C

h
ap
t
er
10
Human Development
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 355

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
10
10.1 EDUCATION (States with a population of more than 100 lakh)
during 2001. It maintained this position even in 2011.
10.1.1 Introduction The overall gain in literacy in the State during the
The positive externalities of Education make it a decadal period was 9 per cent. The performance of the
public good, and therefore it needs to be supplied by State is slightly higher than that of the national
the State as markets cannot provide it to the socially average on every literacy rate parameter. Some
optimal levels. The human development paradigm districts with a lower base rate in 2001, including
recognizes the role of education in the expansion of Gulbarga (undivided), Bangalore Rural, Bagalkot,
choices for well being, security and comfort. Raichur, Kolar, Chamarajanagar, Bijapur and Bidar
Therefore, the right to education is recognized as one have crossed the State average growth rate. This is on
of the fundamental human rights and, the drive account of the fact that literacy programmes
towards universal elementary education aims at implemented by the Department of Mass Education
ensuring its delivery. Karnataka State is a fast were concentrated in backward districts/regions of
growing economy and this growth is largely based on the State.
the knowledge base of the society. The State has The 11th Plan had set a national target of 85% literacy
embarked on significant reforms in the education rate by 2012. Only three districts in the State viz.
sector with increased public investment to ensure Dakshina Kannada, Bangalore City and Udupi have
access, equity and quality in education, with reached/crossed this target. There is a decline in the
community involvement. absolute number of illiterate persons in the State from
10.1.2 Literacy In Karnataka 152.33 lakh in a population of 528.51 lakh to 132.46
lakh in a population of 611.31 lakh. The decline is
A review of growth of literacy during the 2001 – 2011 19.88 lakh illiterate persons while the increase in
decade shows that Karnataka has achieved population is 82.80 lakh. There is however, a net
significant progress. The literacy rate in the State increase in number of illiterate persons in Bangalore
during 2001 was 66.64 per cent, which increased to Urban district. This increase may be on account of in-
75.60 per cent in 2011 (Table 10.1) migration of unskilled, illiterate labour triggered by
the fast growth of real estate business.
Urban male literacy rate in the State has crossed 90
per cent. In contrast, however, rural female literacy Literacy is a proxy for development awareness and
rate in the State is yet to cross 60 per cent. The literacy involvement. In this sense, the State is in a better
rank of the State was 9th among 16 major States position in 2011 than it was in 2001. However, as seen

Table 10.1: Literacy rates in Karnataka and India

Karnataka India Karnataka (Rural) Karnataka (Urban)

Persons 75.60 74.04 68.86 86.21

Males 82.85 82.14 77.92 90.54

Females 68.13 65.46 59.60 81.71

Source: 2011 Census
356 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

in Table 10.1 rural female literacy is 59.60 per cent education as only 32.01 per cent of the high schools
with significant inter-district variations. Low female are managed by Government. Government schools
literacy is a proxy for low women's status, are mainly located in rural areas, but private schools
unemployment / underemployment, poverty levels are largely urban based. Further, it is significant to
and low wages. Development programmes of the note that 84 per cent SC / ST children in the State are
Government such as MGNREGA need to focus on in Government schools, and their share in total
the districts with low women's literacy rates. enrolments is 27.33 percent. Likewise, it is noted that
nearly 83.19 percent of children in schools in rural
10.1.3 School Education areas are in the government sector.
School education in Karnataka is imparted through 10.1.3.1. Elementary Education
Lower Primary Schools (LPS, class I to V), Higher
Primary Schools (HPS, class I to VII / VIII) and High Article 21 A of the Constitution of India and the Right
Schools (VIII to X). These schools fall under three of Children to Free and Compulsory Elementary
categories based on type of management, namely Education (RTE) Act 2009 became operative in April
(i) Government schools managed by the Departments 2010. The State Rules under the RTE Act were
of Education, Social Welfare and local self- notified in 2011. These developments have thrown
governments (ii) Government aided schools and open fresh opportunities for quality schooling for
(iii) Private unaided schools. There are also a few children.
'other' schools consisting of assorted categories.
There are 25,951 Lower Primary, 33,604 Higher a) Access: There has been significant progress in
Primary and 13,862 High Schools (2011-12) in the improving access to schools in the State. The State
State (Table 10.2) has the policy to start a new primary school within
one kilometer in habitations where the population is
The State participation in elementary education is more than 100 and child population is more than 10.
significant as 75.90 per cent of the lower and higher HPS is provided within 3 Kilometer radius and High
primary schools are managed by the Department of Schools in 5 Kilometer radius. Feeder schools or
Education. But State participation is low in secondary transportation facilities are provided in small and

Table 10.2: Schools by Management in Karnataka (2011-12)

Total
Lower Primary Upper Primary Elementary Secondary
(Elementary +
Category Schools Schools Schools Schools
Secondary)

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Education
22,599 87.08 22,601 67.26 45,200 75.90 4,437 32.01 49,637 67.61
Department
Social
Welfare + 168 0.65 560 1.67 728 1.22 490 3.53 1,218 1.66
Local body
Aided 228 0.88 2,339 6.96 2,567 4.31 3,335 24.06 5,902 8.04
Un-Aided 2,951 11.37 8,009 23.83 10,960 18.40 5,521 39.83 16,481 22.45
Others +
5 0.02 95 0.28 100 0.17 79 0.57 179 0.24
Central
Total 25,951 100.0 33,604 100.0 59,555 100.0 13,862 100.0 73,417 100
Source : DISE 2011-12
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 357

sparsely populated habitations. All habitations with a 693 schools in the number of lower primary schools
population of 100 and above now have access to a during the period 2008-09 to 2011-12. This decrease
primary school within a distance of one kilometer. is not a natural but a notional decrease, as the lower
HPS are being upgraded to include class 8, wherever primary schools get upgraded as higher primary
there are no High Schools within 3 Kilometers. A schools every year. In contrast, there is an observed
total of 4146 HPS out of a target figure of 5545 HPS increase of 2728 higher primary and 2478 high
has been upgraded so far. The increase in access schools in the State.
facilities over the years are given in Figure 10.1.
c) Enrolments :
b) Institutions : There are 59,555 Elementary
schools in the State, of which 25951 are LPS, 33,604 (I) Trends :
are HPS during 2011-12. In 2010-11, the State had Enrolments during 2011-12 in primary (class I to V)
26,302 lower primary, 33,126 higher primary. and in upper primary (class VI to VIII) stage is
Between 2010-11 and 2011-12, the number of LPS estimated to be 54.14 lakh and 20.75 lakh
decreased by 351 due to their upgradation to HPS. respectively (Table 10.3b). Over the years the
The number of HPS increased by 478 between 2010- enrolment has decreased marginally in the primary
11 and 2011-12. It is noted that there is a decrease of stage due to decline in the growth rate of population,

Figure 10.1 : Increase in Access over the years

Table 10.3a: Schools in Karnataka

Schools /Enrolments(All School) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Lower Primary School ( Number) 26644 26254 26302 25951

Higher Primary School(Number) 30876 32041 33126 33604

Secondary School(Number) 11384 12020 12904 13862

358 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

and consequent decline in school going age group. The enrolment ratios between boys and girls at
The State is making continued efforts for successful primary, upper primary and total elementary stages
completion of schooling at class V, and increasing are 51.50 : 48.50, 51.85 : 48.15 and 51.83 : 48.16
retention at upper primary stage. Both gender parity respectively (Table 10.3c). Gender Parity in
and gender equity are nearing unity in the State. The enrolment at Primary and Upper Primary are 1.00 and
proportion of SC / ST children in class I to VII in the 0.98 in Government + Aided schools. Gender Parity
State is 27.33 percent and nearly 84 percent of these is counted as number of boys and number of girls in
children are enrolled in schools run by the State. The school for every 100 boys and girls in population of
detailed enrollment statistics for gender and social respective age-groups, taken as a ratio of each other.
group are given in Appendix Table 10.1 and 10.2

Table 10.3b: Schools and Enrolments in Karnataka 2008-09 to 2011-12 9 (in No's)

Enrolments (All types of Schools) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Enrolments classes I to V

Total ( in lakh) 55.42 54.60 54.15 54.14

Boys ( in lakh) 28.60 28.20 28.02 28.06

Girls (in lakh) 26.82 26.40 26.13 26.07

Enrolments classes VI to VII

Total ( in lakh) 20.28 19.97 20.11 20.75

Boys ( in lakh) 10.48 10.33 10.37 10.72

Girls (in lakh) 9.80 9.64 9.73. 10.03

Enrolments VIII to X

Total ( in lakh) 25.22 25.78 26.04 26.07

Boys ( in lakh) 13.13 13.42 13.51 13.55

Girls (in lakh) 12.08 12.36 12.54 12.52

Enrolment Total 1 to 10 100.92 100.35 100.29 100.97

Boys (in lakh) 52.20 51.95 51.90 52.34

Girls (in lakh) 48.71 48.40 48.40 48.63

Total Schools in State [ 1 to 10] 69273 70748 72875 73417

Table 10.3c: Proportions out of 100

Level Boys Girls

1 to 5 51.50 48.50
6 to 8 51.85 48.15
1 to 8 51.83 48.16
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 359

Enrolments in the State in 1 to 10 standards have mainstreamed in regular schools. Every out-of-
marginally increased from a figure of 100.92 lakh in school child is expected to be enrolled in a nearby
2008-09 to 100.97 lakh in 2011-12. This increase is school and provided Special Training. Progress of the
due to gains at higher primary and high school stages. child is periodically assessed on a learning ladder on
Decrease at LPS is due to fertility effects. This the basis of which, the child is admitted to an age-
phenomenon is true in general as well as in case of appropriate class. Three primers that are harmonized
boys and girls. with the State school syllabus are used for the
purpose. A gestation time of 3 to 24 months is
(ii) Gross Enrolment and Net Enrolment Ratios provided for the purpose.
(GER & NER):
Drop-out rates have steadily declined over the years.
GER and NER lower primary are 107.46 and 105.16 It is highest at higher primary stage for Scheduled
respectively. At higher primary stage the GER and Caste girls. The dropout rate has reduced from 2.09 %
NER is 99.21 and 96.95 respectively (Table 10.4). in LPS and 5.47 % in HPS (during 2010-11) to 1.19
There are inter-district variations in these rates; and 4.35 % (during 2011-12) respectively.
Yadgir and Gadag need considerable attention.
Changes in GER and NER across the years are e) Household Survey/out of School Children:
marginal.
In order to identify the educational status of all
d) Drop-out Rates: school-going age children in the age group of 7 to 14
years, a comprehensive child census programme was
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) had identified conducted during January 2010. Out of the total
1,11,218 out-of-school children. Most of the out-of- 66,26,413 children in the age group of 7 to 14 years in
school children were in seven districts of the North the State, there were 1,11,218 children who remained
Eastern region, namely, Raichur, Bijapur, Bidar, out of school throughout the State. This figure
Yadgir, Gulbarga, Koppal and Bagalkot, their includes 80,149 children who dropped out during
summated share being 55,247 children or nearly 50 different stages of primary school and 31,069 who
per cent of the total out-of-school children in the State were never enrolled at all. The details are given in
(Source: Annual Report, SSA 2010-11). The RTE Figure 10.2
Act specifies that out-of-school children should be

Table 10.4: GER and NER at Lower Primary, Upper Primary and Secondary Stages (in %)

Primary level Upper primary level Secondary Level

Year
GER NER GER NER GER NER

2004-05 109 97.81 117 98.11 - -

2005-06 121.83 97.51 103.04 98.75 - -

2006-07 108.28 98.43 107.25 98.52 62.00 -

2007-08 110.93 96.1 107.53 95.61 65.00 -

2008-09 107.15 97.33 107.48 98.09 69.77 39.03

2009-10 106.53 95.21 103.10 95.15 75.29 45.07

2010-11 107.53 98.86 103.92 93.57 81.42 58.47

2011-12 107.46 99.21 105.16 96.95 85.65 65.76

360 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.5: Drop-out Rates in Lower Primary and Higher Primary Stages (2011-12) (in %)

All All All SC SC SC ST ST ST

Stage
children (Boys) (Girls) (All) (Boys) (Girls) (All) (Boys) (Girls)

Lower
1.19 1.21 1.17 0.55 0.38 0.74 0.36 0.30 0.43
Primary

Higher
4.35 4.08 4.64 4.56 4.21 4.94 6.13 5.57 6.75
Primary

Enrolments in the State are increasing. The number of for the provision of infrastructure facilities such as
never-enrolled children is quite low as compared to school buildings, additional classrooms,
drop-out children. The ratio between the two is 28:72 maintenance and repairs of school buildings. The
for every 100 children. The number of OOSC as per State has made efforts to comply with the basic
the child census collected during 2001- January 2010 infrastructure mandated under the RTE Act,
is given in Figure (10.2). It showed a decreasing trend comprising barrier free access to schools, adequate
over the years. The children of 6+ and below 7 years classrooms, separate toilets for boys and girls,
were mainstreamed during the enrolment drive playgrounds, library, compound walls/fencing,
conducted in June 2010 (Fig. 10.2 and Table 10.6). drinking water, kitchen sheds, etc. The State
government has identified five facilities as most
f) Infrastructure essential for schools. These are drinking water,
toilets, playgrounds, compound wall and the school
(I) Pancha Saulabhya and Other Basic Facilities
building (Pancha Soulabhya). The State has made
under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan :
significant progress in this regard as shown in Table
Under the national flagship programme of Sarva 10.7 and Table 10.8. It is observed that there is
Shiksha Abhiyan for universalizing elementary considerable progress in regard to provision of girls'
education, the State has accorded special significance toilets.

Figure 10.2: Reduction in Out of School Children over the years (7 to 14 years) (figures in lakhs)

Note : (i) Figures for 2001 to 2004 correspond to 6 to 14 years age-group (ii) Figures for 2005,2006, 2007, 2008
January, 2008 December and January 2011 correspond to 7 to 14 years age-group.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 361

Table 10.6: OOSC Annual Work Plan & Budget Target different strategies. 2011-12

Remarks
Programmes Target Ach. % Ach.
[Rank]

(A) Residential

1.6 Months seasonal Residential Centres. 8436 7548 89.47 5

2.12 Months Res. Spl. Training 6218 3327 53.51 9

3. 3 Months Spl. Training ChinnaraAngala 6593 3565 51.27 10

Residential Total 21607 14440 66.83 -

(B) Non-Residential

4. Feeder Schools 10 NRS 542 672 >100 1

5.Madrasa 10 NRST 12104 11206 92.58 2

6. NCLP 12 NRST 432 397 91.90 3

7. Tent Schools- 6 NRST 2880 2630 91.32 4

8. 3 Months NRST ChinnaraAngala 9487 7706 81.23 6

9. School-Based 12m NRST 2147 1367 63.67 7

10. 12 Months NRST 3045 1727 56.72 8

Non-Residential Total 30637 25705 8390 -

All Total 52244 40145 76.84 -

Notes : School-based special Training as well as Non-residential special training and residential special training need
'Special Attention' in efforts in future.

(ii) School Buildings and Classrooms : (g)Teachers :

Out of a total of 59,555 elementary schools in the A total of 1,84,505 teachers of the sanctioned
State, 45,200 belong to the DoE. About 98% of 2,02,779 teachers (90.99%) are working in the LPSs
schools of the department possess own buildings and HPSs under the State Government (2011-12). In
(Table 10.9). The remaining 2 per cent include those addition, 17,229 teachers out of the sanctioned
operating in rent free or rented building and schools 21,291 teachers are working in aided schools at the
without any building facility. During 2011-12, there elementary stage. 49% of the teachers in Government
were 1,98,914 classrooms (1,88,941 in 2008-09 ) in schools at the elementary stage are female teachers.
45,200 elementary schools indicating an increase of Teacher-Pupil ratio is satisfactory in Government
9474 classrooms in about three years. 69.73% of schools, the average PTR being 1:23.78 at the
classrooms are in good condition. 20.77 % elementary stage. However, variations are seen
classrooms need minor repairs, while 11.40 % of across districts, blocks and at school levels. The State
classrooms require major repairs. Out of a total of has adopted a policy to rationalize teacher
4437 secondary schools in the State, 3742 belong to deployment to correct such imbalances. PTR in
the DoE. About 84% of schools of the Department private aided and unaided schools is comparatively
possess own buildings (Table 10.10). high at 1:40.36 and 1:27.02 respectively (Table
10.11).
362 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.7: Infrastructure Provision in Elementary Schools of the State (in %)

Boys Girls Play Drinking

Years Electricity Ramps Compound Library
Toilet Toilet Ground Water
2009-10 88.01 64.66 87.55 52.05 64.62 59.59 88.12 86.97

2010-11 91.97 74.26 91.89 54.41 72.95 66.61 93.59 91.86

% Increase /
4.50 14.85 4.96 4.53 12.89 11.78 6.21 5.62
Decrease
2011-12 97.91 98.81 95.49 54.34 78.27 69.21 99.55 98.66
% Increase /
6.46 33.06 3.92 -0.12 7.30 3.90 6.37 7.40
Decrease
Source : Education in Karnataka 2011-12. An Analytical Report, SSA, GoK, Dept. of Public Instruction.

Table 10.8: Infrastructure Provision in High Schools of the State (in %)

Boys Girls Play Drinking

Years Electricity Ramps Compound Library
Toilet Toilet Ground Water
2008-09 60.28 55.34 67.12 67.12 21.73 68.95 82.79 79.55
2009-10 65.91 66.12 64.56 73.44 17.54 51.90 79.13 87.52
2010-11 69.47 68.09 73.49 74.75 24.99 58.16 86.77 92.94
% Increase /
5.40 2.98 13.83 1.78 42.47 12.06 9.65 6.19
Decrease
2011-12 88.87 93.01 82.69 75.01 38.18 62.02 97.86 94.05
% Increase /
27.92 36.60 12.52 0.34 52.78 6.64 12.78 1.19
Decrease

Table 10.9: Classification of Elementary Schools by type of ownership of buildings – Education

Department Schools only

Category Govt. Building Rented Rent Free No Building Others Total

Elementary Schools 44,320 296 375 26 183 45,200

Percentage to Total
98.05 0.7 0.8 0.06 0.4 100.00
Schools

Table 10.10: Classification of Secondary Schools by type of ownership of buildings – Education

Department Schools only

Govt.
Category Rented Rent Free No Building Others Total
Building
Secondary
3,742 12 442 113 128 4437
Schools
Percentage to to
84.34 0.27 9.96 2.55 2.88 100.00
Total Schools
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 363

Except for teachers in unaided private schools all to VIII are given Rs.20000/- and Rs.50000/-
teachers are given an annual grant of Rs.500 per year respectively. 419 elementary schools were covered
for preparing Teaching Learning Materials. They are during 2011-12. This grant is used for laboratory /
also counted for capacity building plans, estimates library / furniture and other essential items.
and allocations.
Computer units at the rate of 5 computers per school
b) Quality Improvement Initiatives: were given to 419 higher primary schools during
2011-12, along with other accessories, UPS units and
Elementary Education: Quality Initiatives are AMC facilities. By 2011-12, 3699 HPS have been
classified based on their focus on distinct covered which account for 16.37 per cent of the total
stakeholders groups: Schools, Students, Teachers, government HPS. Allocation per school is
Community and Administration. Programmes under Rs.3,00,000 which includes hardware, software
these initiatives serve more than one stakeholder (content-enrichment DVDs) and training of teachers.
groups simultaneously.
(c) Nali-Kali (Joyful Learning)
(i) School-based initiatives:
All the 45,476 schools in the State have adopted Nali-
(a) Infrastructure: Provision of infrastructure Kali method of learning-teaching. At a rate of two
facilities and adequate classrooms is the basic teachers per school, more than 90,000 teachers have
strategy for quality schooling. In addition, every been trained to engage Nali-Kali classes. Heads of all
school is given the following grants: School Grant the schools have also been trained. Nali-Kali kits that
and Maintenance Grant. They are directly transferred include learning cards have been supplied to all
from the district educational office to individual schools. Nali-Kali toll-free helpline has been set up in
schools and jointly operated by the President of the all district offices.
School Development and Monitoring Committee
(SDMC) and the Head Teacher. The School Grant is Other programmes which reach the schools are
used for procurement of charts, maps, specimens, EDUSAT (in Chamarajanagar, Gulbarga, Bangalore
newspapers, consumable chemicals, chalk and other Rural and Ramanagaram districts), as well as the
sundry items. Maintenance Grant is used for paying Radio lessons programmes that are integrated with
electricity, water bills, white-washing, hygienic school syllabus and daily time-table. Classes 1 to 2, 3
maintenance of school and similar heads. Major to 5 and 6 to 8, receive Chinnara Chukki, Chukki
repairs grants are given on the basis of evidence- Chinna and Keli-Kali programmes respectively.
based demands. An update of the grants given during
2011-12 is shown in Tables 10.12 and 10.13. 921 higher primary schools are treated as nodal
schools for organizing activities and providing
(b) Teaching Learning Equipment Grants : leadership to neighbouring HPS for the benefit of
education of girls in 62 Educationally Backward
All new schools and schools upgraded from class VII Blocks (EBB). These schools are treated as Model

Table 10.11: Teachers in various types of schools (2011-12)

Teachers (Working) Education Dept. SW + LB Aided Unaided Others Total

Elementary level 202779 4584 20746 90695 1577 320888

PTR 23.09 16.80 41.16 27.02 14.08 20.42

High Schools 43762 3637 32800 57827 230 140270

Source: Education in Karnataka, 2011-12. An Analytical Report, SSA, GoK, Dept. of Public Instruction.
364 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.12: School Grants (2011-12 )

Financial
Level Physical Achievement %
(Rs.in Lakh)
Primary 48,317 2375.815 99.48

Upper Primary 25,061 1740.360 99.44

Total Elementary 73,378 4116.175 99.46

Secondary schools 4437 2218.50 100

Note: Rs. 5000 is given to LP and Rs.7000 is given to UP Govt. and aided schools

Table 10.13: School Maintenance Grant (2011-12)

Physical Financial (Rs. in lakhs) Achievement %

Primary / Upper Primary Schools 66742 5005.655 99.63

Secondary schools 3742 935.50 100

Note: Only Government schools with own buildings are provided Maintenance Grant.

