5 4 3 0 0
2 [ ] [
∴ 𝐴 − 3I = −15 20 −28 − 0 3 0]
27 −26 28 0 0 3
0 −5 4
2
∴ 𝐴 − 3I = [−15 17 −28]
27 −26 25
3. Find x and y if
2 
 1 2 0  1 3  1   0  x
4 2    =  
 2  1 3 2 3 4  y
 1
Solution:
2
 1 2 0 1 3  1   0  x
4    2 2  = 
 2  1 3   3 4     y
 1
2 
 4 8 0  2 6  2   0  x
 8   = 
   4 12 4  6 8     y
 1
2 
 4  2 8  6 0 + 2    0  x
     =  
 8  4  4 + 6 12  8  y
 1
 2 
2 2 2  0  x
4 2 4   = y
 1
4 + 0  2 x
 =  
8 + 0  4 y
2 x
4 = y
x=2 and y =4

 1 3 2 3 0 2  1 x
4. Find x, y, z if  2 0 1 + 2 1 4 5 
  2 = y
   
 3 1 2 2 1 0  3  z 
Solution:
 1 3 2 6 0 4   1 x
 2 0 1 + 2 8 10  2 = y
 3 1 2 4 2 0   3 z 

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1+6 3+0 2+4 1 x

[2 + 2 0 + 8 1 + 10] × [2] = y
3+4 1+2 2+0 3 z 
7 3 6  1 x
4 8 11 2 = y
     
7 3 2  3 z 
 7 + 6 + 18  x
4 + 16 + 33 = y
   
 7+6+6  z 
31 x
53 = y
   
19 z 
∴ x = 31
y = 53
z = 19

 2 4 4
5. If A  4 2 4 show that A2  8 A is scalar matrix
4 4 2
 2 4 4
Solution : A  4 2 4
4 4 2
 2 4 4  2 4 4
A  A. A  4 2 4 . 4 2 4
2

4 4 2 4 4 2

4  16  16 (8(4)  8  16 8  16  8 
  8  8  16 16  4  16 16  8  8 
 8  16  8 16  8  8 16  16  4
36 32 32
A 2
 32 36 32
32 32 36
36 32 32 2 4 4
A  8 A  32 36 32  84 2 4
2

32 32 36 4 4 2

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36 32 32 16 32 32

 32 36 32  32 16 32
32 32 36 32 32 16 
36  16 32  32 32  32
 32  32 36  16 32  32
32  32 32  32 36  16 
20 0 0 
A  8 A   0 20 0  is a scalar matrix
2

 0 0 20
Exercise :
1  5 1 0 
1) If A =  ,B=  , find the matrix AB  2I
6 4  0  1
1
1 2 3
2) If A = 4 5 6 and B = 9 , find AB
8
4 3
3) If A = 2 5 , find A2  9 A + 14 I, where I is unit matrix.
 3 1   0 2   1 x
   
4) If 3 4 0
  2  2 3    = y , find x, y, z
 2
 3  3  5 4  z 
5) Find x and y satisfying the matrix equation
1 2 x y 3 7 0 7 
3 2 3  1 2 = 9 4 13
2 4 4
6) If A = 4 2 4 , find A2
4 4 2
0 1 −1
7) If A=[4 −3 4 ] prove that A2 = I
3 −3 4

Transpose of a matrix:

Definition: The transpose of a matrix A is obtained by interchanging rows

and columns of matrix A. It is denoted by A′ or At or AT
𝑎 𝑝
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ′
For e.g.: If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = [𝑏 𝑞 ]
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
𝑐 𝑟
Properties:
I. (𝐴′ )′ = 𝐴
II. (𝐴 + 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ + 𝐵′

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III. (𝐴 × 𝐵)′ = 𝐵′ × 𝐴′

Symmetric Matrix:

Definition: In a matrix A, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 then matrix is known as symmetric matrix
i.e. if 𝐴 = 𝐴′ then matrix is known as symmetric matrix.
1 2 −4
For e.g. 𝐴 = [ 2 5 3 ]
−4 3 9

Skew Symmetric Matrix:

Definition: In a matrix A, if aij = −aji for all 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 then matrix is known as skew symmetric
matrix i.e. if 𝐴 = −𝐴′ then matrix is skew symmetric matrix.
0 2 −3
For e.g. 𝐴 = [−2 0 5]
3 −5 0
𝐼𝑓 𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐴′ 𝐴 = 𝐼 then A is called orthogonal matrix.

Solved examples:
2 3  1  1 2 4
1. If A =   and B =   , verify that (A + B)T = AT + BT
4 5 0   1 3 0
Solution:
2 3  1  1 2 4
A = 4 5  B= 
 0   1 3 0
 2 4  1 1
T 
A =  3 5  B =  2 3
T

 1 0  4 0
2 3  1  1 2 4
A+B =  + 
4 5 0   1 3 0
2  1 3 + 2  1 + 4
= 
4 + 1 5 + 3 0 + 0 
1 5 3
A + B = 5 8 0
1 5
(A + B) =5 8
T
...(1)
3 0
 2 4  1 1
A + B = 3 5 +  2 3
T T 

 1 0  4 0

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 2  1 4 + 1 1 5
= 3 + 2 5 + 3 = 5 8 … (2)
 1 + 4 0 + 0 3 0
From (1) and (2)
(A + B)T = AT + BT

2  3 3  1 2
2. If A = 1  and B = 1  then verify that (AB) = BA
 5  0 1
Solution:
2  3 3  1 2
A = 1  and B = 1 
 5   0 1
 3 1
 2 1
A =   and B =  1 0
 3  5
 2 1
2  3 3  1 2
AB = 1   
 5  1 0 1
6  3  2 + 0 4  3
=  
3 + 5  1 + 0 2 + 5
3  2 1
AB =  
8  1 7
3 8 
(AB) =   2  1 … (i)
1 7 
 3 1 2 1  6  3 3+5 
   
B A =  1 0   =  2 + 0  1 + 0

 3 5 
 2 1  43 2+5 
3 8
B A=  2  1
 … (ii)
1 7
From (i) and (ii) (AB) = B  A

1 2  1 1 0 0
3.

If A = 3 0 
2  and B = 2 1 0 , verify that (AB) = B A
 
4 5 0  0 1 3
Solution:
1 2  1 1 0 0
 
Given A=3 0 2  and B = 2 1 0
4 5 0  0 1 3
 1 3 4 1 2 0
 
A=  2 0 5 and B = 0 1 1
 1 2 0 0 0 3

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1 2  1 1 0 0
AB = 3 0 2  2 1 0
4 5 0  0 1 3
 1 + 4 + 0 0 + 2  1 0 + 0  3
=  3 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 2 0 + 0 + 6
4 + 10 + 0 0 + 5 + 0 0 + 0 + 0
 5 1  3
AB =  3 2 6 
14 5 0 
 5 3 14
(AB) =  1 2 5 

… (i)
 3 6 0 
1 2 0  1 3 4
B  A = 0 1 1  2 0 5
0 0 3  1 2 0
1 + 4 + 0 3 + 0 + 0 4 + 10 + 0
= 0 + 2  1 0 + 0 + 2 0 + 5 + 0 
0 + 0  3 0 + 0 + 6 0 + 0 + 0 
 5 3 14
B  A =  1 2 5  … (ii)
 3 6 0 
From (i) and (ii)
(AB) = B  A

Exercise:
1) If A = 
1 2  2 6
5 3 and B =  3 4 , find (AB)
T

2) If A = 
1 3 2  1
2 4 and B = 3 2  , verify that (A + B) = A + B
T T T

1 3 2  1
3) If A = 2 4 , B = 3  ,verify that (AB)T = BT  AT
 2
1 2 1 1 2 3
4) If A = 0 2 3 , B = 1 1 5 , verify that (AB) = B  A
0 0 1 2 4 7
 1  3 1 0 1
5) If A =  ,B=  , verify that (AB) = B  A
 2  1 2  1 3
 3 7
2 3  1
6) If A = 1 0  B =  5 6 then show that (AB) = B  A
 4
 4 4
Singular matrix
A square matrix A is called singular matrix if det (A) or |A| = 0.
Non-Singular matrix

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A square matrix A is called non-singular, if det (A) or |A|  0.