Cluster Schools (MCS) under the National (f) Supplementary Material: Every higher primary
Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary school receives a wall magazine, named Chinnara
level (NPEGEL). Chethana every month to reinforce reading skills and
promote reading habits among children. The schools
(d) Library: also receive a monthly newsmagazine known as
Library development in each school was a major 'Shikshana Vaarthe'. A flannel board for every
initiative of 2010-11. Every LPS was provided standard is also supplied to every school for
Rs.3000 while every HPS was provided Rs. 10,000. displaying the creative works of children.
Districts which had reached saturation in civil works ii. Student-based Initiatives
were eligible. A total of 21,236 LPS and 17,847 HPS
purchased books in book Melas organized at every a. Rights-based Planning
district headquarter in the State. The State SSA
Directorate facilitated this process through There are several initiatives that address the variety
involvement of 240 publishers of children's literature and diversity of needs of more than 100 lakh children
and nearly 10000 books through systematic selection in the school system in the State. With regard to
procedures nearly 84 lakh children in classes 1 to 8, the whole
perspective of planning has metamorphosed as a
(e) Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas 64 result of relocation of elementary education from its
KGBVs have been set up in backward blocks of the earlier position as a Directive Principle under Article
State for the benefit of drop-out, disadvantaged, 45 of the Constitution to a new position as a
nearly destitute girls. They are all residential since Fundamental Right under Article 21 A. The
2010-11. Seven more KGBVs were sanctioned substantive change has been from an incremental
during 2010-11. 7274 girls are enrolled and studying planning of the 1990s, through a need-based planning
in KGBVs. of the first decade of the 21st century to a fresh
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 365

perspective of rights-based planning. Although the facilitated with aids and equipments after
texture of basic programmes has not changed much, identification of differential needs in medical camps.
the way they are looked at and planned has changed. 24,821 children were provided aids and appliances.
For instance, the Government of India, in partnership 2400 children were provided corrective surgery. A
with the States has been providing eight basic few NGOs are involved in implementation of CWSN
facilities under SSA. District planning for these programmes.
facilities was based on demand and capacity of the
State in India. After the adoption of Article 21A, these d. SC/ST/ Minority Community Children :
provisions have become mandatory, and are treated Chinnara Jilla Darshana is a popular programme in
as child entitlements. the State, normally for children in class 7. 80,800
b. Other Entitlements children were covered during 2011-12 of whom
52.90% children were under SC/ST categories.
The Model rules of the Government of India,
Framework of Implementation of Right to Education In collaboration with General Thimmaiah Academy
Act (RTEA) document, treat other programmes as 617 children were exposed to adventurous and nature
entitlements. The entitlements include free study experiences in 3-day camps held during
distribution of textbooks, two sets of uniforms and December 2010 and January 2011, at Ramanagar,
workbooks. In Karnataka, free textbooks, uniforms Badami, Kondaji and Vani Vikas Sagar. 193 SC, 129
Nali-Kali workbooks and mid-day meals are served ST, 88 minority children, totaling 410 children were
to all children in Government sector schools and among 617 children.
private aided schools (Table 10.14). 6640 urban deprived children, comprising rag-
c. Children with special Needs (CWSN) pickers, street children, beggars, destitutes, orphans,
abandoned migrants, from 18 districts were provided
1,31,017 children were identified in the State as food, shelter and learning exposure. 2411 of these
Children with Special Needs. 15,164 children with children were mainstreamed in regular schools.
severe disabilities are facilitated with home-based 34.67, 16.30 and 20.53 percent among these children
education. Others are enrolled in schools and were SC, ST and in minority category.

Table 10.14: Incentives in Primary Schools & Secondary Schools (no. in lakhs)

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Free Text Books to pupils in 62.57 (including high school

58.89 55.51 57.19
primary (I-VII) children)
Free Uniforms to pupils in 57.03 (including high school
54.06 51.75 46
primary (I-VII) children)
Free school bags to pupils in
12.15 12.05 11.58 11.12
primary (I-VII)
Free bicycles to class VIII
3.41 2.66 2.73 2.72
Boys
Free bicycles to class VIII
3.25 2.66 2.69 2.62
Girls
No. of children provided with
68.95 66.73 66.76 65.12
mid-day meal

Source: SSA
366 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Block level seminars for minority children on Research and Training (DSERT) is the academic
Science and Technology, hikes and field visits were authority of the State and nodal agency for all
also organized. training. DSERT works through a network of 30
DIETs, 202 BRCs and 4120 CRCs. There are 42 types
iii. Teacher–based Initiatives of trainings, excluding ICT-related trainings. During
2011-12 the average number of person days covered
 The quality of education is dependent on the
for training was 9.80 days out of a target of 15 person
quality of teachers. All teachers in Karnataka are
days.
qualified and trained as per expected norms. There
are no para-teachers, contract teachers, and
stipendary teachers. Professional development
and capacity building of teachers are accorded b. Teacher Grants
high priority. The following programmes are
specific to teachers: All teachers in Government and aided schools were
given teacher grants of Rs. 500 each (Table 10.15).
 re-service training of two years duration (D.Ed.)
mandatory for recruitment iv. Community-based Initiatives

 Induction programme of 30 days duration or ll Community-based management of schools is the

newly recruited teachers ultimate level in decentralization of education. The
management of schools by SDMCs is a step in this
 15 days of in-service teacher training for all direction. The shifts have been from participation to
teachers of which seven days are at District involvement and currently, ownership. SDMCs are
Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs) / extension wings of Panchayats. The Civic Amenities
Block Resources Centres (BRCs) / Cluster Committee (CAC) of the Panchayat oversees the
Resource Centres (CRCs), and eight days are functioning of SDMCs. 2,73,888 members were
earmarked for monthly sharing meeting of all given three days of non-residential training while
teachers at cluster level. 82,166 members and 7285 CAC members were given
 Satellite-based training to teachers three days of residential training.
 Head Tachers' training on school leadership and a. Community-Based Initiatives for Minorities :
management
Sensitisation programmes on the need of enrolment,
 An annual grant of Rs. 500 for every teacher to retention, transition and completion of formal
develop teaching-learning materials education by children of Muslim Community was
 Best teacher awards held during June and November 2010 for fathers,
mothers and religious leaders in separate groups.
 Exposure visits
Policy Planning Unit (PPU) is a joint collaboration of
a. Teacher Training GoK and Azim Premji Foundation for promotion of
2,26,260 teachers working at the elementary level excellence in elementary education. Apart from
were trained. The Department of State Educational several ICT as well as leadership development
programmes operated by the PPU, an action research
Table 10.15: Teacher Grant (2011-12) (Rs. in lakhs)
Sanctioned Expenditure
Details
Physical Financial Physical Financial
Teachers grant – primary 48687 243.435 48447 241.527
Teachers grant – upper primary 185477 927.385 181176 907.805
Total 234164 1170.820 229623 1149.332
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 367

project on School Community Connect known as monitoring of schools. A specific tool, QMT, is also
'Namma Shale', is operated in 75 schools of 66 used for quality monitoring. DIETs and BRCs also
villages during 2010-11. Government of Karnataka adopt nodal blocks/clusters convention of monitoring
has partly funded PPU activities. schools.
v. Administration-based Initiatives Attainment Survey: Karnataka's work on
attainment surveys has a good record. The NCERT's
a. SISLEP Learner Achievement Surveys and the Karnataka
The State Institute for School Leadership and School Quality Assessment Organisation (KSQAO)
Educational Management (SISLEP) was established surveys are well known. The attainments levels of
in Dharwad in 2009-10. SISLEP is essentially an children at class 3/5/7 [completed] were completed
institution for capacity building and professional under the aegis of SSA. The State-level update is as
development of educational administrators in the follows:
State. It began training programmes for Head Student learning achievement study (BAS): The
Teachers; during 2011-12, 624 Head Teachers were State has initiated a study on students' learning
trained. assessment. The major findings of the study are being
In addition to the community-based initiatives, the disseminated with all senior officers and section
PPU conducted Educational Leadership officers. The average achievements are as follows
Development Programmes and trained BRCs/CRCs. (Table 10.16)
DSERT/DIETs also conducted several programmes DIETs and Deputy Project Coordinators (DYPCs)
for BRCs/CRCs. There are 606 Inclusive Education are preparing modules for training on monitoring the
Resource Teachers (IERTs) in the Department, who classroom processes, and to create a child-friendly
are regular school teachers and function as teacher- environment in the classroom. DIETs have conducted
administrators for CWSN programmes. They were various studies to improve learning levels. SSA will
given training in collaboration with All India Institute conduct learning achievement study for evaluation of
of Speech and Hearing (AIISH), Mysore, for the action-taken points. These findings will be
identification of children with learning disabilities in compared with QMT data, National Council for
regular schools. 90 days foundation Course training Educational Research and Training's (NCERT)
in CWSN concerns was arranged for 1500 regular achievement test data and other assessments
teachers at a cost of Rs. 60.00 lakh. Training for conducted through NGO's. A State-level workshop
identification of multi-category challenges was for DIET nodal officers on BAS provided indicators
arranged during 2011-12 for 968 IERTs and special and data to prepare block and district analytical
teachers with the association of National Association reports. Based on these reports, action plans are being
for the Blind, Manovikasa and Seva-in-action. prepared for conducting training programmes.
b. Multi-Level Monitoring System 10.1.4 Secondary Education
The DoE engages in a highly systematized With significant gains in primary education, the State
monitoring mechanism. The department's senior has set in motion the planning process for
officers, directors and joint directors are allotted universalisation of secondary education to achieve
districts of the State and, they are expected to act as the target of 65% enrolment in 14-18 age group in
nodal officers for review, feedback and efficiency classes 9 to 12. The State is also committed to
monitoring. A similar exercise is adopted in strengthening the knowledge base of the society to
SSA/Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan sustain higher rate of economic growth.
(RMSA) using Project officers for efficiency
monitoring. Monthly Monitoring Reviews at all a) Institutions / Enrolment / Teachers
levels is a convention.
The State has a total of 13,862 secondary schools of
The DIETs use Attainment Survey results for quality which 4442 schools are run by the DoE, 3335 by
368 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.16: Average Achievement Levels

Students / Class III V VII Average

Boys 58.20 57.90 54.10 56.73

Girls 60.89 60.80 57.06 59.58

Total 59.53 59.37 55.61 58.17

aided managements, 5521 by private unaided Government schools at a cost of 4.78 lakhs.
managements and 79 by others. The concentration of
the secondary schools in the private unaided sector During 2010-11, 39 KGBV type schools in more
may be one of the reasons for the low access of backward taluks, not covered by SSA, were approved
children from marginalized groups to higher at a total cost of Rs. 240 lakh. Water and toilet
education. 44.47 percent of girls are enrolled in Govt. facilities to needy government high schools are
schools, and only 22.74 percent of them study in provided at a cost of Rs.400 lakhs. Further, 114
private unaided schools. backward talukas of the State receive Rs. 300.00
lakhs for construction of compound and provision of
A total of 43,762 out of 1,40,270 teachers are working play grounds facility.
in unaided secondary schools (Table 10.17). The
State has set the goal of making secondary education c) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
of good quality available, accessible and affordable (RMSA)
to all children in the age group of 14 to 16 years. Under this scheme 305 upper primary schools were
b) Infrastructure Facilities: upgraded as high schools during 2009-10 and 2010-
11. In addition, 1903 schools are provided
During 2011-12, Rs.600.00 lakhs was allocated for infrastructure facilities. During 2011-12, a budget of
construction of school buildings and repairs for Rs.8756.73 lakhs was approved by the GoI. Provision
needy high schools in 39 most backward taluks. 202 has been made for Rs. 50,000 per school for
additional classrooms in 41 high schools was maintenance of laboratory, library, classrooms, office
provided under RIDF scheme. Non-government fees and school; Rs.25,000 for minor repairs to
[Sports, Reading Room, TWF, SWF, etc;] was Government schools with own buildings; minimum
reimbursed to 15.94 lakh SC/ST Boys in Govt. of five days in-service teacher training to all
secondary schools at a cost of Rs.486.59 lakhs. Class Government high school teachers, upgradation of 33
X Examination fee was reimbursed to girls in schools with class 8 to 9th & 10th standards;

Table 10.17 Schools, Teachers & Enrolment in High Schools (2011-12)

Particulars Govt. Aided Unaided Others Total

No. of Schools 4442 3335 5521 79 13862

Enrollment of Boys (VIII to X) 509253 419423 385758 9877 1355363

Enrollment of Girls (VIII to X) 513834 390699 310722 7236 1251943

Total Enrollment 1023087 810122 696480 17113 2607306

No. of Teachers Working 43762 32800 57827 1712 140270

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 369

infrastructure and human resource strengthening of Henceforth, as per a National policy, pre-university
existing Government high schools. 74 model high stage of education will be a part of secondary
schools, Adarsha Vidyalayas were started in education. It will not be tailored to University needs
educationally backward blocks (6th to 10th and, it will not be pre-university stage, but senior
standards) in English medium during 2011-12. secondary stage.
Further, 62 girls hostels for 9th & 10th standard girls,
with residential facilities for 100 girls, 50 each in 9th a) Enrolments:
& 10th, have been opened in educationally backward The year 2007-08 was significant with regard to
blocks. 9th standard BAS was sponsored by RMSA enrolments in the pre-university stage (Table 10.20).
and completed by KSQAO. The State level update is There is a direct relation between percentage of
given in Table 10.18 passes at X standard public examination (SSLC) and
10.1.5 Pre-university Education demand for pre-university education. Results at X
standard were between 50 to 60 per cent till 2007. X
Pre-University education is an important milestone standard results improved from 2007 onwards, and is
between school education and higher education. A currently around 60 to 75%. Nonetheless, there is an
separate Pre-University Education department has attrition of around 15 to 20 per cent between I and II
been established in the State to design, plan and years of pre-university education. This attrition has
implement the whole Pre-University Education implications for expenditure levels across two years.
programme. The Government participation is higher Career guidance and counseling, if conducted
in pre-university education (Table 10.19). The immediately after the announcement of the X
number of girl students is higher in Government PU standard examination results may help in the
colleges. This indicates the need for expansion of reduction of drop outs. The Education Commission
these colleges in future to promote girls' education. of 1966 had suggested an enrolment limit of 30 to 35
per cent for Arts courses. However, even by 2008-09,
Financial assistance is provided under NABARD – nearly 41 % of enrolments were in Arts courses
RIDF and Special Development Plan to meet the (Table 10.21). Relative proportions at II PUC stage
infrastructure requirements of PU colleges. do not change substantially. The low enrolments in
Orientation programmes are organized by the Science courses are a cause for concern. There is a
department for lecturers to upgrade their knowledge rush for professional courses from the Science
and improve results. The focus is on those districts stream. This is not the case with respect to Arts and
where the pass percentage of students is low. Commerce Courses. Low proportion of Science

Table10.18: Subject wise, Gender wise Learning Achievement in 9th Std. (in %)
First Second Third Social
Medium Maths Science Part-B Boys Girls
Lang. Lang. Lang. Science

Kannada 58.17 39.93 58.92 33.99 47.17 42.78 69.23 48.06 51.09

English 59.52 54.17 63.21 32.75 41.3 37.75 64.29 48.33 51.62

Urdu 76.49 54.33 62.16 49.53 59.23 57.79 71.68 54.08 57.41

Marathi 68.03 51.8 54.24 45.13 52.78 52.68 68.46 57.16 62.3

Tamil 62.51 43.54 32.08 27.6 39.61 47.29 59.32 44.27 46.29

Telugu 69.56 43.77 67.96 51.74 60.35 61.8 75.18 62.64 59.96

Overall 65.71 47.92 56.43 40.12 50.07 50.02 68.03 48.44 51.83
370 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.19: Institutions at Pre-University level (Nos)

Institutions Govt. Aided Unaided Corporation Total

2009-10 1200 803 1647 13 3663

2010-11 1201 803 1811 13 3838

2011-12 1202 834 2058 13 4107

Table 10.20: Students Strength in Pre-University courses

Year 1st PUC 2nd PUC Attrition %age

2005-06 412240 340296 - -

2006-07 427988 361807 50433 12.23

2007-08 528879 433183 5195 1.2

2008-09 534430 434425 94454 17.86

2009-10 555977 428580 105850 19.80

2010-11 518179 450700 105277 18.94

2011-12 575673 430625 67479 15.67

enrolments and the attraction of professional courses those who are left out after being subjected to higher
lead to low enrolments in graduate Science courses. degree of screening at various levels. This is not the
Graduate Science courses serve as nurseries for case of boys. It is also noted that English medium
preparation and supply of Science teachers for results are always better than Kannada medium
secondary schools, as well as for creation of pool of results.
scientists in the country after post-graduate and
research courses. Both school Science education and a) Sports / Games / NSS at PU level
scientific pursuits suffer because of this trend. The pre-university stage supports college / district /
Initiatives by the Indian Institute of Science, division / State level Sports and Games competitions.
Bangalore to attract science talent for integrated 5- Students also get groomed for national level
years, post-graduate courses after the pre-university competitions. Colleges also facilitate NCC and NSS
stage by offering a variety of incentives need to be activities. 920 pre-university colleges in the State
emulated and expanded. have NSS units.
b. Completion Rates: 10.1.6 Collegiate Education
Pass percentage at pre-university is about 77 per cent The Department of Collegiate Education was set up
in Science courses (Table 10.22). This will normally in the year 1960, and has since been striving to make
be around 25 to 50 per cent of the previous year's quality higher education affordable and accessible to
enrolments. Girls fare better than boys in II PUC all sections of students. The Department of Collegiate
examination. Girls who reach II PUC are from among Education oversees the administration of 360
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 371

Table 10.21: Enrolments across Courses in Pre-University (2011-12)

Stage Arts Commerce Science Total

I year 245671 171362 158640 575673

II year 179139 132101 119385 430625

Proportion (%)

I year 42.68 29.77 27.56 100

II year 41.60 30.68 27.72 100

Table 10.22: Pass percentage at pre-university level across courses (2011-12)

Performance Arts Science Commerce Total

Appeared 179139 132101 119385 430625

Passed 112912 101914 82778 297604

Percentage 63.03 77.15 69.34 69.11

Government First Grade Colleges and 314 Private increasing enrolments of boys to engineering,
aided colleges affiliated to 14 state universities, medical and other professional courses.
through its 6 regional offices located at Bangalore,
Mysore, Mangalore, Shimoga, Dharwad and Enrolment in Science courses is very poor as a
Gulbarga. proportion of total enrolments in general higher
education. This is a carry-over concern of pre-
a) Institutions: university enrolments. Improving the proportion of
enrolments in Science courses along with general
There are 36 more colleges in unaided sector than in increases is a significant challenge. There has been a
the Government sector (Govt. + Aided). The average significant increase in the funds released to the
strength in government and aided degree colleges is Department of Collegiate Education by the
638 and 749 respectively, while it is just 200 in Government. Investment under plan increased from
unaided colleges (Table 10.23). The details of spread 90.87 crore in 2007-08 to 326 crore in 2011-12. Total
of government sector degree colleges are given 10.24 budget under plan and non-plan increased from 487.5
in 2007 to 1222.66 in 2011-12. The major share in the
b) Enrolments
plan budget was for the additional infrastructure and
Analysis and discussion in this section is confined to facilities required for newly established colleges. The
Government and private-aided colleges. SC/ST student's enrollment in degree college is given
in Table 10.27.
Enrolments for degree courses are not increasing year
by year (Tables 10.25 and 10.26). In fact, negative c) Fresh Initiatives
growth has been observed in case of boys during
The DCE has initiated several new programmes.
2010-11. The male-female ratio which was in favour
Under an initiative known as 'Hosa Hejje' [Fresh
of boys during 2007-08 to 2009-10 has got reversed
Step], six programmes are in force. They are: (a)
during 2010-11. This is not a case of improvement in
Sahayog - soft skill training, (b) Manavathe –value
gender parity. Reversal of ratio may be because of
education (c) Angala – spoken English training, (d)
372 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.23 Institutions for graduate education. 2012-13

Management Govt. Pvt. Aided Pvt. Unaided Total

Institutions 360 314 710 1384

Students 2.29,839 2,35,313 1,41,995 6,07,147

Av. Per college (Nos.) 638 749 200 638

Table 10.24 Spread of Govt. sector Degree Colleges

R egion B an galore M ysore S h imog a M an galore D h arw ad G u lb a rga Total

N um ber 132 98 82 66 188 108 674

P ro po rt ion 19.58 14.54 12 .17 9.79 2 7.89 16.02 100

R eve nu e
32 26 27 11 49 31 176
B lo cks

Table 10.25: Growth of Enrolments in Degree colleges

Y ea r B oys % gr ow th G irl s % gr ow th T o ta l % g ro w th M :F R a ti o

2 0 0 7 -0 8 174729 - 154584 - 329313 - 5 3 :4 7

2 0 0 8 -0 9 179380 2 .6 6 163731 5 .9 2 343111 4 .1 9 5 2 :4 8

2 0 0 9 -1 0 181779 1 .3 4 176226 7 .6 3 357975 4 .3 3 5 1 :4 9

2 0 1 0 -1 1 181018 -0 .4 2 186790 3 .2 8 367605 2 .6 9 4 9 :5 1

2 0 1 1 -1 2 226785 235313 457097 4 9 :5 1

2 0 1 2 -1 3 229681 235471 465152 4 9 .5 1

Table 10.26: Enrolments across courses (2012-13)

Cours es BA B.Sc B .Co m O thers Total

N um ber o f stude nts 1,92 ,712 78,518 1,34,894 59 ,028 4,65,15 2

% 41 .43 16 .88 29.00 12.69 100.00

Note: Others include BBM, BCA, BSW.

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 373

Table 10.27: SC /ST Students Enrollment for Academic year

No of SC Students No of ST Students
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Govt Colleges 25450 17519 42969 8371 5402 13773
Pvt. Aided Colleges 16189 12401 28590 5860 4064 9924

Sampark – free internet facility (e) Aptamitra – created within the DCE. It manages peer reviews of
partnership between Government and aided colleges Government colleges under this programme by using
and (f) Shikshana Adalat – grievance redressal standard formats. This is a prelude to NAAC
mechanism for teachers. Programmes (a) – (d) are for evaluation exercises. Since the beginning of this
students. Sahayog is a collaboration between DCE, initiative, 114 colleges have been subjected to NAAC
Karnataka Vocational Training and Skill accreditation. Of these, 14 colleges were accredited
Development Corporation (KVTSDC) and during 2007-11 while 34 colleges were re-accredited
Karnataka Knowledge Commission (KKC). Number [5 years being the validity period for every
of Students trained under Sahayog is 21,262, accreditation] during 2009 to 2011. Five colleges
Manavathe (vikasana) is 10,000 and Angla is 10,000. have been re-accredited with 'A' grade. Karnataka
Placements of students after training are also State has received 2nd position in regard to total
facilitated. number of Government colleges
accredited/reaccredited by NAAC in all Indian
'Daksha' is a programme for capacity building for States.
teachers, administrators and non-teaching staff. A
training cell is opened in DCE for the purpose. An innovative Programme- a first of its kind- called
Continuous Evaluation for Quality and Excellence
Being the IT capital, Bangalore hosts a large number (CEQE) was launched during 2011. CEQE involves
of multi-national companies which need a young and continuous Annual Evaluation of all Government
dynamic professionally qualified work force. In tune Colleges by in-house peers for enhancing quality and
with the requirements of the industry, Government achieving excellence.
has introduced professionally oriented Post Graduate
and Under Graduate courses in the areas of 10.1.7 Technical Education:
Information Technology, Bio-Technology and
Business Management etc. Bangalore is counted among the 26 global IT hubs.
This electronic city has been spearheading the growth
A comprehensive programme for training the of Indian industry, especially in the area of high-
teachers and administrative staff with focus on the technology such as Electronics & Electricals, ICT,
latest techniques influencing College Education was Nano and Biotechnology. There were 12000 MSMEs
launched in 2010-11. More than 2,600 teachers in Bangalore generating employment for 75000
recruited during 2009 were trained in Pedagogy, persons. All these developments need a strong and
Communication and Life Skills, and on the use of sustained manpower supply chain. The Department
new ICT technologies in teaching and learning. Over of Technical Education (DTE) satisfies this need
3 5 0 P r i n c i p a l s a n d O ff i c e r s a n d 1 4 4 0 through its technical and polytechnic institutions.
administrative/support staff have been trained on
administrative matters. Over 2240 faculty members a) Institutions and Enrollments:
have been trained in teaching skills. During 2011-12, there were a total of 503 technical
Continuous Evaluation of Quality and Excellence education institutions in the State which include 197
(CEQE): The State Quality Assurance Cell has been graduate/PG level engineering institutions and 291
374 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.28: Technical Education Institutions (2009-10 to 2011-12)

Type Govt. Aided Private Total
Polytechnic 2009-10 81 43 149 273
2010-11 81 43 165 289
2011-12
81 43 167 291
Engineering. Colleges 2009-10 14 11 149 174
2010-11 14 11 162 187
2011-12
14 11 172 197
Junior Technical Schools 2010-11 06 - - 06
2011-12 12 - - 12
Fine Arts Colleges 2010-11 - 03 - 03
2011-12 - 03 - 03

polytechnics under DTE (Table 10.28). To achieve engineering / polytechnic education (Table 10.29 ). It
GER of 15% by 2015, the number of polytechnics in is more so in the polytechnics.
the State has steadily grown and most of them in the
backward taluks and districts. The department plans Civil, mechanical, electrical, electronics and
to start one Government Polytechnic in every taluk, computer science courses together account for 83 to
and one Government Engineering college in every 84 per cent of enrolments in engineering and 84 to 93
district. Only 27.8% of polytechnic institutions are per cent of enrolments in polytechnics (Table 10.30).
under the Government sector. There is a high degree Three of these are traditional courses while
of volatility in private unaided institutions. electronics and computer science are post-1980
Government also has control over a fixed percentage courses. There are 15 other engineering courses such
of seats in unaided institutions. It has control over as chemical engineering, biotechnology, medical
definition of fee structures in unaided and aided electronics, silk technology, as well as
colleges. Hence, Government participation and instrumentation which are demanded by about 14 per
stakes are higher than management of Government cent of the students. Diversification of the economy
sector institutions in technical education. There is would become difficult with such an imbalanced
gender and social inequity in enrolments in enrolment structure. In fact, there is a plethora of

Table 10.29 : Enrolments in Technical Education Institutions

Levels ENGINEERING POLYTECHNICS

Years 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12

Total 60680 64614 56300 67738

Boys 38101 40707 40490 47417

Girls 22579 23907 15810 20321

% Girls 37.20 37.00 28.08 30.00

SC / ST 11189 11630 8270 11515

% SC / ST 18.44 18.00 14.69 17.00

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 375

Table 10.30: Enrolments in Technical Education Courses

Levels Engineering Polytechnics

Courses 2010-11 % 2011-12 % 2010-11 % 2011-12 %
Civil 6435 10.60 7628 11.80 8513 15.12 1660 14.26
Mechanical 11455 18.88 11955 18.50 11551 20.52 13100 19.34
E&E 4955 8.17 5122 7.93 6150 10.92 7250 10.70
E &C 14575 24.02 15235 23.58 15560 27.64 16150 23.84
CS 13025 21.47 13155 20.36 10550 18.74 11100 16.39
Others 10235 16.87 11519 17.83 3976 7.06 10478 15.47
Total 60680 - 64614 - 56300 - 67738 -

institutions in the non-government sector that c) Staff Training and Apprentice Training
provide hands-on experiences and functional skills in Programme:
computer applications. There is no count of such
institutions. To provide the Human Resources and to enhance the
teaching efficiency of the staff, the teaching faculty
b) Budget Provision: have been deputed to higher education and also
improve their skills through short term training
The budget provided for the construction of buildings programs. The details are given in Tables 10.32 and
for government polytechnics and Engineering 10.33
colleges for previous 5 years is given in Table 10.31.

Table 10.31 Budget Provision for Technical Education

Year Outlay (in ` Lakhs) Expenditure (in ` Lakhs)

2007-08 3100.00 2614.19

2008-09 6500.00 5130.77

2009-10 6220.00 5929.18

2010-11 12909.00 12757.77

2011-12 7341.00 7078.97

Table 10.32: Number of Teaching Staff deputed for the higher education during last five years

Subject 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

M.E / M. Tech. 14 0 7 24 33

PhD 1 1 0 1 1
376 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.33: Number of Teaching/Non-teaching staff deputed for short term training programs during
last five years

Subject 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Programs conducted at
82 96 103 105 108
the NITTR, Chennai

Staff deputed (No.) 1280 1440 1545 1500 1793

As per the Govt. Apprenticeship Act 1973, amended d) Technical Education Quality Improvement
in 1986, the State Govt./Central Govt./Private Programme (TEQIP):
Companies will impart training to specific number of
students for duration of one year under this scheme. To improve the quality of Technical Education in the
The objective of the scheme is to provide a State the TEQIP programme was launched in 2004
connection between the technical institutes and with financial assistance from the World Bank. The
industries, to improve the technical-know-how and to reform process needs to be sustained and continued to
introduce the students of all fields of the industry. transform the system to a higher level and to continue
After the successful completion of one year the development activities initiated through TEQIP
apprenticeship training by students, a certificate is Phase-I. A sequel project is planned as TEQIP Phase-
issued by the Apprenticeship Training Board, II. This project is for a period of 4 years commencing
Chennai. The number of beneficiaries of the training from 2010 to 2014. The estimated cost will be around
during 2011-12 is given in Table 10.34. Rs. 180.00 crores. During the budget speech for the

Table 10.34: Number of beneficiary students who benefitted from the ATS during 2011-12

SC ST Others Total
Branch
Engg. Diploma Engg. Diploma Engg. Diploma Engg. Diploma

Civil 19 5 10 8 73 44 102 57

Electrical 75 10 17 6 486 135 578 151

Mechanical 35 28 13 10 552 414 600 452

Computer Science 115 52 28 15 501 429 644 496

Automobile 29 20 15 9 147 66 191 95

Others 45 39 10 15 660 342 715 396

Total 318 154 93 63 2419 1430 2830 1647

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 377

year 2010-11, an amount of Rs. 80 crores has been is quite significant. 3965 doctors graduate from 79
reserved for implementation of this scheme for Ayurvedic colleges. Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and
development of infrastructure research and to Unani doctors serve rural India in larger proportions.
improve quality education in graduate and post 304 Nursing colleges, recognized by Indian Nursing
graduate level in engineering education. Council, turn out 15628 nurses (BSc graduates) every
year. Karnataka functions as a nursery for nursing
e) Achievements services not only for the State, but also for other
regions of India, Gulf countries and Europe.
All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE):
MHRD has conducted the AISHE survey on human Availability of dependable and internally consistent
resources in Higher Education Sector. The data across various sources needs serious attention.
Directorate of Technical Education, Karnataka has There is considerable clarity with regard to
collected information for the survey from all 291 undergraduate and postgraduate medical education.
polytechnics in the state. However, there are a large number of institutions
which offer paramedical certificate and diploma
Online Admission for Diploma: The diploma
courses about which there is hardly any reliable data.
admission in the state has been made online from the
Various autonomous councils, boards of
academic year 2012-13, which is first of its kind in the
examinations, universities regulate medical
country without any financial assistance from the
education.
government. This has brought in more transparency
and comfort for the students to get their choice of Rural Services: There are 19 district hospitals, 10
college and course. This has been implemented at 11 'Other' hospitals (specialized) and 29 teaching
nodal centres simultaneously and the students can hospitals with cumulative bed strength of 25,294
choose the seat in any part of the state. beds. In addition, there are 325 community health
centres (CHC) with bed strength of 20,400, with 144
10.1.8 Medical Education
CHCs operating in taluk headquarters. There are also
The field of Medical Education is diverse. There are 2220 Primary Health Centres (PHC) of which 27 are
six distinct, evolved systems of medical care, which urban PHCs which together possess bed strength of
are popular in India. They vary in their popularity 10,639 beds. There are also sub-centres (Primary
across States, rural-urban locales and regions. These Health Units) whose number is 8143 and bed strength
six systems are Allopathy, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, is 56,495. Qualified doctors are needed for all these
Unani, Naturopathy/Yoga and Siddha. Costs of hospitals and health centres. There is a shortage and
treatment, hospital, health-care facilities also vary imbalanced distribution of doctors, nurses and
across systems. Due to a variety of positive dynamics, paramedical staff in all these healthcare institutions.
there has been a movement to promote 'Integrated This is especially true in rural areas.
Medicine' in the Country. In Karnataka, distinct
PG Institutions and Enrolments in the State:
importance has been given to non-allopathic systems
through a programme known as 'AYUSH'. Ayush Medical Colleges are permitted to provide Post-
focuses on health disorders generated by unhealthy graduate courses, in the State. They offer degree and
lifestyles as well as on primary health care. diploma courses in various specialties. There are
several super-specialties of which training is
a. Institutions of Medical education
imparted in subjects like Cardiology, Cardiothoracic
There are 43 medical colleges (MBBS degree) in the Surgery, Cardiac Anaesthesia, Neurology,
State which have a summated intake capacity of 6005 Nephrology, Urology, Surgical Gastroenterology,
students (Tables 10.35 and 10.36). Ten colleges are Plastic Surgery, Medical Oncology and Surgical
run by the Government along with seven other super- Oncology. There has been a great demand for
speciality institutions. The Government's presence is specialists, due to which many Medical Graduate of
visible in nominal strength in other systems. the state who do not get PG seats enroll themselves
Relatively, the turnout of Ayurvedic doctors (GCIM) with the National Board of Examinations and qualify
378 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.35 : Medical Education Institutions and Enrolments

Type of Institution No. Enrolments

Medical Colleges (MBBS) 43 6005
Ayurvedic Colleges (GCIM) 59 2780
Homeopathic Colleges (BHMS) 11 780
Unani Colleges 04 170
Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences (BNYS) 05 235
Dental Colleges (BDS) 44 2950
Pharmacy Colleges (B. Pharm) 61 3613
Nursing Colleges (B.Sc) 304 15628

Table 10.36: Medical Education Institutions by Managements

Govt. Aided Unaided

Allopathy
Colleges 10 - 26
Institutions 07 - -
Ayurveda 04 05 50

Homeopathy 01 - 10

Unani 01 - 03

NC & Yoga 01 - 04

Dental 02 - 42

Pharmacy 01 - 60

as Diplomate of the National Board (DNB). College, Mysore, as early as in 1932. Some of the
Accordingly, there are 1980 postgraduate (MD/MS), important programmes implemented by DME
484 Postgraduate diploma, 80 super-speciality The include:
details are given in Table 10.37.
During 2007-08 to 2011-12 short-term vocational
10.1.9. Mass Education training was provided to educated rural youth
through vidyapeethas in different districts under the
In Karnataka, the Adult Education programme has erstwhile Karnataka Adult Education Council.
been implemented since the pre-independence Vocational training was also provided under
period. Distinguished Litterateur Prof. B.M SCP/TSP component during 2010-11. In 2010-11 and
Srikantiah started literacy classes in Maharajas 2011-12, literacy programmes have been conducted
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 379

in the rural areas of backward taluks identified by the aim is to provide literacy to rural non-literates of 15+
Dr. Nanjundappa report. age group, with priority to women, SC, ST and
Minority groups. The Karnataka State Literacy
During 2010-11 and 2011-12, the Saakshar Bharath Mission Authority, 16 Districts, 107 Block and 3477
Programme was implemented with Central and State Gram Panchayat Lok Shikshana Samithis have been
grants in 18 districts of the State where female set up. 180 Co-ordinators and 7014 preraks have been
literacy is less than 50% as per the 2001 census. The selected and trained. Survey of households in 3170

Table 10.37 Enrollment Capacity across Medical courses- PG Degree

No. of P G Dip loma N o of N o.of

MD Su per Sp ecialities
Seats C ourses Seats Seats
G eneral M edicine 252 D M RD / D M RT 38 M CH U rology 12

R T 18 D .O rtho 54 M CH P lastic S urgery 4

P ediatrics 116 D GO 72 M CH S urgical oncology 8

R D 84 D LO 36 D M oncology 6

A nesthes ia 135 D . A nesthesia 68 D M Cardiology 21

P sychiatry 25 D ip. Bacteriology 6 M CH C ardio Thoraic S urgery 12

P athology 139 D ip. V D 25 M CH P ediatric S urgery 4

A natom y 82 D PM 13 D M N eurology 2

Com munity M edicine 79 D FM 6 D M Cardiac A naes thes ia 8

M CH S urgical
F orensic M edicine 53 D TCD 4 G astroenterology 1

P harmacology 88 D OM S 42 D M N ephrology 2

P hysiology 87 D CH 55 Total 80

Bio-chemis try 73 D CP 65

M icro – Biology 92 Total 484

S kin & V D 63

TB & RD 14

Em ergency M edicine 7

MS

G enerl S urgery 204

O phthalmology 81

EN T 74

O rthopedics 99

O BG 115

Total 1980
380 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Gram panchayats has been conducted. 39.94 lakh « Bringing uniformity in the calendar of events in
non-literates and 118865 voluntary teachers have conventional courses offered by the Universities.
been identified and literacy classes have commenced.
« Recognition of some new degree programmes
Assessment of basic literacy conducted by National offered by the Universities to teach certain
Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and National subjects at the undergraduate and postgraduate
Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA) was held in levels.
March 2011 in Gram Panchayats of 15 districts and
1.55 lakh neo-literates were identified. Another « Considering some new degree programmes as
assessment was held in August.2011 in 17 districts qualifications to recruitment for certain
wherein 4,86,282 neo-literates were assessed. categories of posts in KPSC and other
recruitment agencies.
Fund and Accounts Management System, a web
based system developed by NLM-CDAC to bring in « Advising the Government on the creation of new
better financial management, transparency and state sponsored universities to reduce the burden
accountability has been adopted for all the main of affiliation on the parent universities.
account and subsidiary account of 16 districts, 97
The Council, in collaboration with institutions of
blocks and 3170 Gram Panchayats.
higher learning has conducted 17 National Seminars
In the 12th plan period, the Directorate of Mass and 13 Conferences by inviting eminent
Education will focus on four components namely: (i) educationists and scholars from all over the country
Basic literacy programme covering non-literates (ii) coupled with conducting conferences on Higher
Equivalency classes for neo-literates to achieve Education. It has also conducted 5 Induction
education levels equivalent with the formal system programmes for newly recruited college Teachers
(iii) Vocational training to neo-literates in improving and Principals. It has submitted a vision document on
their standard of living (iv) Continuing education higher education titled “Vision 2020 : Higher
through the existing AECs (Adult Education Centres) Education Karnataka” by consolidating the views of
and Continuing Education Centres (CECs). all the stake holders in higher education sector. The
Council has prepared a “Report on Activities of
10.1.10 Karnataka State Higher Education Karnataka State Higher Education Council (2010-
Council 12)”. It has made recommendation to the State
government on the issue of increasing enrolment of
The Karnataka State Higher Education Council was higher education in Karnataka keeping in view of the
established in the year 2010 with prime objects of policy of inclusion and accessibility to the youth of all
policy making on higher education and advising the section of the society.
State Government, Universities and Institutions of
Higher Education on the matters pertaining to higher It has drafted guidelines for providing an Act for
education. The Council is also responsible for new establishing Private Universities in Karnataka
courses, curriculum development and promotion of keeping in view of the policy of inclusion and
research and development in higher education. Some accessibility of higher education to the youth of
of the salient works undertaken by the Council in the Karnataka. It has also drafted guidelines to those
directions of achieving the above objectives are as sponsored agencies which are willing to establish
follows: private universities in Karnataka. On the basis of
above guidelines the Council has already considered
« Bringing uniformity in the regulation of the 8 proposals and inspected the proposed campuses to
conventional courses of undergraduate and set up private universities in the state of Karnataka
postgraduate levels including Ph.D programme and submitted its recommendation to the
offered in the Universities. Government. Some proposals are pending for
consideration by the Council.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 381

In association with Tumkur University, Mangalore a status study (iii) Study on Samudhya Jnana
University, Kuvempu University and Gulbarga Kendras, (iv) University Finances, (v) Study on
University, the Council has conducted several Perception, Aspirations, Expectations and Attitudes
national seminars in thrust areas of studies and of Youth of Karnataka, and (vi) Gross Enrollment
research in Information Technology, Biotechnology, Ratio in Higher education.
Nanotechnology, Materials Science, Information
Science, Journalism, Languages, Management and The projects include Arivu – open libraries in
Social Sciences. It has also advised the Government Government schools; Sahayog – sandwich courses
to establish a Training Academy for Teachers of for undergraduates to step up their employability;
Higher Education. In order to achieve this, a draft Act Kanaja – Knowledge portal in Kannada; Samarth –
has been proposed by the Council for enactment of empowering DSERT; Swasthya– a preventive
the Academy as an autonomous body. A proposal has health-care programme; Dravya Kosha – Tapping
also been submitted to the Government for grants to and promoting district-specific knowledge of
start academy on an ad-hoc basis at Tumkur medicinal plants; Odhu putani – strengthening
University. children's library; Daksha – Developing leadership
for educational management; E-Mahithi – MIS for
10.1.11 Karnataka Knowledge Commission total school education; and Manava Bhandara –
(KJA) promoting demand for social sciences and
humanities, Survey and Documentation of the
KJA was established in 2008 to facilitate the Traditional Knowledge System, Karnataka
transformation of the State into a knowledge society. Geographical Information system-Innovation in
The education sector in its entirety, health, Governance, and Empowering Youth through skill
humanities, social sciences, law and management are development- Honing the Skills.
within its foci. 60 recommendations, of which 15 are
on priority, were submitted by 2011-12. KJA desires KJA was reconstituted in January 2012. KJA
to promote faster, sustainable and more inclusive launched the Jnana fellowship programme to tap
growth as envisioned by the 12th plan approach paper young and creative talent. 19 fellowships were
of the GoI. awarded during 2011-12. Karnataka State
Innovation Council on lines similar to National
So far, KJA has held 183 different meetings; 30 Innovations Council was constituted under the aegis
groups/committees were constituted in the form of of KJA. The Public Affairs Centre, Bangalore,
Working Groups, Study Groups, Expert Committees, completed a social audit of KJA and gave a positive
Mission Groups, Task Force, Sub-Committees, report.
Research Committee and Project Monitoring and
Review Committee, and around 250 Professionals KJA also has launched JNANA SHODHA- an invite
and Experts were involved in the initiatives, 20 to organisations - academic and research institutions,
stakeholders consultations were held in which around government and quasi-government bodies, renowned
6000 stakeholders participated. national and state level research centres and civil
society organisations to participate in transforming
Besides stakeholders' consultation, a need to Karnataka into a knowledge society through
approach large sections of population belonging to undertaking relevant research studies. 149
different segments of the society and economy was institutions responded to the call and through
felt. To give impetus to this, KJA conceived rigorous process 13 institutions were selected to
undertaking of research studies and surveys. During undertake research studies. KJA in collaboration
its first phase, KJA undertook the following six with Dept. of Youth Services and Sports has
survey-based research studies such as (i) Study on formulated a Policy for the Youth of the State. KJA
Building Knowledge society in Karnataka (ii) Pre- has placed Karnataka on the threshold of the
service elementary Teachers Education in Karnataka: knowledge society through four years of its work.
382 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

10.2 HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE regional disparities by improving health services.
The progress of the health indicators has been
Health is an important human development indicator encouraging in the State during the last few years.
and has a great significance for the overall The death rate is already at a lower level and the birth
development of the State. Achieving and maintaining rate is declining faster.
health is an important and ongoing process. The
Government of Karnataka has given significant Karnataka has performed relatively better in
importance to the health sector during the last few population control with total fertility rate likely to
years. Provision of good health care to the people is reach the eleventh five year plan target of 1.8 children
an essential component of the health strategy adopted per woman for the year 2012. The infant mortality has
by the State. declined faster during the last few years to the tune of
around 12 per 1000 live births from about 50 in 2004
The focus of possible health intervention is to prevent to 35 in 2012 (Fig. 10.3) . However, the infant
and manage diseases, injuries and other health mortality rate (IMR) of about 35 in 2012 is far higher
conditions through surveillance of cases and the than the eleventh five year plan target of 24 set for the
promotion of healthy behaviors, communities and year 2012 (Table 10.39 ). It is unlikely that the state
environments. Provision of good health care to the would achieve the IMR target. Considering this
people is an essential component of the development imminent challenge, the state has been at the
strategy adopted by the State to achieve overall socio- forefront of introducing several programmes.
economic development.
10.2.2 Family Welfare
Karnataka has made significant progress in
improving the health status of its people in the last The State offers an excellent family welfare
few decades. However, despite the progress, the State programme operating through the existing health
has a long way to go in achieving the desired health infrastructure. The main objective of the programme
goals. The State has made substantial progress in is to provide better health services in general and
building credible health infrastructure at different family planning services in particular to check the
levels. The public expenditure on Health is about rapid growth of population. Table 10.40 provides
0.9% of GSDP during the 11th plan period. details of the State's achievements in sterilization and
IUD during the last three years.
10.2.1 Health Indicators
Though sterilization continues to be the main method
The State has a wide institutional network providing of family planning, the spacing between the births of
health services both in urban and rural areas. Table two children is also equally emphasized. The
10.38 presents information on health infrastructure in percentage of couples protected by modern
the State. There are 18 District Hospitals, 10 Other contraception has been steadily going up in the State
Hospitals and 28 Autonomous & Teaching Hospitals and currently stands at 66.42 %.
in the State. The primary health infrastructure in rural
areas has fulfilled the norms required under the 10.2.3 National Rural Health Mission
“minimum needs programme” at the aggregate level.
There are 8871 Subcentres, 2346 Primary health National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was
centres (PHC), 186 community health centres (CHC) launched on 12th April, 2005 by the Government of
and, taluk hospitals catering to the health needs of the India to improve medical facilities in the rural areas
rural population. Districtwise distribution of health of the country. The NRHM seeks to provide
facilities is given in Appendix. accessible, affordable and quality health care to the
rural population, especially the vulnerable sections.
The Eleventh Five year Plan (2007-12), in respect of At present, schemes such as the National Vector
the health sector, has aimed at controlling population Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) and
and reducing infant and maternal mortality through Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
strengthening health services. In addition, attempts (RNTCP) come under the NRHM. The NRHM is
have been made to remove intra-regional and being implemented in Karnataka through creation of
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 383

Table 10.38: Infrastructure of Public Health Services of the State Govt.