Solved Example:
0 1
 2 0 1
1) If A =   , B = 2 3 Show that the matrix AB is non-singular.
 1 2 3
1 1
0 1
 2 0 1
Solution: Given A =   B = 2 3
 1 2 3
1 1
0 1
 2 0 1 2 3
AB =  
 1 2 3  
1 1
0 + 0 + 1  2 + 0 + 1 1  1
AB =  = 
0 + 4 + 3 1 + 6 + 3  7 10 
1  1
|AB| = 7  = 10 + 7
 10 
|AB| = 17  0
 AB is a non-singular matrix.
Exercise:
1 4
1) Prove that the matrix 6 9 is nonsingular matrix.
1 2  2 1
2) If A = 3 4 , B = 0 3 Show that AB is non-singular matrix.
2 1 1 2 
3) If A =  B =  decide whether AB is singular or non-singular matrix ?
0 3 3 –2

Adjoint of a matrix:

Adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of co-factor matrix

t
∴ Adj A = [cij ]
Co-factor matrix is a matrix of co-factors=[𝑐𝑖𝑗 ]
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 × 𝑀𝑖𝑗 where
Minor 𝑀𝑖𝑗 = determinant of matrix obtained by deleting ith row & jth
column of given matrix.
Solved examples:
−1 1 1
1. If A=[ 2 4 2] , find Adj A
3 2 1

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−1 1 1
Solution: Given A=[ 2 4 2]
3 2 1
4 2
𝑐11 = (−1)1+1 × | | = +(4 − 4) = 0
2 1
2 2
𝑐12 = (−1)1+2 × | | = −(2 − 6) = 4
3 1
2 4
𝑐13 = (−1)1+3 × | | = +(4 − 12) = −8
3 2
1 1
𝑐21 = (−1)2+1 × | | = − (1 − 2 ) = 1
2 1
−1 1
𝑐22 = (−1)2+2 × | | = +(−1 − 3) = −4
3 1
−1 1
𝑐23 = (−1)2+3 × | | = −(−2 − 3) = 5
3 2
1 1
𝑐31 = (−1)3+1 × | | = +(2 − 4) = −2
4 2
−1 1
𝑐32 = (−1)3+2 × | | = −(−1 − 3) = 4
3 1
−1 1
𝑐33 = (−1)3+3 × | | = +(−4 − 2) = −6
2 4
0 4 −8
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 𝐶 = [ 1 −4 5 ]
−2 4 −6
0 1 −2
∴ 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑡 = [ 4 −4 4 ]
−8 5 −6

Exercise:
1 0  1
1) Find adjoint of matrix of A. If A = 3 4 5

0  6  7
1 2 6
2) Find the adjoint of matrix of A if A = 7 2 5

8 2 10
2  1  3
3) Find adjoint of the matrix A. If A = 3  4  2
5 2 4
 1 1 1
4) If A =  2 4 4 Find adjoint of A
 3 2 1

Inverse of a matrix:
If matrix A is a non-singular matrix and if there exists a matrix B such that
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 𝐼 then matrix B is the inverse of A.
Notation: Inverse of A = 𝐴−1

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1
Formula: A−1 = det A × Adj A
Solved example:
3 1 2
1. Find the inverse of the matrix 𝐴 = [4 1 1]
2 −1 3
3 1 2
Solution : Given 𝐴 = [4 1 1]
2 −1 3
|𝐴| = 3(3 + 1) − 1(12 − 2) + 2(−4 − 2)
= 12 − 10 − 12 = −10  0
∴ 𝐴−1 exists
1 1
𝑐11 = (−1)1+1 × | | = +(3 + 1) = 4
−1 3
4 1
𝑐12 = (−1)1+2 × | | = −(12 − 2) = −10
2 3
4 1
𝑐13 = (−1)1+3 × | | = +(−4 − 2) = −6
2 −1
1 2
𝑐21 = (−1)2+1 × | | = −(3 + 2) = −5
−1 3
3 2
𝑐22 = (−1)2+2 × | | = +(9 − 4) = 5
2 3
3 1
𝑐23 = (−1)2+3 × | | = −(−3 − 2) = 5
2 −1
1 2
𝑐31 = (−1)3+1 × | | = +(1 − 2) = −1
1 1
3 2
𝑐32 = (−1)3+2 × | | = − (3 − 8) = 5
4 1
3 1
𝑐33 = (−1)3+3 × | | = +(3 − 4) = −1
4 1
4 −10 −6
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 𝐶 = [−5 5 5]
−1 5 −1
4 −5 −1
∴ 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑡 = [−10 5 5]
−6 5 −1
4 −5 −1
1
∴ 𝐴−1 = −10 × [−10 5 5]
−6 5 −1
 3  3 4
 