Type of Institution No.

District Hospitals 18

Other Hospitals under Health & FW 10

Autonomous & Teaching Hospitals 28

Taluk / General Hospitals 146

Community Health Centres 186

Primary Health Centres 2346

Urban PHCs 27

Health Centres under IPP 108

Mobile Health Clinics 20

Sub-Centres 8871

(as on Sept.2012)

Figure 10.3: Infant Mortality Rate 2004-2009 and Total Fertility Rate in Karnataka, 2004-2010

60 2.4
2.3
50 49 50 48 2.3
2.2 47 45
40 41
38 2.2
Infant Mortality Rate

Infant Fertility Rate

2.1 2.1
30 35 2.1
2.0 2.0
20 2.0
10 1.9
0 1.8

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012

Year
Total fertility rate Infant Mortality Rate
384 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.39: Achievement of the Family Welfare Programme in Karnataka

2012
Sl.
Indicator 1981 1991 2008 2009 2010 upto
No.
Sept 12
1 Birth Rate (for 1000 Population) 28.3 26.9 19.8 19.5 19.2 18.8

7.1 7.1
2 Death Rate (for 1000 Population) 9.1 9.0 7.4 7.2
- 2.0
3 Total fertility rate 4.7 3.87 2.0 2.0
Maternal Mortality Rate 266 213 178 - 178
4 NA
(for every 1,00,000 live birth) SRS 1999-01 SRS 2004-06 SRS 2007-08
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 Live 38 35
5 69 77 45 41
birth)
6 Child Mortality Rate (0-4Years) NA 12.8 12.3 12.0
(per 1000 children) (2004)
66.42
7 Eligible Couples protected (%) 22.3 46.9 54.9 54.9
65.3
Total 1983 62.1 65.3 65.3
Average life expectancy 63.6
8 Male 61.0 63.6 63.6
(in years)
63.2 67.1 67.1 67.1
Female
(1991-92) (2002-06) (2002-06)

** "Maternal Mortality in India 1997-2003: Trend, Causes Source: 1. Office of Registrar General of India. All the above
and Risk Factors", 2006, Maternal Mortality in India, data are based on Sample Registration System, Office of the
2004-06, Office of the Registrar General of India. Registrar General of India.
NA – Not available

a State health society at the State Level and district and medical institutions. The progress of the health
health societies in each of the districts. Program programmes are presented in Table 10.41.
implementation is being done through its district
chief medical officer's office, blocks, CHCs, PHCs, 10.2.4.1 Janani Suraksha Yojane (JSY): The goals
sub-centres (SCs) and village health sanitation of JSY are reduction in maternal and infant mortality
committees (VHSC's). Certain activities are rate as well as to increase the institutional deliveries
managed at the State level such as drug procurement, of BPL and SC/ST families. Under this scheme,
information education and communication (IEC), besides ensuring maternity services like 3 antenatal
civil works, training using specialized entities such as checkups and referral transport, cash assistance is
State institute of health and family welfare (SIHFW), provided for deliveries taking place both in health
IEC bureau and, directorate of health and municipal institutions and home. In rural areas, cash assistance
corporations for the urban health components. In to the mother for institutional delivery is Rs. 700 per
addition, funds are also released to NGOs and private case whereas in urban areas, cash assistance to the
entities under public private partnership (PPP) mother is Rs. 600 for institutional delivery. The cash
arrangements. assistance is also available for women delivering at
home with an amount of Rs. 500 being given per case.
10.2.4 Other Major Health Programme Initiatives If specialists are not available in Government-run
health centers or hospitals, the institution can hire
The Department of health and family welfare such specialists to manage complications or for
services implements various National and State caesarean section. Assistance up to Rs.1500 per
health programs of public health importance and also delivery could be utilized by the health institution for
provides comprehensive health care services to the hiring services of specialists.
people of the State through various types of health
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 385

Table 10.40: Performance of Family Welfare Sterilization Programme

Ste rilization IU D
Couple s
Y ear A chie ve me nt Pr ote cted
Ac hieve-
Tar ge t Tar ge t ment (%)
V ase ctomy Tubectomy Total

2010-11 528748 6787 253068 259855 279705 219485 71

2011-12 503047 3894 308876 312770 277404 195487 72

2012-13
(upto Sept.- 484980 1358 151124 152482 311822 88784 66.42
2012)

10.2.4.2 Thayibhagya: In order to reduce IMR and attended, 42% were pregnancy-related. 517
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in the backward ambulances have been deployed under this
districts of Bidar, Gulbarga, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal, programme.
Bagalkot and Chamarajanagar, empanelled private
hospitals are given an incentive of Rs. 3 Lakhs for 10.2.4.4 Suvarna Arogya Chaitanya: This is a
every 100 deliveries conducted including surgeries unique programme being implemented for the first
with treatment being free to the patients. 131980 time in the Country. In this programme, about one
beneficiaries have availed the facility. crore school children (both private and Govt. sector)
are medically screened and, children needing
10.2.4.3 Arogya Kavacha 108: This programme surgeries are provided surgical treatment free-of-cost
provides free first aid and referral transport in case of in empanelled hospitals. Till now, 21484 surgeries
medical, police, and fire emergencies. As of this year, have been done.
about 3.25 crore calls have been received of which
about 3.19 crore calls have been attended. Of the calls 10.2.4.5 Madilu: It is one of the schemes started by
the State Government to provide post natal care for

Table 10.41: Progress of Various Health Programmes (Unit in Numbers)

2 0 1 2 -1 3
S l. No . P ro g ra m me s 2 0 1 0 -1 1 2 0 1 1 -1 2 (S ep t 2 01 2 )
1 P ras ut i A araik e 178041 682402 193029

2 M a d ilu 287075 346177 155223

3 T a yi Bh ag ya 39262 42582 20927

4 J an an i S u rak sh a Yo jan e 445997 454794 170343

5 S uv a rn a Aro g ya C h ai tan ya 2538 1241 942

6 A rog y a K av ach a 600606 591439 239730

7 D ial ys is 12137 32124 5121

8 T el em ed i cin e 12090 13944 3513

9 V ajp ay ee A ro g ya Sr ee 7439 11291 5187

10 G eriatr ic 7995 7872 3269

11 B u rn s C are W ard s 732 1275 349

386 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

the mother and the child. The objective of the scheme

is to encourage poor pregnant women to deliver in ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE DEPARTMENT
health centres and hospitals in order to considerably OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
reduce maternal and infant mortality in the state. SERVICES
Under this programme, a kit is provided to women
belonging to below poverty line families delivering 1. IMR has been brought down from 47 to 35 per
in Government hospitals. The benefit is limited to two 1000 live births during 2007-2012
live deliveries.
2. MMR has been reduced from 228 to 178 for
10.2.4.6 Prasooti Araike: This scheme was 100000 live births between 2001-03 to 2007-
introduced in six 'C' Category districts of Gulbarga, 09
Bidar, Raichur, Koppal, Bijapur and Bagalkot for the
benefit of pregnant women belonging to below 3. Total fertility rate has been reduced to
poverty line SC and ST families. This has now been replacement level (2 children per couple). The
extended to all below-poverty line pregnant women Govt. of India had set a target of total fertility
of all the districts. The women of below-poverty line rate of 2.1 to be achieved by 2012. This has
will get Rs. 1000 (for first two deliveries) during her already been achieved.
antenatal care to get nutritious food. 4. Institutional delivery increased from 65% to
10.2.4.7 Bhagyalakshmi Scheme: Under this 97%.
scheme, 909000 girl children across the State have 5. Fully Immunized children from 80% to 95%.
been medically examined. This is to achieve the aim From 2009-10 to 2011-12
of gender parity. The scheme is being implemented in
co-operation with Women and Child Department. 6. No Malaria deaths have been reported in the
year 2012
10.2.5 School Health Programme
The school health programme is a major initiative
specifically focusing on school age children. Its aim
is to holistically address the health and nutrition children due to vaccine-preventable diseases such as
needs of children in a manner which fulfils the needs tuberculosis (T.B.), diphtheria, whooping cough,
of today's lifestyle. School health program is tetanus, polio and measles. It is clear that coverage of
envisaged as an important tool for the provision of different vaccination is increasing but it is yet to reach
preventive, promotive and curative health services to the 100% target. Table 10.43 presents information on
the population. The programme at the national level the achievement of different vaccinations in the State.
has been developed to provide guidance to States The full immunization rate is increasing and is about
which are already implementing or plan to implement 95% currently.
their own versions of the programme and to give
10.2.7 Causes of Death
guidance. The progress achieved under the school
health programme of the State is presented in Table For the effective control of maternal and infant
10.42. The achievement under this programme has mortality, it is important to understand the causes of
been below target in the previous two years. such mortality. Tables 10.44 and 10.45 present
However, in 2012-13, the progress under this scheme information on top five causes of mortality for infants
has been impressive with most of the target having and females in the age group 15-49 respectively. The
been achieved by October 2012. major causes of infant deaths are due to prematurity
or low birth weight. Pneumonia, bronchitis and birth
10.2.6 Universal Immunization
asphyxia also account for a major proportion of
The universal immunization programme was started deaths. Among females in the age group of 15-49,
to achieve 100 % immunization and to reduce the post partum hemorrhage is the leading causes of
mortality and morbidity among infants and young death. This is followed by pre- eclampsia toxemia and
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 387

Table 10.42: Achievement under School Health Programme

No. of Students Examined

(Lakhs) No. of Students
Year No. of Major operations
Treated for Minor
performed (Nos.)
Target Achievement ailment (Lakhs)

2010-11 92.22 86.08 9.72 2538

2011-12 89.91 86.06 7.88 1241

2012-13
92.82 80.53 - 821
(upto Oct.2012)

Table 10.43: Performance of Universal Immunization Programme

No. of Beneficiaries (in Lakhs)

Vaccine Name
2012-13
2010-11 2011-12
(upto Sept. 2012)
BCG 1115364 1178976 581343

DPT (3rd) 1097911 1130349 554375

Polio (3rd) 1092220 1115886 545661

Hepatitis B 924522 1005536 539084

Measles 1038012 1062082 524839

DPT (Booster) 1097911 1130349 410449

Polio (Booster) 795030 1115886 404684

TT (10Years) 1055101 777183 414003

TT (16Years) 1179189 663688 340891

TT (Mothers) 1183952 1259156 598390

Fully Immunized Children 80% 95 46.8

sepsis. Causes of mortality for infants and females, in 10.2.8 Karnataka Health System Development &
the age group 15-49 respectively. The major causes Reform Project (KHSDRP)
of infant deaths are prematurity or low birth
weight. Pneumonia, bronchitis and birth asphyxia The Karnataka Health System Development &
also account for a major proportion of deaths. Reform Project (KHSDRP) is a World Bank-assisted
Among females i the age group of 15-49, post- project, implemented over five years commencing
partum hemorrhage is the leading causes of death. from 11.1.2007 & slated to end on 31.3.2012.
This is followed by pre- eclampsia toxemia and Keeping in view the positive contributions of the
sepsis. project in enhancing health outcomes (reducing
388 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.44: Top Five Causes of Infant Mortality

Cause of Death % of total deaths during 2012-13

Pre maturity & low birth weight 26

Pneumonia & Bronchitis 7

Intrauterine hypoxia & Birth Asphyxia 20

Congenital Malformation 1

Diarrhoeal diseases 1

Sepsis 5

Others 40

Total 100.00

Table 10.45: Top five Causes of Death for women of age group 15-49

Cause of Death Death during 2012-13

Post partum hemorrhage 131

Pre eclampsia toxemia 45

Sepsis 53

Abortion 6

Obstructed labour 15

Others 217

Total 467

maternal & child mortality and communicable windows of financing viz. project finance & program
diseases) and understanding the need to finance. The outlays in each of these components are
sustain/continue the innovative programs, an presented in Table 10.46.
extension of the project is given till March 2016 from
the Department of Economic Affairs. Government of Project finance (Table 10.47) has several innovative
India and World Bank with additional financing. components for achieving the overall project
objectives.
The project aims to increase utilization of curative,
preventive and public health services, particularly in Program Finance is an incentive funding to the
the underserved areas and among vulnerable groups. Government of Karnataka for increased spending on
The major aim of the project is to accelerate health & family welfare programs and thereby,
achievement of the health-related Millennium promotes the cause of universal health & improved
Development Goals (MDGs). The project has two availability of health care to all, particularly to the
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 389

Table 10.46: KHSDR Project Outlay

ID A S ha r e G o K S ha r e T o ta l
C o m p o ne nt
US $ I N R in US $ I N R in US $ IN R in
m il li on C ro res m ill io n C ro re s m il lio n C r or e s

Pr o je c t F in a n c e 8 6 .8 3 3 7 7 .5 4 9 .6 5 4 1 .9 5 9 6 .4 8 4 1 9 .4 9

P r og r a m Fi n a n c e 5 5 .0 0 2 3 9 .1 4 5 5 .0 0 23 9 .1 4 11 0 .0 0 4 7 8 .2 8

P r o je c t
10 5 .0 0
Fi n a n c e ( A dd i tio n a l 7 0 .0 0 3 7 4 .5 0 3 5 .0 0 18 7 .2 5 5 6 1 .7 5
C r e d it )

T o ta l 2 1 1 .8 3 9 9 2 .0 9 9 9 .6 5 46 7 .4 3 31 1 .4 8 1 4 5 9 .5 2

Table 10.47: KHSDR Project Financing

In Euro Million INR in Million

Original Revised Actual Original Revised Actual

Total Project Cost 17.9 18.2 17.9 750.85 1118.03 1099.53

KFW financial contribution 14.3 14.7 14.4 600.86 901.66 883.16

Counterpart funding by GoK 3.6 3.5 3.5 149.99 216.37 216.37

weaker & deprived sections of society. The IDA share an autonomous institution and a highest policy-
of credit is to be availed on the basis of the making structure regarding HIV/AIDS in Karnataka,
incremental expenditure by the Government of headed by Chief Minister.
Karnataka on the ongoing State sector schemes
related to primary health care subject to achievement The chairman of Executive Committee is Principal
of the agreed reform milestones. Secretary/Secretary to Government Health & Family
Welfare Department. As per NACO, Karnataka is one
Out of the original disbursable component of US$ of the “High Prevalent States” in India. The other
141.83 million, the project has achieved a high prevalent states in India are Andhra Pradesh,
disbursement of 86.27% amounting to US$ 122.36 Mizoram, Maharashtra, Manipur and Nagaland.
million by the end of September 2012. Table 10.48 KSAPS is implementing NACP III. Karnataka have
presents the project's expenditure and disbursement 26 Category “A” districts and 1 Category “C” district.
for the current year till September 2012.
KSAPS is implementing NACP III funded by
10.2.9 National Aids Control Programme (NACP) NACO,Delhi.
Karnataka State AIDS Prevention Society (KSAPS) HIV Prevalence as per HIV Sentinel Surveillance
was registered as society on 9th December 1997; it is (HSS) 2010-11: Karnataka has been conducting the
390 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.48: KHSDR Project Expenditure and disbursement(upto September 2012)

Project Cost
Progress up to
Revised (due to exchange 30.09-2012
Component Original
rate variation)
US $ million INR crores INR crores INR in crores

Project Finance 96.48 419.49 502.50 351.47

Program Finance 110.00 478.28 537.50 537.50

Total 206.48 897.77 1040.00 888.97

ACHIVEMENTS UNDER KARNATAKA HEALTH SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND

REFORM PROJECT (SEPTEMBER 2012)
Organizational Development
1. Doctors trained in embedding leadership and in master facilitation course in leadership & human
resource development. In-service personnel deputed for various workshops conducted by reputed
institutions & sponsored for IGNOU correspondence courses to acquire higher qualifications &
knowledge. 89 officers exposed to better international practices by sponsoring them to attend a hospital
management course at Asian institute of technology, Bangkok.
2. 25000 personnel of the DoH & FW at all levels covered under “attitudinal change and managerial
capacity building workshops”, aimed at better service delivery.
3. Medical manual for medical officers developed and disseminated.
4. Draft revised public health Act is under wide consultation.
5. Fostering knowledge implementation links in the health field taken up in collaboration with IIM-B.
6. Reorganization of the department by developing a separate public health cadre/wing is being actively
pursued.
7. Health accounts, IEC, PPP, quality assurance, blood bank and biomedical waste management cells set up
for capacity augmentation of the personnel.
8. 15 hospitals of less than 150 bedded hospitals in the state are being prepared for the NABH accreditation
supported by the NABH mentors and QCI.
Public Health Competitive Fund (PHCF)
1. Training & capacity building for about 4.50 lakh members in 8463 VHSCs and arogya raksha samithis
(ARS) has been completed.
2. Services of 44 NGOs across the State engaged for creating health awareness & social mobilization in
non-curative services like immunization, TB, public health, maternal health etc.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 391

3. District nodal environment officers appointed for all the 30 districts to monitor liquid & solid waste
management in the health facilities and thereby contribute to improved public health.
4. Satisfactory compliance report is being given to LokAdalat and KSPCB in respect of Health Care Waste
management.
5. Formulated the roles and responsibilities of state Technical Advisory Committee and the District Level
Committee for prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases.
6. Procurement of new Ambulances Advance Life Suport (ALS) & Basic Life Support (BLS) is in progress.
Service Improvement Challenge Fund (SICF)
1. 124 mobile health clinics (MHCs) in most backward, hilly and inaccessible areas operationalized.
2. 19 citizen help desks operationalised in the district and major hospitals.
3. 48 specialists contracted to address the problem of shortage of specialists in Govt. health facilities.
4. To improve health infrastructure, 276 civil facilities comprising of 35 PHCs, 152 Sub Centres, and 9
ANM training centres & 12 drug warehouses completed and handed over to the DoH & FW. 54more
facilities including 24 x 7 Model PHCs, State food laboratory & Regional Food Laboratory is under
upgradation/construction.
Health Financing (HF)
1. Of the envisaged target to support nearly 80.75 lakhs BPL families in Gulbarga & Belgaum, Bangalore &
Mysore Divisions, for tertiary care and serious ailments, under a cashless benefit scheme in
collaboration with the GoK sponsored Vajpayee Arogyashree Scheme is implemented by suvarna arogya
suraksha trust. The project has reimbursed Rs 39.08 crore for 7059 beneficiary claims till July 2011 by
the trust.Now this scheme is implemented in Bangalore and Mysore divisions during the year 2012-13.
Thus covering entire state of Karnataka.
Infrastructure facilities improved/upgraded
1. 1133 computers provided to PHC/taluk hospitals towards infrastructure development and improving
communication & managing HMIS effectively along with furniture & essential equipments to new
facilities.
2. Procurement of computers & equipments for upgrading/enhancing enforcement measures by the drugs
control department and State food laboratories in progress.
Health Management Information System (HMIS) developed
1. Web-based health MIS software developed & training completed for all the hospitals. PHC/hospitalwise
data available online.
2. A Web-based GIS system has been developed and hosted.
3. Equipment management system implemented in the district & taluk hospitals and CHCs.
392 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Impact Assessment and Evaluation Studies taken up

1. Impact evaluation of MHCs and citizen helpdesks completed. Inhouse monitoring of MHCs is being
conducted to ensure optimal utilization and also provision of MHCs services.
2. Baseline survey for Thayi Bhagya Yojane in progress and health facility survey is completed.
3. Public expenditure review (PER) & medium-term expenditure framework (MTEF) for the DoH & FW
for the period of 5 years from 2011-16 is completed
4. Support provided for the establishment of a State health informatics center and a new integrated health
management information system (HMIS).

HIV Sentinel Surveillance since 1998. Surveillance long distance male truckers. The Truckers program is
is carried out annually by testing for HIV at implemented at Transshipment Locations.
designated sentinel sites. The prevalence among
antenatal clinics (ANC) attendees as per HSS 2010- 2. HIV Counseling & Testing at Integrated
11 was 0.70%. This is close to the NFHS-3 estimate Counseling and testing Centre:
of 0.69% in 2006. HIV prevalence among the ANC During 2011-12, 1179801 Non-ANCs were
attendees indicates decline in adult HIV prevalence in counseled and tested with a positivity rate of 3.35%
the state, from 1.5% in 2004 to 0.70% in 2010-11. and 10,10,822 ANCs were counseled and tested with
HIV prevalence level ( as per HSS 2010-11 ) among a positivity rate of 0.23% in ICTCs. From April to
Female Sex Workers (FSW), Men who have Sex with Sep. 2012 5,68,781 Non-ANCs were counseled and
Men (MSM) and Injection Drug Users (IDU) is 5.1 tested with a positivity rate of 3.19% and 4,37,423
%, 5.4% & 0 % respectively. Table 10.49 presents ANCs were counseled and tested with a positivity
statistics regarding HIV/AIDS cases tested and found rate of 0.22% in ICTCs.
positive in ICTC.
3. Care Support & Treatment
Karnataka State AIDS Prevention Society
Programmes: During 2011-12, 49 ART centers and 167 Link ART
Centers have been functioning. The cumulative
1. Targeted Intervention: Response from Karnataka number of HIV cases registered at ART Centers till
State AIDS Prevention Society (KSAPS) has been to Sept. 2012 were 229893, out of which, 84415 cases
saturate targeted interventions (TIs) in Karnataka are alive and on ART (78862 adults and 5553
under the thrust area of NACP -III. children). The progress of ART centres is given in
i. Core TI (FSW, MSM & IDU) Table 10.50.

This saturation currently covers around 79169 Community Care Centers (CCCs) are primarily
Female Sex Workers (FSWs) under targeted focusing on ART adherence and psycho-social
interventions and 25244 Men who have sex with Men support of People Living with HIV (PLHIVs) and
(MSM). The TI is funded by NACO through KSAPS their families. Presently 27 CCCs are functioning in
.There are 3 IDU programmes in Karnataka. 2 in Karnataka.
Bangalore & 1 in Kolar covers 1597 IDUs. 4. Information, Education & Communication
ii. Bridge TI (Migrant & Truckers) KSAPS undertakes various Mass and Mid media
The 12 TI projects in Karnataka covers 1,20,000 campaigns through radio and television programmes,
migrants.3 truckers TIs cover a population of 50,000 to create awareness regarding HIV/AIDS in General
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 393

Table :10.49 Tested and found Positive in ICTC

Non-ANC ANC

Year Achievement Achievement

Target T arget
(No.s) T ested % +tive % (No.s) T ested % +t ive %
(No.s) Achievement (No.s) Positivity (No.s) Achievement (No.s) Positivity

2007-08 500000 195124 39.02 28279 14.49 400000 276301 69.08 2399 0.87

2008-09 650000 445761 68.58 44847 10.06 550000 568467 103.36 3249 0.57

2009-10 800000 745292 93.16 48417 6.50 700000 796748 113.82 3501 0.44

2010-11 1000000 775712 77.57 41617 5.37 900000 784794 87.20 2542 0.32

2011-12 1000000 1179801 117.98 39477 3.35 1000000 1010822 101.08 2333 0.23

2012-13
(Sep- 1491400 568781 38.14 18147 3.19 1207268 437423 36.23 943 0.22
2012)

Table10.50 Status report on ART (Sept.2012)

Adult Child Child
Adult Male TS/TG Total
Female Male Female
Pre ART Registration 108263 104623 401 9151 7455 229893

Ever Started on ART 69652 60055 222 4700 3501 138130

Alive on ART 39416 39299 147 3180 2373 84415

Reported Death 15437 8492 35 429 334 24727

population. During year 2011-12, the folk troops are 171 registered blood banks in Karnataka of which
performed awareness in all the districts of Karnataka. 65 are supported by NACO. Out of 171 Blood Banks,
To focus on every household in high prevalent 40 are in Government Sectors, 23 are
Talukas, door to door campaigning was carried out in Voluntary/Charitable sectors and 108 are in Private
Bagalkot and Bilagi Taluks of Bagalkot and in sector (Table 10.51)
Bijapur district, Basavana Bagewadi and Bijapur
Taluks were covered by house to House campaign. 6. Financial Progress:
To increase awareness regarding HIV /AIDS in 10.2.10 Department of Ayush
college students Red Ribbon Clubs have been
established. 732 Red Ribbon Clubs have been The department has the objective of providing health
established in degree colleges in Karnataka. services by preventive promotive & curative
principles of Ayush mainly in the management of
5.Blood Safety: lifestyle health disorders, focusing on primary health
State Blood Council was established in Karnataka care & quality Ayush education in the State. The
during 1998-99 to provide adequate & safe blood and budget allocation for Ayush during 2012-13 is
blood products at reasonable rates. At present there Rs.5590.00 lakhs. Which is Rs. 510.24 lakhs more
than the previous year.
394 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Total no. of Standalone ICTCs 455

No. of Counselors 507

No. of Lab technicians 473

The interventions and strategies in the 11th five year in the State. The details of UG and PG students' intake
plan include training for Ayush personnel, in Govt., Govt. Aided and Pvt. Colleges are given in
mainstreaming the system of Ayush in National appendix. There are no Ayush pharmaceutical and
healthcare delivery system, strengthening regulatory paramedical colleges in the State.
mechanisms for ensuring quality control, research
and development and processing technology 10.2.11 Medical Education
involving accredited laboratories in the Govt. and The department of medical education is in charge of
non-Govt. sectors. medical and dental education, training of nurses and
Apart from the centers of excellence in Ayush, there other paramedical staff, and teaching hospitals
are 76 ayurvedic hospitals and 561 dispensaries, 11 attached to Government medical colleges. Presently,
Unani hospitals, 50 Unani dispensaries, 10 there are five teaching hospitals, six nursing colleges
Homoeopathy hospitals and 43 dispensaries, 6 and nine nursing schools, under the direct control of
Nature cure and Yoga hospitals and 5 dispensaries in the directorate. Further, ten autonomous Government
the state. 10 Yoga & Nature cure units are medical colleges at Bangalore, Mysore, Bellary,
functioning on PPP mode across the State. Details of Hubli, Hassan, Shimoga, Mandya, Bidar, Belgaum
bed strength, patients, statistics etc are given in and Raichur, two Government dental colleges at
Tables 10.53 and 10.54. Bangalore and Vijayanagar institute of medical
sciences, Bellary and seven autonomous institutions
Yoga wings of 5 beds each have been established to viz., Sri Jayadeva institute of cardiology, Kidwai
provide treatment in Yoga therapy at SJIIM, memorial institute of oncology, Indira Gandhi
Bangalore Ayurveda medical college and hospital, institute of child health, institute of Nephro-Urology,
Mysore and Bellary. Further, Yoga camps are being Karnataka institute of diabetology, S.D.S.T.B &
conducted. Rajiv Gandhi institute of chest diseases (all in
Bangalore), and Karnataka institute of mental health
There are 4 Govt, 5 Govt. aided and 50 un-aided and neuro sciences, on the lines of NIMHANS,
Ayurvedic colleges, 1 Govt. 3 Un-aided Unani Bangalore, established at Dharwad, are functioning
colleges, 1 Govt., 10 Pvt. Un-aided Homoeopathy under the direct control of the State Government in
colleges and 1 Govt. 4 Un-aided Nature cure colleges the department of medical education.

Table 10.51: Blood Safety Indicators (2007-08 to 2012-13)

2012-13
Indicator 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
(April to Sep )
Total blood units 379735 466047 536783 614787 594512 360835
collection
Blood units
collected from 226251 274596 326482 378933 393694 235778
Voluntary Donors
(VBD)
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 395

Table 10.52 Programme Component wise expenditure of KSAPS Budget

Year 2012-13 (April to Sept-2012)

Sl.
Programme Approved Expenditure by
No. Expenditure
Budget Programme
(in Lakhs) (in Lakhs) (%)
1 Targeted Interventions 2191.36 382.75 17.47

1.1 Link Worker Scheme 212.71 32.86 15.45

Sexually Transmitted Infection /
2 Reproductive Tract Infections Services 105.20 26.30 25.00

3 Blood Safety 614.11 65.82 10.72

4 ICTC/HI-TB/PPTCT 1907.81 957.23 50.17

Information, Education &
5 518.13 60.12 11.60
Communication
6 ART/CCC 1204.22 503.44 41.81

7 Institutional Strengthening 721.50 273.57 37.92

8 Strategic Management Information 117.22 0.00 0.00

System
Grand Total 7592.26 2302.09 30.32

Table 10.53: Ayush medical facilities in Karnataka (Government Sector)

Sl. Tq. Bd Hosps Beds at Insti-

Faculty Hospitals Disps. PHC’s PHU’s
No. & Clinics tutions
1 Ayurveda 76 561 514 - - 1167

2 Unani 11 50 34 - - 202

3 Homoeopathy 10 43 42 - - 135
4
Nature Cure 3 5 - - 26
10
( in PPP Mode)
5 Yoga 3 - - - 15

Total 103 659 590 - - 1545

396 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.54: Details of In-patient and Out-Patient in AYUSH Hospitals

Nature Cure and

Ayurveda Unani Homoeopathy Total
Yoga
Year
In- Out In- Out In- Out In- Out In- Out
patient Patient patient Patient patient Patient patient Patient patient Patient

2008-09 4766 4083262 773 562050 412 215318 - 34177 5951 4894807

2009-10 8199 3177807 1594 566104 545 764418 144 26639 10482 4534968

4813005
2010-11 5443 3783417 794 491148 280 520395 41 18045 6558

2011-12 60587 3859795 748 475501 429 385394 31 20974 7265 4741664

2012-13
(Up to
3996 1476075 433 159369 311 137975 - 12518 4740 1785937
Nov.
2012)

Apart from these, the paraMedical and nursing employment front are not quite impressive.
examination boards are functioning independently in Therefore, expansion of productive, quality and
the State and these are catering to the academic needs decent employment has been the principal concern of
in varied fields of medicine and nursing. The the state government's policy in recent years to reduce
provision of staff and equipment for teaching poverty and to make growth process more inclusive.
hospitals, grants-in-aid to autonomous health In Karnataka, agriculture is the predominant source
institutions and buildings for teaching hospitals, form of livelihood for the majority of the population and
the important areas of the plan schemes, being employment is largely unorganized, rural and non-
implemented by the department. industrial in nature.
9.2.12 Expenditure on Health 10.3.1 Key Labour Market Indicators
The plan and non-plan outlays for the health sector The analysis of key labour market indicators in select
during the last three years is given in Table 10.55. The states shows that Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka have
details of the central assistance and its disbursement one of the highest labour force participation rates
are also provided in Table 10.56. (LFPR) amongst the comparable states, while that of
Gujarat and Kerala having relatively low
10.3 Labour and Employment Scenario in participation respectively during 2009-10 (Table
Karnataka 10.57). Similar to the LFPR, work participation rate
Achieving high rate of growth along with (WPR) of men and women among those who are in
commensurate generation of productive and quality the labour force are high in Andhra Pradesh and
employment opportunities for the rising labour force Karnataka and low in Kerala.
continues to be a major challenge for both the central Therefore, it is not surprising to note that both overall
and the state governments alike. Low growth in unemployment rate and youth unemployment rate by
employment, prevalence of low productive and low daily time disposition basis is very high in Kerala and
quality employment especially in the unorganized Tamil Nadu compared to other similarly poised
sector and high unemployment rate among the youth states. Most importantly, these two rates are relatively
and educated show that our achievements on lower in Karnataka compared to other states and all-
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 397

Physical Achievements during the 11th Five Year Plan period (2007-12)
1. Autonomous status has been accorded by the Karnataka Government during the year 2008-09 of the
11th Five Year Plan period, to the Government medical colleges at Bangalore, Mysore and a
Government dental college at Bangalore. The 4 hospitals at Bangalore viz., Victoria hospital, Vani
Vilas hospital, Bowring & Lady Curzon hospital and Minto ophthalmic hospital, are being
administered by the Bangalore medical college & research centre; and three hospitals viz, K.R.
hospital, Cheluvamba hospital and P.K.T.B. hospital at Mysore are retained under the administrative
purview of the Mysore medical college & research centre at Mysore.
2. S.D.S.T.B & Rajiv Gandhi institute of chest diseases, Bangalore, hitherto functioning under the
administrative control of the Bangalore medical college & research institute, Bangalore, has been
given autonomous status during 2009-10.
3. Karnataka institute of mental health and neurosciences, on the lines of NIMHANS, Bangalore, has
been established at Dharwad during 2009-10.
4. One healthcare unit of Sri Jayadeva institute of cardiology, Bangalore, has been established during
the year 2009-10, at K.R. hospital, Mysore, for which the Government of Karnataka has provided 15
acres of land. In this connection, a new programme viz., hridaya sanjeevini has been started with a
coverage of 2000 poor patients at a cost of Rs. 75000 per patient.
5. During 2009-10, Kidwai memorial institute of oncology, Bangalore, has established a Kidwai
satellite centre at K.R. hospital, Mysore.
6. During 2008-09, a regional paediatric care centre at Mangalore attached to Wenlock district hospital,
Mangalore, has been established under the State sector plan scheme of the department of medical
education, and during 2009-10, the same has been brought under the State plan scheme viz.,
Government colleges with attached hospitals under the control of director of medical education.
7. During 2009-10, school of nursing attached to district hospital, Gulbarga has been upgraded to a
nursing college, with an intake capacity of 50 students, under the administrative purview of the
district surgeon, district hospital, Gulbarga, of the directorate of medical education.
8. A new scheme is being implemented for providing additional facilities to the existing 4 old
Government medical colleges viz., Bangalore medical college & research centre, Mysore medical
college & research centre, Vijayanagar institute of medical sciences, (VIMS), Bellary and Karnataka
institute of medical sciences (KIMS), Hubli.
9. A Super-Specialty hospital at Bellary has been established during the year 2010-11 of the 11th plan
period.
10. During the year 2011-12 budget, earmarking has been made under the State plan for the benefit of
scheduled caste and scheduled tribe students, covering all the Government medical colleges in the
State. This is meant for catering to various requirements of medical students such as providing
computers, laptops, stethoscope, lab equipments, hostel buildings and so on.
Financial Achievement: Medical education
11. During the year 2012-13, a plan expenditure of Rs. 10903.91 lakh has been incurred upto the end of
November 2012.
398 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.55: Plan & non-plan Expenditure on Health & Family Welfare (Rs. lakh)

Year Plan Expenditure Non-Plan Expenditure Total

2010-11 A/c 143527.19 136164.93 279692.12

2011-12 BE 166693.13 175378.40 342071.53

2011-12 RE 157054.35 175827.54 332881.89

2012-13 BE 223460.30 205813.14 429273.44

Table 10.56: Funds received from Government of India and Utilization (Rs. lakh)
GoK
GoI releases Opening
releases Expenditure of Expenditure
Financial thro' State Balance Total
thro' State State Health as % of GoI Remarks
Year Health (Unspent Fund
Health Society releases
Society Balance)
Society

2010-11 42010.10 13630.00 19617.44 75257.54 52462.92 124.88

Exp-Un
2011-12 46268.84 16000.00 22794.62 85063.46 55787.48 120.57
audited

2012-13
34320.23 6012.00 29275.98 69608.21 17316.91 50.45
(Sep-2012)

Note: 2010-11 and 2011-12 – Expenditure as % of GOI release- higher than 100% because of the carry over of unspent funds from
previous years.

India average which inter alia speaks volume about children in schools. There has been a gradual fall in
various steps that have been undertaken by the state the number of children in the 5 to 14 years age group
government in recent years towards employment in the labour force between 1999-00, 2004-05 and
generation. However, at the same time it is posing a 2009-10. As seen in the Figure-10.4, while almost
challenge to the state government to provide gainful negligible levels of labour participation were found
employment opportunities to all especially the youth for the 5-9 age group, the number of children in the
and new entrants to the labour force which requires 10-14 age group fell from 152 per 1000 to 52 in rural
following a desired mix of active labour market Karnataka while the comparable decline in urban
policies, enhancing employability of the youth Karnataka was from 59 to 11 per 1000.However in
through skill development and achieving high rate of absolute terms, this translates into 1.64 lakh child
economic growth especially in the labour intensive workers in rural Karnataka and 0.22 lakh in urban
and rural sector. Karnataka. This highlights the need for continued
In case of child labour, the participation rate of intensive and concerted efforts to target working
children in work has come down significantly both at children and motivate them to attend school and
the all-India level and across all the states including complete at least 8 years of elementary education
Karnataka which could be attributed to significant through institutional structures and infrastructural
increase in the enrolment and attendance rate of facilities to assist this process.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 399

Table 10.57: Key Labour Market Indicators in Select States, 2009-10

Labour Force Workforce Youth Child Work

Unemployment
States Participation Participation Unemployment Participation
Rate (CDS)
Rate (UPSS) Rate (UPSS) Rate (CDS) Rate (UPSS)
Karnataka 46.1 45.6 4.2 7.0 2.22
Maharashtra 45.0 44.3 6.3 8.9 1.36
Tamil Nadu 45.8 44.8 11.7 20.5 0.17
Kerala 40.8 37.7 16.7 20.0 0.05
Andhra Pradesh 48.3 47.6 7.0 10.6 1.54
Gujarat 42.9 42.4 5.0 6.8 3.61
All- India 40.0 39.2 6.6 9.4 2.01
Source: 66th Round Employment and Unemployment Survey, NSSO, 2009/10
Note: UPSS usual principal and subsidiary status, CDS Current Daily Status

Despite decline in the child participation rates in the numbers are broadly comparable, Karnataka has a
Karnataka to 2.2 per cent in 2009-10, it need to be relatively high number of total persons in the labour
understood that children who are still at work are force, only behind AP in rural areas and Tamil Nadu
hardcore child labour and contribute immensely to in urban (Figure 10.5 and Figure 10.6).
their family income. Therefore, child labour and 10.3.2 Estimated Population, Labour Force and
livelihood centric government programmes need to Workforce
be focused towards child labour families by
achieving convergence to eradicate child labour from The age composition of the population shows that in
the state in a time bound manner. 2009-10; nearly 64.9 per cent of the total population
in Karnataka was in the working age group of 15-59
According to the usual status (principal and years, which is higher than the all-India average of
subsidiary status), about 86.5% of rural males and 61.5 per cent by 3.4 per cent (Table 10.58). In rural
49% of rural females (15 years and above) belong in and urban areas of the state also, the ratio of working
the labour force. For urban areas, the corresponding age to total population is higher compared to the all-
figures are 77.3% and 23.1%, respectively. Although India average. Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, while

Figure 10.4: Child Labour population ratio for Karnataka (rural and urban)

Source: NSS Report No.458: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 1999-2000; NSS Report No. 515: Employment and
Unemployment Situation in India, 2004 -05; NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10
400 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

the ratio of working age to total population reduced demographic window will not last long and has
marginally by 0.3 per cent in Karnataka, and at the all- already shown the sign of tapering off, the best way to
India level, ratio shows an increase by 0.5 per cent. In take full advantage of this is by bridging the
contrast, in the below 14 age-group, one finds a education and skill gap both quantitatively and
consistent decline in the population share due to qualitatively.
falling birth rates, while in the age-group of 60 years In Karnataka, the estimated number of total
and above consistent increase in the proportion of population which was 55.1 million in 2004/05
working age population is observed. These increased by 3.6 million and reached 58.7 million
demographic facts clearly show that the dependency during 2009-10 (Table 10.59). The composition of
ratios in the state are relatively lower compared to the the population shows that the labour force or the
all-India average. The state should harness this economically active population comprises of around
'demographic dividend' as a sizeable proportion of 46 per cent of the total population (26.96 million),
the working age population especially those in the while the remaining 54 per cent of the population are
age-group of 15-34 will enter the workforce in the outside the labour force measured in terms of usual
future, thereby bolstering growth of state's economy principal and subsidiary activity status. Between
and speeding up income convergence process. As this 2004/05 and 2009/10 one could observe a decline in

Figure 10.5: No of persons of age 15 years and above in labour force per 1000 persons (LFPR) Rural

Figure 10.6: No of persons of age 15 years and above in labour force per 1000 persons (LFPR) Urban

Source: NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 401

Table 10.58: Distribution of Persons (in %) by Age Group for Karnataka and All-India
2004/05
Age Groups Karnataka All-India
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
0-14 28.8 27.0 27.9 35 29 32
15-59 64.0 66.3 65.2 57 64 61
60 & Above 7.2 6.8 7.0 7 7 7
2009/10
0-14 26.7 23.8 25.7 32.3 26.3 30.6
15-59 63.2 67.9 64.9 59.8 65.8 61.5
60 & Above 10.1 8.3 9.4 7.9 7.9 7.9
Source: 61st (2004/05) and 66th Round (2009/10) Employment and Unemployment Survey, NSSO