2. Find the inverse of the matrix A  2  3 4
0  1 1
 3  3 4
 
Solution: A  2  3 4
0  1 1

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3 3 4
A  2 3 4
0 1 1
3 4 2 4 2 3
3  (3) 4
1 1 0 1 0 1
 3 68
1 0
1
∴ A exists
To find cofactor matrix
3 4
C11      3  4  1
1 1
2 4
C12    2  0   2
0 1
2 3
C13     2  0   2
0 1
3 4
C21     3  4   1
1 1
3 4
C22     3  0  3
0 1
3 3
C23      3  0  3
0 1
3 4
C31      12  12  0
3 4
3 4
C32     12  8  4
2 4
3 3
C33      9  6   3
2 3
 1  2  2
Cofactor matrix   1 3 3 
 0  4  3
 1 1 0 
AdjA   2 3  4
 2 3  3

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 1 1 0 
AdjA   2 3  4
1 1 1
A 
A 1
 2 3  3

Exercise:
 1 2  2
1) Find the inverse of the matrix A =   1 3 0  by using adjoint matrix.
 0 2 1 
 1 3 2 
2) Find the inverse of the matrix A =  3 3  1 by using adjoint method.
 2 1 0 
2  1 0
3) Find A by adjoint method if A = 1 0 4
1

1  1 1
 1 2 4
4) Find inverse of the matrix A =  1 2 3 using adjoint method.
 1 4 1
1 2 3
5) Find the inverse of matrix by adjoint method A = 2 4 5
3 5 6

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:

Suppose a1x+ b1 y + c1z = d1
a2x+ b2 y + c2z = d2
a3x+ b3 y + c3z = d3
are the simultaneous equations.
These equations can be represented in matrix form as follows:
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
[𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] [𝑦] = [𝑑2 ] i.e. 𝐴 × 𝑋 = 𝐵 where
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] ; 𝑋 = [𝑦] ; 𝐵 = [𝑑2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
−1
∴ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑋 = 𝐴 × B where
1
𝐴−1 = det 𝐴 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴

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Solved Example:
1. Solve the equation using matrix method:
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 6
Solution : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3;
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4;
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 6
Matrix Equation: 𝐴 × 𝑋 = 𝐵
1 1 1 𝑥 3
Where 𝐴 = [1 2 3] ; 𝑋 = [𝑦] ; 𝐵 = [4]
1 4 9 𝑧 6
∴ 𝐴 = 1 18 − 12 − 1 9 − 3) + 1(4 − 2) = 6 − 6 + 2 = 2 ≠ 0
| | ( ) (
∴ 𝐴−1 exists
2 3
𝑐11 = (−1)1+1 | | = +(18 − 12) = 6
4 9
1 3
𝑐12 = (−1)1+2 | | = −(9 − 3) = −6
1 9
1 2
𝑐13 = (−1)1+3 | | = +(4 − 2) = 2
1 4
1 1
𝑐21 = (−1)2+1 | | = − (9 − 4) = 5
4 9
1 1
𝑐22 = (−1)2+2 | | = + (9 − 1) = 8
1 9
1 1
𝑐23 = (−1)2+3 | | = −(4 − 1) = −3
1 4
1 1
𝑐31 = (−1)3+1 | | = + (3 − 2) = 1
2 3
1 1
𝑐32 = (−1)3+2 | | = −(3 − 1) = −2
1 3
1 1
𝑐33 = (−1)3+3 | | = + (2 − 1) = 1
1 2
6 −6 2
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 𝐶 = [5 8 −3]
1 −2 1
6 5 1
∴ 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑡 = [−6 8 −2]
2 −3 1
1 1 6 5 1
∴ 𝐴−1 = × 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = × [−6 8 −2]
det 𝐴 2
2 −3 1
−1
∴𝑋 =𝐴 ×B
1 6 5 1 3
= × [−6 8 −2] × [4]
2
2 −3 1 6