Table 10.59: Estimated Population, Labour Force, Workforce and Unemployed in Karnataka and All-
India in 2004/05 and 2009/10 (in millions)

Karnataka All-India
Estimated Persons
2004/05 2009/10 2004/05 2009/10
Population 55.1 58.7 1092.9 1174.9
Labour Force (UPSS) 27.25 26.96 469 468.8
Workforce (UPSS) 26.89 26.64 457.9 459
Unemployed (UPSS) 0.68 0.72 12.4 9.8
Source: 61st and 66th Round Employment and Unemployment Survey, NSSO, 200-/10
Note: UPSS usual principal and subsidiary status.

both absolute number and percentage share of the trends over the period measured in terms of labour
population in labour force in the state. The workers force and workforce participation rates,
and the unemployed who are 26.6 and 0.72 million in unemployment rates, educational and employment
2009/10 comprises of 98. 8 and 1.2 per cent of the status of the workers and wages and earnings.
labour force respectively. Similar to the labour force 10.3.3.1Quantitative dimension
one could observe a decline in the absolute number of
workers and work participation rates in Karnataka Labour Force Participation Rates:
between 2004/05 and 2009/10. The decline in the Table 10.60 shows labour force participation rate
labour force and workforce in the state and also at the (LFPR) in Karnataka and all-India level across rural
all-India level is largely attributed to the decline in the and urban areas and by male and female between
labour force and work force participation rate among 2004/05 and 2009/10. As per the usual principal and
women. This suggests substantive increase in subsidiary activity status, 46 per cent of the total
educational participation especially among girls in population in Karnataka and 40 per cent at all India
the age-group of 15-29 years. level belonged to the labour force in 2009/10. The
10.3.3 Employment Trends LFPR is higher in rural compared to urban areas and
significantly lower among females than males both in
This section examines both qualitative and rural and urban Karnataka and at all-India level. To
quantitative dimensions of the overall employment elaborate, in 2009/10, the LFPR for males was 63 per
402 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

cent in rural and 59 per cent in urban Karnataka. For Karnataka and by about 7.5 per cent at the all-India
Females, LFPR was 37.2 per cent in rural and 17.7 per level. This decline in the participation rate among
cent in urban Karnataka. Similarly, at all-India level rural women can largely be attributed to recent surge
also the male LFPR was around 56 per cent in rural in the educational participation and continuance in
and urban areas in 2009/10, whereas the female the educational system by women belonging to the
LFPR was much lower at 26.5 and 14.5 per cent in 15-29 age groups.
rural and urban India respectively. Another Workforce Participation Rates:
interesting fact which emerges from Table 10.60 is
that both males and females in rural and urban The work participation rate (WPR) by usual principal
Karnataka are economically more active compared to and subsidiary activity status shows that of the total
their counterparts at the all-India level both during population, 45.6 per cent participated in work in
2004/05 as well as in 2009/10. Karnataka and the same ratio is 39 per cent at the all-
India level during 2009/10 (Table 10.61). This shows
Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, the LFPR shows a that worker population ratio is 6.4 per cent higher in
declining trend both at the state as well as at the all- Karnataka compared to the all-India average during
India level (Table 10.60). At the overall level, the 2009/10. Much like the LFPR, the WPR is higher in
LFPR has declined by 4 per cent in Karnataka from rural areas compared to urban areas. In Karnataka, the
about 50 per cent in 2004/05 to 46 per cent in 2009/10 rural WPR is higher than urban WPR by 11.5 per cent
and by 2.8 per cent at the all-India level from 42.8 per whereas the same is 5.8 per cent at the all-India level
cent to 40 per cent during the same period. Across during 2009/10. In both rural and urban areas, the
rural and urban areas, the decline in LFPR is female WPRs are considerably lower than the male
relatively higher in the former than the later both at WPRs during 2009/10. In rural Karnataka, the female
the state and all-India level. Across gender, it is WPRs are lower than males by 25.4 per cent and in
evident from the table 3 that decline in LFPR is much urban areas the same difference is just 40.6 per cent
higher among females especially among rural during 2009/10. In rural India, the female WPR is
females, whereas in case of males the LFPR is either lower than males by 28.6 per cent and in urban areas
stagnant or show very little change. Among the rural the difference is almost 40.5 per cent during the same
females, the LFPR declined by 9 percentage points in time point. Further, like the LFPR, the WPR both in

Table 10.60: Labour Force Participation Rates for all ages (in percent): 1993-94, 1999-00, 2004-05,
2009-10
Karnataka India
Area Gender
1993-94 1999-2000 2004-05 2009-10 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10
Rural Female 43.2 38.1 46.2 37.2 33.0 30.2 33.0 26.5
Male 60.9 60.1 62.8 62.7 56.1 54.0 55.4 55.6
Persons 52.1 49.1 54.6 49.9 44.9 42.3 44.5 41.4
Urban Female 19.1 18.6 19.2 17.7 16.5 14.7 17.8 14.6
Male 55.8 56.2 58.7 59.0 54.3 54.2 57.0 55.9
Persons 37.9 37.8 39.7 39.3 36.3 35.4 38.7 36.2
Total Female 36.4 32.9 38.0 30.4 29.0 26.3 28.8 23.3
Male 59.4 59.0 61.5 61.4 55.6 54.0 55.8 55.7
Persons 48.0 46.0 49.9 46.1 42.8 40.6 42.8 40.0

Note: Figures correspond to usual principal and subsidiary status of individuals.

Source: Collated from respective large sample NSS Employment Unemployment Surveys.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 403

Table 10.61: Work Participation Rates (in percent): 1993-94, 1999-00, 2004-05, 2009-10

Karnataka India
Area Gender
1999- 2004-
1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10 1993-94 2009-10
00 05
Rural Female 43.0 38.0 45.9 37.0 32.8 29.8 32.7 26.1
Male 60.4 59.5 62.3 62.4 55.3 53.1 54.6 54.7
Persons 51.7 48.7 54.2 49.7 44.4 41.7 43.9 40.8
Urban Female 18.1 17.8 18.1 17.0 15.4 13.9 16.6 13.8
Male 54.2 54.5 57.6 57.6 52.0 51.8 54.9 54.3
Persons 36.6 36.6 38.6 38.2 34.7 33.7 36.5 35.0
Total Female 36.0 32.6 37.4 30.1 28.6 25.9 28.7 22.8
Male 58.6 58.1 60.8 60.7 54.5 52.7 54.7 54.6
Persons 47.4 45.4 49.3 45.6 42.0 39.7 42.0 39.2
Note: Figures correspond to usual principal and subsidiary status of individuals.

rural and urban areas and among males and females in average of 497, and across all age categories. There is
Karnataka are higher than their counterparts at the all- a significant locational disparity between urban and
India level. The difference in the WPR between rural areas in terms of female participation in labour
Karnataka and all-India level is particularly very high force. The number of rural females (average of 370)
in case of rural females. in the workforce is much higher than urban females
The trend in the WPR shows that between 2004/05 (average of 170). The gap between rural males
and 2009/10, the WPR declined by 3.7 per cent in (average of 624) and urban males (average of 576) is
Karnataka and 2.8 per cent at the all-India level at the not as much. It must also be noted that the rural male
overall level. The decline in the WPR is much faster working age extends to the 55-59 age group before
in rural areas compared to urban areas both in dropping compared to urban male labour force. In
Karnataka and all-India level. In Karnataka, the WPR rural areas, 658 of 1000 male workers above 60 years
declined by 4.5 percentage points in rural areas, continue to be part of the worker population.
whereas in urban areas the decline was just by 0.4 per The Figures 10.9 and 10.10 depict the change in the
cent. At the all-India level, the same decline was by age composition of worker population between 2004-
3.1 and 1.5 percentage points respectively. Further it 05 and 2009-10. (i)There is a fall in number of
can be observed from the table that the decline in the workers per 1000 across all age-groups in rural areas,
WPR is much higher among rural females both in except for a small increase in the 60+ age group. In
Karnataka and at all-India level compared to their urban areas however, there is small change in the
urban counterparts and compared to the male WPR, number of persons in the labour force, except in the
which is almost stagnant between the two time age groups between 5 to 24 years. (ii) There is a
period. significant drop in labour force participation in
The age distribution of the usually employed shows number of workers in the 5 to 14 year and the 15 to19
highest employment rates for the persons in the 25 to year age groups, especially in rural areas. The number
59 age group with both rural and urban employment of workers in the 5-14 year age-group witnessed a
following a similar trend (Figure 10.7 and Figure 53% drop in rural areas and 35% drop in urban areas.
10.8). However, the usual worker population ratio in The comparable percentage changes in the 15-19 age
the urban sector, with an average of 382 is groups were 28% in rural areas and 27% in urban
significantly lower than it is in the rural sector with an areas. The factors responsible for fall in children in
404 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

the labour force may include higher enrolment and Karnataka is found to be higher in urban areas (4.7%)
attendance levels in schools, lower drop outs as well compared to rural areas (4%). However the situation
as better enforcement of child labour prohibition at the all-India level is just opposite wherein
laws. (iii) There is also a drop in the number of unemployment rate is higher in rural (6.8%)
workers in the 20-24 age group, both in rural and compared to urban areas (5.8%). Nonetheless, rural
urban areas. This may imply higher enrolment into and urban unemployment in Karnataka are relatively
higher education and professional courses before lower than the all-India average (Table 10.62 and
entering the labour force. Figure 10.11)
Unemployment Rate: The gender differential in unemployment rate is
The unemployment rate in Karnataka of all persons as observed in both rural and urban areas of Karnataka.
per the current daily status shows that at the overall The unemployment rate among females in both rural
level on an average 4.2 per cent persons in the labour and urban areas of the state is higher than those of the
force remained unemployed on a daily basis during males. The rural female unemployment rate at 4.1 per
2009-10 which is lower than the all India average of cent is higher compared to 3.9 per cent for rural male
6.6 per cent. The CDS unemployment rate in and urban female unemployment rate at 6 per cent is

Figure 10.7: Age specific usual worker population ratio per 1000 Rural Karnataka

Source: NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10

Figure 10.8: Age specific usual worker population ratio per 1000 Urban Karnataka

Source: NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 405

higher compared to 4.4 per cent for urban males. At 10.3.3.2 Qualitative Dimensions
the all-India level also female unemployment rate in The qualitative dimensions of the employment in the
both rural and urban areas are higher than that of the state have been analysed in terms of three broad
males. Among all the population category, indicators namely employment status of the
unemployment rate is highest among urban females workforce, literacy and educational level of the
both at the state and all-India level. Lastly, both the workers and wages and earning levels of regular
female and male unemployment rate in rural and workers and casual workers in public and non-public
urban areas of the country is higher than that of their work.
counterparts in Karnataka.

Figure 10.9: Change in age specific usual worker population ratio per 1000 Rural Karnataka

Source: NSS Report No. 515: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05 and NSS Report No. 537: Employment and
Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10

Figure 10.10: Change in age specific usual worker population ratio per 1000 Urban Karnataka

Source: NSS Report No. 515: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05 and NSS Report No.
537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10
406 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Status in Employment: It has been observed that over the years self-
An important qualitative dimension of employment employment base is gradually eroding and that of the
is the composition of the workforce in terms of their casual employment share is increasing, while the
status of employment: self-employment, proportion of workers in regular employment is
regular/salaried employment and casual stagnating. At the all-India level, a little over half
employment. While regular paid employment is (51%) of the total workforce comprises of self-
generally considered secure in terms of income, employed, one-third casual workers (33%) and the
duration of work and other benefits, for the typical remaining less than one-fifth comprises of (16 %)
casual workers, neither the duration of employment regular/salaried employed (Table 10.63). The share
nor income is certain. The self-employment though of female employment is higher both in case of self-
fairly secure, but income from certain types of self- employment and casual employment, while their
employment activities might be highly irregular, share in regular employment is much lower
inadequate and even uncertain. compared to their male counterparts. In rural areas of

Table 10.62: Unemployment rate (in percent) in Karnataka and India: 1993-94, 1999-00, 2004-05,

Karnataka India
Area Gender
1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10
Female 3.9 4.0 7.2 4.1 5.6 7.0 8.7 8.0
Rural Male 4.7 4.4 6.3 3.9 5.6 7.2 8.0 6.4
Persons 4.4 4.3 6.7 4.0 5.6 7.1 8.2 6.8
Female 8.9 5.9 9.4 6.0 10.5 9.4 11.6 9.1
Urban Male 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.4 6.7 7.3 7.5 5.1
Persons 6.3 5.4 6.0 4.7 7.4 7.7 8.3 5.8

Note: Figures relate to current daily status of individuals.

Source: Collated from respective large sample NSS Employment Unemployment Surveys

Figure 10.11: Unemployment Rate of all persons by Location and Gender, 2009/10 (CDS)

Rural Urban Total

10 9.1
9 8 8.2
8 6.8
6.4 6.6
7 6 6.1 5.8
6 4.7 5.1
4.5
5 3.9 4.4 4.1 4.1
4
4.2
4
3
2
1
0
Male Female Persons Male Female Persons

Karnataka India

Source: same as Table 10.57

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 407

India, the self-employed had the dominant share evident that in rural Karnataka females had a higher
(nearly 54%) followed by casual workers (39%), share in casual work (51.6%) followed by self-
while the regular salaried account for a small share of employment (42.8%), while for males the reverse is
7 per cent. In contrast, in urban areas, the self- true. In case of regular job, the share of females
employed and regular salaried accounted each for (5.6%) is lower than that of males (6.9%) in rural
about 41per cent of the total employment while the areas. In contrast in urban areas, regular job is the
casual labour accounted for 18 per cent of the predominant form of employment for females
remaining workforce. Across gender, the share of (39.9%) followed by self-employment (34%)
females in secured regular salaried jobs was lower whereas in case of males the share of self-
than the male share in both rural and urban areas. In employment (39.5%) is little higher than that of
rural areas, nearly 9 per cent of the male workforce regular salaried employment (39.3%). This inter alia
and 4 per cent of the female workforce were in regular suggests that in urban Karnataka, the share of regular
wage jobs, whereas in urban areas the same share salaried among female workforce is higher than that
stands at 42 and 39 per cent for males and females of male workforce by 0.6 per cent which is a great
respectively. achievement in itself.
Like at the all-India level, in Karnataka as well, self- However, in Karnataka, the share of casual
employment is the predominant form of employment. employment is noticeably higher for all types of
At the overall state level, the self-employed population category, while that of self-employment
accounted for about 51 per cent of the total share is lower compared to all-India level. Further,
employment followed by that of casual (40%) and the share of casual employment in the state is
regular workers (16%). In the rural areas, both the especially very high in rural areas and among females
self-employment and casual work has almost an which is a cause of immense concern. Clearly,
equal share of 47 per cent each, whereas in urban casualisation in the state is conspicuous phenomenon
areas, self-employment and regular wage work has a and increasing casualisation has profound
share of 38-39 per cent. Across gender it is quite implications in the labour market from the policy

Table 10.63: Percentage Distribution of Workers by Category of Employment: 1993-94, 1999-00, 2004-
05, 2009-10
Karnataka India
Area Category
1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10
Self-
55.9 50.2 49.3 46.3 58.1 56.0 60.2 54.2
employed
Regular
Rural 4.8 5.3 5.1 6.4 6.4 6.7 7.1 7.3
Employed
Casual
39.3 44.5 45.7 47.3 35.6 37.3 32.8 38.6
Labour
Self-
41.3 38.8 42.1 38.3 42.4 42.2 45.4 41.1
employed
Regular
Urban 36.9 39.6 38.6 39.4 39.5 40.0 39.5 41.4
Employed
Casual
21.8 21.6 19.3 22.2 18.3 17.8 15.0 17.5
Labour

Note: Figures correspond to usual principal and subsidiary status of individuals.

Source: Collated from respective large sample NSS Employment Unemployment Surveys.
408 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

plane. When work is casual and irregular, the people worker in the state are in low paid irregular casual
depending on such kind of employment will have jobs or in self-employment. Therefore, improving the
little or no opportunity to enhance their skill base education and skill attainment level of the workers
which is critical from the standpoint of view for should be given importance in the policy making to
bettering employment and livelihoods. Therefore, shift workers from low quality jobs to high quality
immediate policy interventions are required to shift regular, productive and decent work.
the workers from the casual status to other two The Figure 10.13 reveal that for rural population with
statuses in the state. educational levels of middle school, secondary and
Workforce by Levels of Education: higher secondary school, the worker-population ratio
As far as literacy and general education attainment has been increasing between 2004-05 and 2009-10.
level is concerned, it is bottom heavy as nearly 52.4 However, for rural population with educational levels
per cent of the total workers were either illiterate or of diploma/ certificate course, the worker-population
have up to primary level educated in Karnataka ratio has been falling. This is a matter of concern as
during 2009-10 (Figure 10.12). At the all-India level, the population with higher qualification and training
the same ratio is still higher at 56.5 per cent. The share are witnessing a declining worker-population ratio in
of workers having education up to middle and rural areas of the state. As per the new classification
secondary level is around 31.5 per cent in Karnataka, adopted during the 66th Round of NSSO, two new
which is 3 per cent higher than the all-India average educational categories have been added graduate
of 28.3 per cent. The share of educated workers (with and post graduate and above. For these two
higher secondary and above level of education) is just categories, Karnataka recorded a worker-population
16 per cent in Karnataka, which is marginally higher ratio of 78% and 64% respectively for 2009-10.
than the all-India average of 15.07 per cent. In urban areas, there was an increase in the worker-
Thus, the Figure 10.12 clearly states that the population ratio across all educational levels between
educational attainment levels of the workers are 2004-05 and 2009-10.The increase in the worker-
extremely low in the state. Given the low level of population ratio for 'not literate' and 'literate and up to
human capital base among the workers, it is therefore primary' categories in urban areas would imply that a
not astonishing to note that a higher proportion of the larger number of persons are getting absorbed into the
unorganised and low-skill, thus, low paying jobs in

Figure 10.12: Percentage Distribution of Workforce (UPSS) by Level of Education, 2009-10

Karnataka All- India

35 32.6 32.2
30
24.3
25
19.7
20 17.2 16.9
14.3
15 11.5
10 8 7.4 8.1 7.7

5
0
Illiterate Up to Primary Up to Middle Up to Up to Higher Graduate and
Secondary Sec. and Above
Diploma
Source: same as Table 10.57
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 409

urban areas. In contrast, in rural Karnataka, there has indicator to judge the quality of employment in the
been a fall in the literate and up to primary category state. Wage and earnings is an important determinant
and diploma/ certificate category worker-population that has profound implications for bettering
ration during this period. As per the new employment and productivity of the workers.
classification adopted during the 66th Round of It is well known that regular employment is
NSSO, 57% graduates and 75% post graduates and considered better, secure and durable and returns
above were employed in urban areas during 2009-10. associated are usually higher than casual and
A comparison of the worker-population ratios across intermittent nature of employment. At the overall
the various educational levels between urban and level, the average wages and earnings per day
rural Karnataka shows that: In rural Karnataka, received by the regular workers are noticeably higher
worker-population ratio is highest for graduates at in the state compared to that of all-India average.
78% but drops to 64% for post graduates and above. Average wage and salary earnings works out to be Rs.
However, post graduates and above have the highest 329 per day at the state level, which is higher than the
worker-population ratio (75%) in urban areas, though all-India average wage of Rs.318 per day by almost 3
the ratio for graduates is only 57%. The worker- per cent (Table 10.64). The average wage of regular
population ratio for diploma/certificate course workers in rural Karnataka are lower than that of rural
graduates is lower in rural areas at 62% compared to India by 37 per cent, while in urban Karnataka
71% in urban areas. Rural areas have high worker- average wage of regular workers is higher by 6 per
population ratios for all the lower educational levels cent compared to urban India. Similarly, average
with literate and primary forming the second largest wages of male regular workers in Karnataka are
proportion with 75%. higher than their counterparts at all-India level by 9
Wages and Earnings: per cent, whereas in case of female regular workers
average wage is lower compared their counterparts at
Apart from employment status and level of all-India level by almost 9.5 per cent.
education, wages and earnings is yet another

Figure 10.13: Education-specific worker population ratio for persons of age 15 years and above
according to usual status Rural and Urban

100%

80%

60%
40%
20% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
5 8 1 7 0 5 2 0 5 9 2 1 2 7 1 3 8 3 4 7 7 2 7 1
7 6 3 4 8 7 2 6 6 6 2 5 5 5 1 4 4 5 1 3 7 6 6 7
0%
not literate literate & upto middle secondary higher secondary diploma/
primary certificate course

Person Rural 2004-05 Person Rural 2009-10 Person Urban 2004-05 Person Urban 2009-10

Source: NSS Report No. 515: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05
and NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10
410 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Urban male wages and earnings of regular workers in lower by 5 per cent and for females it is still lower
the state are higher by about 9 per cent but for urban (9.5%). Clearly, the wages/salary earnings
females the wages and earnings are lower by about 5 differences between the regular wage/salaried
per cent in the state in comparison to all India. employment and that of casual labourers is
Unexpectedly, rural wages and earnings for males significantly higher which is closely associated with
and females in the state are substantively lower (28 education and skill differentials among males and
and 39 %, respectively) compared to all India (Table females that are linked to disparities in employment
10.65). This huge dichotomy of rural wage and opportunities and earnings.
earnings vis-a-vis urban areas and between males and Rural average wage rate per day in MGNREGA work
females within the state raises some of the issues in Karnataka is reported higher than the all-India
which are essentially related to the differences in average for both sexes. At the overall level,
education, skills and living costs in the rural and MGNREGA wage rates in the state are higher by
urban areas. about 23 per cent compared to the all-India level. For
Average wage/salary earnings of casual labourers in rural males and females, the MGNREGA wage rates
Karnataka are lower for males and females across in the state are higher by 21 and 25 per cent
rural and urban areas. Overall, urban wages/salary respectively compared to rural India (Figure 10.14).
earnings are lower by about 12 per cent in the state The wage difference between male and female is very
and male and female differences are lower by 8 and small indicating almost non-discriminatory wage
13 per cent respectively in the state compared to that practices in the scheme both at the state as well as all-
of all-India (Table 10.65). Rural wages/salary India level.
earnings differences are lower compared to urban Average wage rates in the non-public works in rural
area in the state but clearly female get lower areas is observed to be lower compared to that of
wage/salary earnings compared to their male MGNREGA work in Karnataka, while the same is
counterparts. In general, rural wage/salary earnings just opposite in case of rural India. Female wages, in
are lower by a little over 9 per cent, for males it is particular, are far above in the MGNREGA scheme