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1 18 − 20 + 6
= × [−18 + 32 − 12]
2
6 − 12 + 6
1 4
= × [2 ]
2
0
𝑥 2
[𝑦] = [1]
𝑧 0
∴ 𝑥 = 2; 𝑦 = 1; 𝑧 = 0
2. Using matrix inversion method, solve the following system of equations
x+ y + z = 3 , 3x - 2y + 3z = 4 5x + 5y +z = 11
Solution: x+ y + z = 3
3x - 2y + 3z = 4
5x + 5y +z = 11
Given system of equation can be written in matrix form
1 1 1  x   3 
3  2 3  y    4 
    
5 5 1  z  11
AX  B
 X  A 1  B
1 1 1  x 3
    B   4 
Where A  3  2 3 , X   y 
5 5 1  z  11
1 1 1
Here, A  3  2 3
5 5 1
 1 17  1 12  125
 17  12  25
A  20  0
A1 exists
To find the cofactor matrix of A
2 3
C11      2  15   17
5 1
3 3
C12     3  15 12
5 1

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3 2
C13     15  10  25
5 5
1 1
C21     1  5  4
5 1
1 1
C22     1  5  4
5 1
1 1
C23     5  5  0
5 5
1 1
C31     3  2  5
2 3
1 1
C32     3  3  0
3 3
1 1
C33     2  3  5
3 2
 17 12 25 
cofactor matrix   4  4 0 
 5 0  5

 17 4 5

AdjA   12  4 0 
 25 0  5
 17 4 5
A 1 
1
AdjA 
1  12  4 0 
A 20  
 25 0  5
∴ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × B

𝑥 −17 4 5 3
1
[𝑦] = [ 12 −4 0 ] [4]
20
𝑧 25 0 −5 11
  51  16  55
1 
 36  16  0 
20 
 75  0  55 

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Basic Mathematics (22103)

 x 20
 y   1 20
  20  
 z  20

 x 1
 y   1
  
 z  1

 x  1 , y  1, z  1
Exercise:
1) Solve the equations using matrix method
x + 3y + 2z = 6, 3x  2y + 5z = 5, 2x  3y + 6z = 7
2) Using matrix method, solve the following equations
x + 3y + 3z = 12; x + 4y + 4z = 15; x + 3y + 4z = 13
3) Using matrix inversion method solves the equations.
x + y + z = 3; x + 2y + 3z = 4; x + 4y + 9z = 6
4) Using matrix method, solve the simultaneous equation.
x + y + z = 6; x  y + 2z = 5 ; 2x + y  z = 1
5) Solve by matrix method the set of equations.
x+y+z=2; y+z=1; z+x=3
6) Solve the following equations by matrix inversion method.
3x + y + 2z = 3 , 2x – 3y – z = –3, x + 2y + z = 4
7) Solve the equations by inversion matrix method.
3x + y + 2z = 3, 2x  3y  z =  3, x + 2y + z = 4

Partial fraction

Significance : Partial fraction plays a very important role in separation of given expression.
P( x)
Rational fraction: An expression of the type , where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in
Q( x)
x , is called rational fraction.
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+8
e.g , is a rational fraction.
𝑥+2
There are two types of fractions proper fraction and improper fraction.
P( x)
Proper fraction: In the fraction , if the degree of the polynomial P(x) is smaller than
Q( x)
the degree of the polynomial Q(x) then the fraction is said to be proper fraction .
𝑥+2
e.g is a proper fraction.
𝑥 3 +5𝑥+6

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