Table 10.64: Average Wage (in Rs.) per day received by Regular Workers (15-59 years), 2009/10

Karnataka All-India
Area
Male Female Persons Male Female Persons
Rural 195.08 112.6 168.55 249.15 155.87 231.59
Urban 414.95 293.37 387.58 377.16 308.79 364.95
Total 361.56 231.25 328.85 332.37 253.02 317.93
Source: same as Table 10.57

Table 10.65: Average Wage (in Rs) per day received by casual labourers (15-59 years) engaged in
Works other than Public Works, 2009/10
Karnataka All-India
Area
Male Female Persons Male Female Persons
Rural 96.91 62.77 84.50 101.53 68.94 93.06
Urban 123.03 67.88 108.64 131.92 76.73 121.83
Source: same as Table 10.57
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 411

than the non-public casual works in the state. agricultural employment in Karnataka and all-India
However, it has been noted that market wages is far level has declined only by 5 per cent between 2005
higher for unskilled wage labour per day in the state. and 2010, which though low but a positive trend
This has obvious implications to the labour market; towards structural transformation. Given the
male members generally don't come forward for negative employment elasticity of the sector and
MGNREG works but attracts females in large relatively low contribution to the GVA in the state
numbers. This has far reaching implications for the (Table 10.67), there is an urgent need to shift the
local labour markets drawing manual labour out from unproductive labour from agriculture to the non-
the agriculture thereby raising the floor minima for agricultural sector by putting in place appropriate
agriculture unskilled wages. Farmers are facing policies to ensure fast tracked and rapid structural
shortage of manual labourers as the floor level wages transformation process in coming years.
are higher in the MGNREGA works than the rates The tertiary sector is the second most important
prevailing in agricultural works. This has resulted in sector, which accounts for 26 per cent of the workers,
rise in cost of farm production by 10 to 20 per cent due while the secondary sector accounts for the
to labour shortage as reported by a recent study by remaining 18 per cent of the total workforce in
Institute for Social Economic Change, Bangalore. Karnataka in 2009-10 (Table 10.66). The share of
10.3.4 Sectoral Distribution of Workers these two sectors in GVA is also higher than their
The sectoral distribution of workers across industry respective employment share and the employment
shows that agriculture and allied sector is the most elasticity of these two sectors are also positive (Table
important sector wherein about 56 per cent of the 10.67). Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, one can
workers in Karnataka and 53 per cent of workers at all notice that the share of secondary sector in total
India level are engaged for their livelihood during employment has gone up by 3.2 per cent and that of
2009/10 (Table 10.66). The corresponding share in the tertiary sector by 2 per cent in the state. Despite
the Karnataka and India was 61 and 58.17 per cent these changes one could observe that the employment
respectively in 2004-05. This shows that the share of share of manufacturing and construction within the

Figure 10.14: Average Wage (in Rs) per day received by Rural Casual Labourers (age 15-59 years)
engaged in MGNREGA Works, 2009-10

Karnataka All-India

120 110 108.9 109.44

100 90.93 89.03

87.2

80

60

40

20

0
Male Female Person

Source: same as Table 10.57

412 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

overall secondary sector in the state is well below the transport, storage and communication in the state for
all-India average during 2009-10 and there is still further enlarging their employment potential.
scope to enhance the absorption capacity of these two 10.3.5 Labour Productivity across sectors
sectors especially in rural areas. As far as the tertiary
sector is concerned, the employment share of public The overall labour productivity in Karnataka is
administration, health and education etc is still low in Rs.94759 for 2009-10. However, given the sectoral
the state compared to the all-India average and there composition of employment, there are wide
is a need for greater investment in health and variations in the labour productivity across the
education and other such services especially in the sectors of the economy. As discussed in the previous
rural areas which would help in generation of chapter, labour productivity in services is Rs.232,555
corresponding employment opportunities. Further, per worker which is almost 8 times that in agriculture
there is still a need to give greater emphasis to other (Rs.28995 per worker). At the same time, labour
sub-sectors such as trade, hotels and restaurants and productivity in industry (Rs. 159400 per worker) is

Table 10.66: Sectoral Distribution of Workers (UPSS), 2009-10 (in %)

Karnataka India
Sector
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Agriculture and Allied 75.7 9.5 55.8 68.0 7.5 53.2
Mining and Quarrying 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
Manufacturing 5.9 20.7 10.4 7.2 23.0 11.0
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.3
Construction 4.4 12.8 6.9 9.4 10.2 9.6
Secondary Sector 11.1 34.9 18.2 17.4 34.4 21.5
Trade, Hotel and Restaurants 6.7 22.0 11.3 6.5 24.2 10.8
Transport, Storage and Communication 2.1 9.8 4.4 2.9 8.7 4.3
Finance, Business, Real Estate, etc 0.6 10.1 3.4 0.6 6.7 2.1
Public Admn, Health, Education, etc 3.9 13.8 6.8 4.7 18.4 8.1
Tertiary Sector 13.2 55.6 25.9 14.7 58.1 25.3
100 100 100 100 100 100
All Sector
(18.5) (8.2) 26.6 336.4 122.6 459

Source: same as Table 10.57

Note: Figures in the parentheses are in millions

Table 10.67: Share of Different Sectors in Gross Value Added (GVA) and Sectoral Employment
Elasticity
Non-
Share of GVA (in %) Agriculture Manufacturing Services All
Manufacturing
2004/05 18.7 18.4 11.7 51.2 100
2009/10 13.9 17.7 10.4 58 100
Employment Elasticity -0.81 0.07 1.55 0.21 -0.05
Source: Report of the working group on Employment, Planning & Policy for the 12th
Plan, December, 2011, Planning Commission, Government of India
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 413

more than 5 times that of agriculture. The overall decreased from 0.990 to -0.031 percentage points
labour productivity of the economy is Rs.107,755 per between 2000-04 and 2005-10. The overall
worker in 2011-12 in 2004-05 prices employment elasticity for the decade was 0.160. This
Across the sub-sectors of the economy, as seen in the implies a low and falling employment elasticity of
figure below, labour productivity is the lowest for growth where only about 16% of the economic
agriculture and highest for financial intermediaries growth realised during the last decade resulted from
and business services. Electricity and water supply increased employment or labour supply.
utilities is the most productive with labour While the process of structural change is a long-run
productivity of Rs.635190.This is followed by phenomenon, the 10-year period under examination
sectors of banking and insurance, and real estate, provides an insight on current trends in employment
ownership of dwelling and business services employs and output by economic sector. In this regard, the
4% of labour force while contributing 23%of GSDP sector GSDP elasticity indicates whether
resulting in labour productivity of Rs.61327. employment is growing or falling in a given sector,
Agriculture is the least productive sector in term of both overall as well as relative to other sectors. The
labour productivities. The sector employs 55% of the sector elasticity gives an indication of the extent to
labour force and contributes 15% of GSDP, implying which growth in a given sector is being driven by
a labour productivity of Rs.26702per worker (Figure productivity or employment. The former may be
10.15). indicative of labour substituting production and the
10.3.6 Employment Elasticity of Growth potential for a future sector-specific labour surplus.

The employment elasticity of growth or elasticity of For the agriculture sector, growth during the latter
employment with respect to output is defined as the half of the decade has been driven more by gains in
numerical measure of how employment varies with productivity than by gains in employment. As can be
economic output. Employment elasticity's can seen in the table, employment elasticity drops from a
provide important information about labour markets. high of 0.906 to -0.116 between 2000-04 and 2005-
The relationship however is not simple and 10. It appears therefore that agriculture sector has
straightforward as factors other than GDP like wage saturated in terms of employment potential. Or
rate, technology and improvements in infrastructure alternatively, it could also imply that the sector is
also impact employment growth rates. However, in becoming increasingly capital intensive. However,
their most basic use, they serve as a useful way to given that unemployment rates have not gone up, this
examine how growth in economic output and growth indicates that the employment elasticity of non-
in employment evolve together over time. They can agricultural activities have increased to reduce
also provide insights into how employment overall unemployment rates. This is in line with the
generation varies for different population subsets in structural transformation of employment and GSDP.
an economy, and assist in detecting and analysing However, given that agriculture employs 55% of the
structural changes in employment over time.In workforce in the state, there is a need to focus on
addition to overall employment elasticity, it has also additional employment generation avenues through
been calculated by economic sector (agriculture, diversification and specialisation in agriculture while
industry and services). The Table 10.68 provides the at the same time, skill building of rural population to
employment elasticity's of growth along with the enable them to seek gainful employment in the
average GSDP growth rates for the time period 2000- secondary or services sectors.
04, 2005-2010 and 2000-10. For the industries sector, the elasticity's fell from
The results shown in this Table 10.68 shed light on 0.619 to 0.425 as sector growth rates jump from 6.80
trends in employment and productivity between 2001 to 11% between the two time periods. However, in
and 2010. For every 1-percentage point of additional spite of the fall in employment elasticity, the industry
GSDP growth, rise in total employment has sector recorded the highest growth rate as well as
414 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Figure 10.15: Sectoral composition of employment, GSDP and Sector-wise labour productivity, 2009-

70% 612,327 635,190 700000

60% 600000
50% % 500000
40% 5
5 400000
30%
300000
20%
% % 156,190
% 121,669 % 155,330
% % 119,992 135,374 % 127,827 200000
10% 26,702
5
1 2
1 51 1
1 71 %
7 % 9 %
7 0 1 %
5 % 7 %
4 3
2 %
1 % 1 %
0 %
2
0% 100000
ir d g n ct tr s g ct
-10% g n n io e o ec n
i e
0
A a
sl ts ri tc p
s
iv n re
n u
tc u m n re n
i ta
et ra rt m ar s M
o u af s o t ss w
h at u n c, ,y
, s n o u e
e
d er a C d n
is itc
ar m e u ir
t , b tc
n ,r
m el
d et E
a in
b
% employment
u
p % GSDP in
f Output per worker

Source: NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-10 and
Directorate of Economics and Statistics

Table 10.68: Employment elasticity in Karnataka

2000-04 2005-10 2000-10
Total Employment elasticity 0.990 -0.031 0.160
Avg. GSDP growth 4.420 8.680 6.550
Source: 12th FYP Approach paper, Karnataka

Table 10.69: Employment elasticity by sector

2000-04 2005-10 2000-10

Agriculture employment elasticity 0.906 -0.116 0.020
Agriculture Sector growth 2.920 1.660 -0.630
Industry employment elasticity 0.619 0.425 0.385
Industry Sector growth 6.800 11.000 8.900
Services employment elasticity 1.309 0.157 0.354
Services Sector growth 7.600 9.900 8.800
Overall employment elasticity 0.990 -0.031 0.160

Source:12th FYP approach paper, Karnataka

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 415

employment elasticity. Though this trend is in line rise experienced at the all-India level. Due to changes
with the sectoral transformation of the employment in the NCO code used for reporting the survey, from
structure, the falling employment elasticity might not NCO-1968 in the 61st round to NCO-2004 in the 66th
bring down the overall unemployment rate in the round NSS, the share of the Organised sector workers
future. in the agricultural sector are not really comparable for
Service sector was both the fastest growing sector and the two years.
the sector with the most job-intensive growth during The nature of employment is determined by the
2000-04. As can be seen from the table, for every 1- conditions of employment irrespective of the
percentage point of growth in service sector value enterprises, organised or unorganised, that they work
added, employment increased by 1.309 percentage in. This is assessed on the basis of whether the
points, implying value-added growth has been driven employees are provided social security benefits of
more by gains in employment. However, during the any sort by their employers. The NSS surveys
latter half of the decade, the industries sector collected information regarding the availability of
overtakes the services sector both in terms of sector following social security benefits- Provident Fund,
growth and employment elasticity's. The service Gratuity, Maternity and Health Benefits and
sector would have to grow at a much higher rate to combinations thereof. The NCEUS defines
absorb the surplus labour from the agriculture sector. 'Unorganised employment' as unorganised workers
In addition, the gradual decline in the public sector consisting of those working in the unorganised sector
employment is likely to have slow down the service or households, excluding regular workers with social
sector employment. security benefits provided by the employers, and the
10.3.7 Orgnised and unorganised sector workers in the formal sector without any employment
employment and social security benefits provided by the
employers. (NCEUS Task Force, June 2008).
The Unorganised sector is defined by the National
Committee for Enterprises in Unorganised Sector The Table 10.70 shows the extent of organised and
(NCEUS) as consisting of 'all unincorporated private unorganised employment for each sector for
enterprises owned by individuals or households Karnataka and India based on the quin-quennial large
engaged in the sale and production of goods and sample Employment-Unemployment surveys of
services operated on a proprietary or partnership 2004-05 and 2009-10. While the share of the
basis and with less than ten total workers'.(NCEUS organised sector workforce has increased in both
Task Force, June 2008). Table 10.70 below shows secondary and tertiary sectors of the Karnataka, the
that the share of Organised and Unorganised sector share of organised employment in these sectors has
employment for the three sectors of the economy. The actually fallen over the five year period. Organised
Organised sector employment share in Agriculture employment shares in the secondary sector of
and Services for Karnataka has been lower than the Karnataka, fell by 0.8 percent to 11.0 percent of the
all-India average. Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, sector's total workforce. In Karnataka, the share of
the share of Organised sector employment has shown organised employment in Services has shown a
an increasing trend in both the secondary and tertiary decline from 22.5 to 21.4 percent in 2009-10. This is
sectors of Karnataka. While this is in keeping with the in spite of a rise in the share of organised employment
all-India trend, the rise of 10 percentage points in in Services by 2 percent over the period at the all-
Organised sector employment share of Karnataka's India level. Thus, in 2009-10, Karnataka's share of
Industry has been higher than the all-India rise of 5 organised jobs in Service sector has actually fallen
percentage points. On the other hand, although the below the India average.
tertiary sector of Karnataka has also seen a rise in Karnataka state has been experiencing structural
share of Organised sector employment by 2 adjustment with a decline in the share of the
percentage points, it has been lesser than the 4 percent agricultural in total employment, as labour shifts to
the secondary and tertiary sectors. The share of
416 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

services in total employment has risen from 22.1 An analysis of the organized sector employment by
percent in 2004-05 to 25.9 percent in 2009-10 for industry group reveals an increase in the employment
Karnataka. The rise in share of unorganised nature of in Finance and Insurence sector employment from
employment in spite of increase in share of organised 1.087 lakh in March 2012 to 1.098 lakh in June 2012,
sector workforce indicates that shift of the labour is an addition of about 1100 workers employed. In
not accompanied by qualitative improvement in manufacturing and wholesale,retail trade,repairs of
conditions of employment. motor vehicles & motor cycles sector employment
10.3.8 Employment in Public and Private Sector: was increased from 6.927 lakh in March 2012 to
6.936 lakh and from 0.323 lakh in March 2012 to
Organised sector employment in the state has 0.332 lakh in June 2012 respectively, an addition of
decreased by 0.04% from 23.48 lakh at the end of about 900 workers employed. In Agriculture,
March 2012 to 23.47 lakh at the end of June Forestry & Fishing and Transport & Storage sector
2012.Public sector employment accounts for 10.66 employment was increased from 0.402lakh in March
lakh (45 per cent) and private sector for 12.81 lakh 2012 to 0.408 lakh and from 1.523 lakh in March
(56 per cent), while the former has increased slightly 2012 to 1.529 lakh in June 2012 respectively, an
by 0.03 per cent, where as the latter has decreased by addition of about 600 workers employed. In
0.09 per cent between June and March 2012. Accommodation and Food Service Activities,
Branch wise comparison shows that employment in Construction sector had slightly increased. Mining &
the Central government, Central government (Quasi) Quarrying, Electricity,Gas,Steam and Air
and State Government has increased from 0.955 to Conditioning Supply and Human Health & Social
0.963 lakh,1.646 to 1.649 lakh and 5.800 to 5.807 work Activities sectors had slightly increased.
lakh respectively from March 2012 to June 2012. Organisation sector employment has remained
State Government (Quasi) and Local bodies constant in Water Supply,Sewerage,Waste
employment has decreased from March 2012 to June Management, Administrative & Support Service
2012. Table 10.71 gives branch wise details of the Activities & Remediation Activities and Other
organised sector employment at the end of June 2012. Service Activities. Information & Communications,
Public Administration & Defence, Compulsory
a. Employment in Public and Private Sectors
Social Security & Education had decreased from
(Industry group wise):
March 2012 to June 2012. Detailed information is
given in the Table 10.72.

Table 10.70: Sector-wise distribution of Organised and Unorganised Employment (in percent): 2004-05
and 2009-10

2004-05 2009-10

Karnataka India Karnataka India

Sector
Organi
Unorganised Organised Unorganised Organised Unor ganised Or ganised Unor ganised
sed
sector sector sector sector sector sector sector
sector
Agricultur e 4.6 95.4 2.7 97.3 0.5 99.5 0.6 99.4

Secondary 22.3 77.7 29.2 70.8 32.5 67.5 33.9 66.1

Tertiary 30.0 70.0 27.3 72.7 32.3 67.7 30.9 69.1
All Sectors 12.8 87.2 13.3 86.7 14.6 85.4 15.4 84.6

Note: Calculated from unit level data, 61st and 66th round NSS Employment Unemployment Survey
based on NCEUS definition of the Organised/Unorganised employment.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 417

Table 10.71: Employment in Public and Private Sector (In '000)

Employment as on Percentage
Branch Variation June -
March - 11 March - 12 June - 12 12/ March - 12

1.Central government 95.50 95.5 96.30 0.84

2.State government 573.50 580.3 580.70 0.07

3.Central government (Quasi) 163.30 164.6 164.90 0.06

4.State government (Quasi) 160.20 158.20 157.50 -0.44

5.Local bodies 68.90 67.20 66.70 -0.74

6.Private sector - Act 1166.90 1217.00 1216.70 -0.02

7.Private sector - Non-Act 66.20 65.40 64.50 -1.38

Public sector 1061.40 1065.80 1066.10 0.03

Private sector 1233.10 1282.40 1281.20 -0.09

Total 2294.50 2348.20 2347.30 -0.04

10.3.9 Additional Employment As per the findings of the NSSO survey, the migrant
Employment generation has been estimated based on population in Karnataka is characterised by:
three factors viz., income, employment elasticity a) The highest rate of migration is from one rural
over a period of years and anticipated estimates of location to another rural location. During 2007-08,
gross state domestic product for the 2021-13. During rural-to-rural stream accounts for 56% of all
2012-13, it is 290.49 lakh person-days compared to migrations. Rural to urban accounts for 21% of
285.10 lakh person-days in the previous year. migrations, urban-to-urban for 16% and urban to
10.3.10 Migration rural for 7% of all migrations in the state. These
trends are broadly comparable to all India averages as
According to NSSO Report of 2007-08, Karnataka well as migration streams in comparable states (as
has a net migration rate of 10, implying that 10 seen in the Figure 10.17).
persons per 1000 population are in-migrants to the
state.(Net migration for any region, may be defined as There is a distinct difference in the stream of
the difference between in-migration and out- migration displayed by male and female migrants.
migration. The number of net migrants per 1000 of For male migrants, migration to urban locations,
population gives the net migration rate).As seen in either from rural or other urban locations, accounted
the figure below, Maharashtra has registered the for 61% of all migrations. Rural-to-urban migration
highest net migration rate of 41 followed by Gujarat stream was the most dominant one which accounted
with 16. On the other hand, Kerala has the least net for nearly 33% of total male internal migrants,
migration rate of (-44) followed by Tamil Nadu with followed by urban to-urban migration (28%). For
(-14). Thus Karnataka is the only southern state with a female migrants, rural-to-rural migration stream
positive net migration rate (Figure 10.16). accounted for nearly 66% of the total internal female
migrants, followed by rural-to-urban migrations
(17%).
418 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.72: Employment in Public and Private Sectors (Industry group wise) (in lakhs)

E mployed as on Employed as on Employed as on

Industry 31-03-2011 31-03-2012 30-06-2012

Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total

1.Agriculture, Forestry & 0.287 0.130 0.417 0.278 0.124 0.402 0.283 0.125 0.408
Fishing

2.Mining & Quarrying

0.071 0.076 0.147 0.077 0.072 0.149 0.076 0.071 0.147

3.Manufacturing
0.590 6.179 6.769 0.609 6.318 6.927 0.611 6.325 6.936

4.Electricity,Gas,Steam and
Air Conditioning Supply. 0.350 0.011 0.361 0.346 0.005 0.351 0.343 0.005 0.348

5.Water
Supply,Sewerage,Waste
0.050 0.001 0.051 0.058 0.001 0.059 0.058 0.001 0.059
Management & Remediation
Activities
6.Construction
0.306 0.015 0.321 0.306 0.013 0.319 0.307 0.013 0.320

7.Wholesale,Retail
Trade,Repairs of Motor 0.085 0.260 0.284 0.090 0.233 0.323 0.089 0.243 0.332
Vehicles & Motor Cycles
8.Transport & Storage
1.355 0.210 1.565 1.334 0.189 1.523 1.344 0.185 1.529

9.Accommodation and Food

Service Activities 0.002 0.242 0.226 0.005 0.232 0.237 0.005 0.234 0.239

10.Information &
Communications 0.244 3.100 3.344 0.244 3.300 3.544 0.241 3.280 3.521
11.Finance and Insurance
Activities 0.831 0.254 1.085 0.869 0.218 1.087 0.878 0.220 1.098

12.Professinal, Scientific &

Technical Activities 0.260 0.080 0.340 0.332 0.074 0.406 0.332 0.073 0.405

13.Administrative & Support

Service Activities 0.010 0.293 0.303 0.010 0.515 0.525 0.010 0.515 0.525
14.Public Administration &
Defence, Compulsory Social 2.922 0.002 2.924 3.002 0.000 3.002 2.988 0.000 2.988
Security
15.Education
2.050 1.176 3.226 2.036 1.159 3.195 2.036 1.151 3.187

16.Human Health & Social

work Activities 1.167 0.272 1.439 1.029 0.343 1.372 1.026 0.343 1.369

17.Arts,Entertainment and
Recreation 0.022 0.023 0.045 0.021 0.022 0.043 0.022 0.022 0.044

18.Other Service Activities 0.012 0.007 0.019 0.012 0.006 0.018 0.012 0.006 0.018
Total 10.614 12.331 22.945 10.658 12.824 23.482 10.661 12.812 23.47
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 419

b) The composition of migrant population by their 'not literates' (nearly 50%) whereas in the urban areas
educational levels reveals that 75% of the migrant nearly 19% were 'not literates'. A higher percentage of
population may be classified as illiterate, below the male migrants in both the rural and urban areas
primary and primary or middle school completed. had attained higher educational level than the female
The 'not literate' category accounts for the largest migrants. In rural areas, the proportion of migrants
share, amounting to 38% of migrants. Higher with educational level 'secondary and above' was
educational levels including graduates and diploma/ nearly 41% among male and 8% among females,
certificate holders constitute the smallest proportion while among the urban males and females, nearly
of migrants in Karnataka as well as comparable 56% and 39%, respectively, had educational level
states. However, inter-state comparison show some 'secondary and above'. It may be seen that nearly 21%
variations with Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra of the urban male migrants and 10% of the urban
recording the highest number of migrants (per 1000 female migrants had the educational level graduate
population) for primary and middle school pass-outs and above.
(Figure 10.18). The primary reason for migration in the state has been
Disaggregated migration numbers by rural-urban and recorded to be marriage with about 62% (620 of 1000
gender shows some variations.It is seen that among migrant population) migrations being related to
the migrants in the rural areas a large proportion were marriage, 15% due to movement of parents/ earning

Figure 10.16: Net migration rate (per thousand)

Source: NSS Report No. 533: Migration in India: 2007-08

Figure 10.17: Distribution (per 1000) of internal migrants by types of rural-urban migration
streams

Source: NSS Report No. 533: Migration in India: 2007-08

420 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

member and 12% migrations are employment of parent/earning member of the family was the
related. The trends across the comparable states and reason for migration (Figure 10.19).
all-India averages are broadly comparable as can be c) A higher percentage of the persons were found to
seen in the figure. be engaged in economic activities (i.e., workers) after
However the reasons for migration for males and migration: for males the percentage of workers
females showed distinct pattern. For females in both increased from 46%before migration to 65% after
rural and urban areas, the reason for the bulk of the migration and from 25% to 44% for females. The
migrants was marriage: for 90% of rural female structure of the workforce has also undergone
migrants and 58% of the urban female migrants the changes after migration with discernable shifts in the
reason was marriage. The reason for migration for the shares of different statuses in employment, via, self-
male migrant, on the other hand, was dominated by employed, regular employees and casual labours are
employment related reasons, in both the rural and evident. It is seen that for rural males, regular
urban areas. Nearly 17% of rural male migrants and employment had emerged as main recourse to
60% of urban male migrants had migrated due to employment after migration, accounting nearly 7%
employment related reasons. 'Study' as a reason for point increase, followed by 6% increase in regular
migration also accounted for nearly 30% of rural wage employment. In case of urban males, on the
male migrants and 8% of urban male migrants. The other hand, besides an increase in the share of self-
migration of parent/earning member of the family employment after migration, the percentage of
also significantly induced male migration in both the regular wage/salaried employees also has shown a
rural and urban areas: for, nearly 24% of rural male quantum jump and casual labour as a means of
migrants and 21% of urban male migrants, migration employment has reduced in importance after

Figure 10.18: Distribution (per 1000) of migrants by general educational level

Source: NSS Report Source: NSS Report No. 533: Migration in India: 2007-08
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 421

migration. It is seen that the percentage of self- For females, on the other hand, the shares of self-
employment in total urban male migrants has employment as well as casual labour as means of
increased from 4% points after migration and the employment have increased after migration. In urban
share of regular employees has increased by 27% areas, the share of females in regular employees also
points (Figure 10.20). increased after migration. It is seen that in both the

Figure .10.19: Distribution (per 1000) of migrants by reason for migration during 2007-08

Source: NSS Report No. 533: Migration in India: 2007-08

Figure : 10.20 Percentage point change in usual employment status before and after migration
422 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

rural and urban areas and for both the males and month). During the corresponding period of the
females, after migration, the share of persons who previous year this number was about 3589 (399 on an
were not in labour force has declined. It is observed average per month). The number of placements was
that the shares of unemployed males in both rural and 1.65 per cent of the total registrations at the end of
urban areas, which were significant before migration, September 2012. During the year 2011-12, 8694
got reduced after migration while the share of placements were made (725 on an average every
unemployed females in the rural as well as in the month).
urban areas remained almost negligible both for 1822 vacancies have been notified during the current
before and after migration. year up to September 2012 ( 202 on an average every
10.3.11 Employment Exchange Statistics: month) compared to 1575 during the corresponding
The number of job seekers as per the live register period of the previous year (175 on an average every
figures of employment exchanges was 4.48 lakh in month). The number of vacancies notified has
September 2012 compared to 4.67 lakh at the end of increased to 0.71 per cent of registrations at the end of
March 2012, a decrease of 4.15 per cent. As compared September 2012. During the year 2011-12, 3202
to previous year there is slight increase in Diploma vacancies have been notified (267 on an average
Holders. There has been 6.36 percent decline in the every month).
registrants of Matriculations and stenographers 10.3.13 Wage Employment Programmes
followed by Below Matriculation (3.81), I.T.I. a. Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment
Apprenticeship, Other Certificate holders (0.52 Guarantee Scheme
percent) Graduates (0.28 percent) and Post-
Graduates (0.0.12 percent). Registrants on the live National Rural Employment Guarantee Act came in
registers of Employment exchanges in Karnataka are to operation in five districts of Karnataka State with
given in Table 10.73. effect from 2nd February 2006 viz., Bidar, Gulbarga,
Raichur, Davanagere and Chitradurga for
10.3.12 Placements and Vacancies: implementation in the the first instance under
Between April 2012 and September 2012, only 7407 Phase-I. As per the act, every state Government is
placements were made (823 on an average every required to formulate a Scheme. Accordingly, a

Table 10.73: Registrants on the live registers of Employment exchanges in Karnataka

At the end of Variation (Sept- Net registrants as

Registrants at the end of
12/Mar-12) %
Mar-11 Mar-12 Sept-12 Sept.-12

1.Post-Graduates 4803 4813 4807 -0.12 3142

2.Graduates 52870 52652 52502 -0.28 27354

3.Diploma Holders 22881 23279 23294 0.06 13571

4.I.T.I. Apprenticeship,
57983 57798 57500 -0.52 30199
Other Certificate holders
5.Matriculates and
274695 252061 236035 -6.36 105036
Stenographers

6.Below Matriculation 88367 76697 73776 -3.81 32366

Total 501599 467300 447914 -4.15 211667

Source: Department of Employment and Training.

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 423

scheme has been formulated and a gazette 8th October 2007 have notified the extention of
notification has also been issued and published in NREGA scheme to the remaining districts in
Karnataka gazette. Karnataka which is operative from 1st April 2008,
The object of the Act is to enhance livelihood security for which Government of Karnataka is taken all
in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of necessary steps and implemented the scheme in the
guaranteed wage employment in every financial year state from 1st April 2008.
to every household whose adult members volunteer MGNREGA programme is a demand based
to do unskilled manual work. If the work is not programme and not a allocation based programme.
provided within 15 days of the demand for work by The scheme is being implemented as Centrally
the applicant, then un-employment allowance has to Sponsored Scheme on cost sharing basis between the
be paid. Rate of unemployment allowance is 25% of Centre and the State as wage component is fully
the minimum wage for the first 30 days and 50% for borne by the . The wage component is fully borne by
the remaining period. Under the scheme, other the Centre whereas the material component is borne
objectives can also be achieved by generating by the Government of India and material component
productive assets, protecting the environment, is borne by Central and State Governments in the
empowering rural women, reducing ruralurban ratio of 75:25.
migration etc. The fund available for 2012-13 is Rs.1207.39 crore of
The scheme has been extended to 6 more districts which, Rs.870.60 crore has been spent up to
namely Belgaum, Bellary, Chickmagalur, Hassan, November 2012 and 125.42 lakh person days of
Shimoga and Kodagu under Phase-II with effect from employment has been generated by 0.60 lakh
1st April 2007 as per the Notification issued by the households (Table 10.74). The cumulative picture of
GOI. Physical progress is given in Table 10.75. District
Further Government of India vide their letter dated wise information is given in Appendix.

Table 10.74: Progress achieved from 2006-07 to 2012-13(up to Nov-2012)

Works
Person Employment
Available Under Com-
Expdr. days provided Under
Year funds taken pleted
(` in lakh) generated (Households) progress
(` in lakh) (in (in
(in lakh) (in Nos) (in Nos)
Nos) Nos)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2006-07
34133.36 25189.00 222.05 545185 18642 11004 7638
(5 districts)
2007-08
41925.46 23650.80 197.77 549994 26180 18040 8140
(11 districts)
2008-09
54745.44 35787.47 287.64 896212 96598 8446 88152
(29 districts)
2009-10
302629.19 256920.37 1793.23 3310995 519471 27919 491552
(30 districts)
2010-11
234912.00 208131.03 1099.82 2366290 391657 195430 195657
(30 districts)
2011-12 194087.33 161763.44 701.03 1652116 326002 144029 181973
2012-13
(30 districts)
120738.83 87059.74 125.42 59492 230069 25991 204078
(up to the end
of Nov.2012)
424 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.75: Physical progress under MGNREG's Cumulative since inception up to 2011-12

Sl.
No Schemes Unit Progress

1 Job Cards issued No. 57,78,167

2 House holds demanded employment No. 16,63,506

3 House holds provided with employment No. 16,52,116

4 Employment Generated (Person days) Lakh 701.03

5 Households provided with 100 days of employment lakh. 0.45

6 Average No. of person days provided per household No. 42.43

b. Wage Employment Generation under Major 10.3.14 Self Employment Programmes:

Programmes: a. Swarna Jayanthi Grama Swarozgar Yojana:
Wage employment generated under various state The Government of India launched the Swarna
government programmes was 8.30 crore Mandays Jayanthi Grama Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) from 1St
between April and Sept. 2012. During the April 1999 by merging the earlier schemes like IRDP,
corresponding period of the preceding year 5.86 crore DWCRA, SITRA,, TRYSEM &MWS. SGSY is a
Mandays were generated. The breakup is Roads and centrally sponsored scheme and funding is shared by
Bridges 2.33 crore mandays (63.56 percent), Minor the cental & State Government in the ratio of 75:25.
Irrigation 0.74 crore Mandays (55.53 percent)
followed by Watershed development 0.59 crore SGRY is a credit cum- subsidy programme. It covers
mandays (39.67percent), Major medium irrigation all aspects of self employment, such as organization
and Flood control generated 3.41crore mandays, of the poor into self help groups,training ,credit
(34.89 percent), Buildings 0.37 crore mandays (34.79 technology, infrastructure and marketing. Efforts are
percent), CADA 0.07 crore mandays (23.19percent) made to involve women members in each self helf
and MGNREGS 0.79 crore mandays. groups. SGSY lays emphasis on activity clusters.
Four/Five activites are identified for each blockl with
The wage employment generated as a proportion of the approval of Panchayat samitis'. The Gram Sabha
the annual target was the highest in respect of Roads will autheniticate the list of families below the
and Bridges 2.33 crore mandays (63.56 percent), poverty line identified in BPL census. Indentification
followed by Minor Irrigation 0.74 crore Mandays of individual families suitable for each key activity
(55.53 percent),Watershed development 0.59 crore will be mase through a participatory process. Closer
mandays (39.67percent), Major medium irrigation attention will be paid on Skill development the
and Flood control generated 3.41crore mandays, beneficiaries know as swarojgaries and their
(34.89 percent), Buildings 0.37 crore mandays (34.79 technology and marketing needs. Minimum 12-18
percent), CADA 0.07 crore mandays (23.19percent) months is required for the Self Help Groups to get
and MGNREGS 0.79 crore mandays. During the qualified for taking up economic activity under Self
corresponding period of the previous year 35.13 per Employment.
cent of the annual target was achieved in Minor
Irrigation followed by Building (34.79 per cent) and Under SGSY Programme 20% is utilized for
Watershed development (27.39 percent). Details are development of infrastructure, 10% for training of
given in Table 10.76 swarojgaries, 10% for revolving find of SHGs and the
remaining amount is for Subsidy. The Subesidy
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 425

Table 10.76: Wage Employment Generation under Major Programmes (2012-13)

( Mandays in lakhs)
Annual target Target for Achievement
Programmes 2012-13 2011-12 (up 2012-13 (up
2011-12 2012-13 (Sept.2012) to Sept.11) to Sept. 12)
171.13 340.86
1.Major and Medium
1012.27 976.89 367.49
Irrigation & Flood Control
(16.91) (34.89)

46.54 74.01
2.Minor Irrigation 132.47 133.27 43.93
(35.13) (55.53)

1.53 6.71
3.CADA 46.73 28.94 4.31
(3.27) (23.19)

53.40 59.40
4.Watershed Development 194.95 149.75 59.90
(27.39) (39.67)

169.41 232.73
5.Roads & Bridges 564.99 366.16 154.10
(29.98) (63.56)

38.90 37.37
6.Buildings 118.36 107.41 62.48
(32.87) (34.79)

480.91 751.08
Total Programmes (Targeted) 2069.77 1762.42 692.21
(22.39) (23.71)

N.R.E.G.S * * * 96.59 79.30

Total Programmes 2069.77 1762.42 692.21 577.50 830.38

Figures in brackets indicate percentage to annual target.

* Demand driven programme - no target

amount for individual swarojgaries is 30% of the For effective implementation of scheme, many areas
project cost of Rs.7500/- whichever is less and for of preferences have been identified & stress is being
SC/ST 50% of the project cost or Rs.10000/- laid on those areas. Some of the important identified
whichever is less. In case of groups 50% of the project areas are:
cost or Rs.125000/- or Rs.10000/- per individual 1) 26 Apparel Training and Design Centres are
whichever is less. However in case of irrigation established in 24 districts in coordination with
project there is no limit on the subsidy amount. AEPC, RSETIs and recognized NGOs.
The programme covers families below poverty line in 2) RUDSETI / RSETIs have been established in 28
rural areas of the country. Within this target group, districts to provide skill development training.
special safeguards have been provided by reserving
50% of benefits for the SCs/STs, 40% for women and Physical & Financial Achievement for the year 2008-
3% for physically handicapped persons & 15% 09 to 2012-132(up to September - 2012) is given in
Minorities. Table 10.77. The beneficiaries under SGSY and
advance disbursement through the SGSY programme
426 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.77: Swarna Jayanthi Grama Swarojgar Yojana: Sanctions, Disbursements of Loan and
Subsidy from 2008-09 to 2012-13 (Up to September,2012)

Sanctions Disbursements Subsidy

Category Year
No. Amount No Amount No Amount

2008-09 709 2.69 570 2.16 570 0.86

2009-10 1607 4.58 1435 4.58 1435 1.73

Individuals
2010-11 2616 7.93 2335 7.08 2335 2.51

2011-12 2491 8.50 2007 6.91 2007 2.35

2012-13
197 0.80 162 0.66 162 0.33
( up to 31-12-2011)
2008-09 6325 203.79 5774 186.08 5774 71.47

2009-10 6131 213.53 5497 191.45 5497 76.25

Groups
2010-11 7068 254.41 6222 223.96 6222 79.55

2011-12 6737 229.04 6018 204.60 6018 72.62

2012-13
1224 43.77 922 32.97 922 11.30
(up to September-2012)
2008-09 7034 206.48 6344 188.24 6344 72.33

2009-10 7738 218.11 6932 196.03 6932 77.98

Total
2010-11 9684 262.34 8557 231.04 8557 82.06

2011-12 9228 237.55 8025 211.51 8025 74.97

2012-13 (up to September
1421 44.57 1084 33.63 1084 11.63
2012)

are given in Tables 10.78 and 10.79. The State 3. Poverty Elevation & Sustainnable Development
Government is also providing benefits through in Dharwad District.IA:BAIF
various progammes which are given in Table 10.80. 4. Income Generation to BPL SHGs through Agree
SGSY Special Projects: Enterprises.IA:JSS,Mysore
The following 4 special project are on-going State Haats:
currently out of 7 projects sanctioned by the GIO. Funds released for the creation of State Haats for an
Three projects are completed. The ongoing projects amount of upto Rs.3 crores is shared between Centre
are.. and State in the ratio of 75:25. In collaboration with
1. Skill based Training at Bagalkot.IA:BVV Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.(BMRCL)
Sangh,Bagalkote State intended to take State Haat at Bangalore.
2. Uplifting of dairy farmers in Kolar Milk Proposal has been sent to GOI for approval.
Union.IA:Kolar Dairy
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 427

Table 10.78: Beneficiaries (SGSY) under Self Employment Schemes for the Period 2008-09 to 2011-12

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Acht.(Sept-
Target Acht. Target Acht. Target Acht. Target Acht. Target
2012)

76834 88794 63216 91366 90420 104527 82610 82509 76760 12435

Table 10.79: Advances under Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) Disbursement

2012-13
Indicator 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 (Sept-2012)

1.Beneficiaries (in
88.79 91.37 104.53 82.51 12.44
thousands)

2.Of which SCs/STs

(in thousands) 42.34 40.87 47.26 38.53 5.35

3.Loan Component
188.24 196.03 231.04 211.51 33.63
(Rs. in crores)

4.Grant in Aid (Rs.

72.33 77.98 82.06 74.97 11.63
in crores)

District Haats: Committee, Ministry of Rural Development created a

Funds released for the creation of District Haats for National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) to
an amount of upto Rs.1.50 crores which is shared provide greater focus and momentum for poverty
between Centre and State in the ratio of 75:25. reduction to achieve the Millennium Development
Goal (MDG) by 2015 through rapid increase in the
Village Haats: coverage of rural poor households under self-
Funds released for the creation of Village Haats for an employment. In addition to self employment, the
amount of upto Rs.15.00 lakhs which is shared Mission will also help in enhancing their capabilities
between Centre and State in the ratio of 75:25. GOI and facilitate access to other entitlements such as
has sanctioned 87 village Haats (3 village Haats per wage employment and food security and benefits of
district) and all are under construction. Indira Awas Yojana (IAY), drinking water, land
improvement, education, and health and risk
b.Training for Self Employment
mitigation through convergence and coordination
Training is provided by different organisations to mechanism. State Government has notified to
help the unemployed to start their own units. Details implement NRLM effectively in the State through
of the training given under various programmes are AAJEEVIKA - Karnataka State Rural Livelihood
shown in Table 10.81. Promotion Society (KSRLPS)
c. National Rural Livelihood Mission (Renamed The State has decided to implement the programme in
as AAJEEVIKA) phases from 2011-12. During 1st phase 20 taluks of 5
To address the Credit Related Issues under SGSY, districts viz., Belgaum (Athani, Gokak, Soudatti,
based on the recommendation of Prof. Radhakrishna Hukkeri), Dharwad (Khalghatgi, Kundagol,
428 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.80 : Beneficiaries under Self Employment Schemes 2010-11 to 2012-13

Programme/Scheme Unit Achievement Target Achievement

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 (upto Sept.-
2012)
Karnataka State Finance Corporation
a) Single Window Nos 223 213 - 119
Rs lakh 4952.60 4036.05 - 3227.40
b) Hospitals/Nursing Nos 17 40 - 19
Homes Rs lakh 1562.95 3127.50 - 1981.00
c) Assistance to SCs Nos 184 272 - 139
and STs Rs lakh 4733.38 8589.48 - 4928.35
d) Minority Nos 174 180 - 76
Community Rs lakh 6285.08 7107.90 - 3578.00
e) Women Nos 352 331 - 194
Enterpreneurs Rs lakh 20460.64 24840.15 - 11898.50
f) Credit Linked Nos 53 38 - 9
Capital
Subsidy Rs lakh 1860.75 2065.30 - 512.00
g) Privileged Nos 353 298 - 133
Enterprenurs Rs lakh 11944.40 9593.60 - 4708.50
Dr. Devaraj Urs Backward Classes Development Corp.Ltd
i. Chaitanya Subsidies Cum No. of 5261 3455 5000 131
Margin Money Scheme beneficiary
Rs lakh 679.20 754.17 850.00 30.77
ii. Chaitanya self employment No. of - 11388 10000 1286
direct loans beneficiary
Rs lakh - 2446.45 2650.00 304.73
iii. Ganga Kalyana irrigation No. of 3800 6410 7490 3383
scheme beneficiary
Rs lakh 5001.25 5508.69 9500.00 2507.30
iv. Traditional Artisons and No. of 21699 22899 22000 2227
Occupational Groups beneficiary
Rs lakh 4012.03 5155.45 5500.00 559.29
v. Interest Free loan for higher No. of 4 3 - 1
studies in foreign universities beneficiary
Rs lakh 14.24 10.00 - 3.5
vi. Micro Credit No. of 9031 4602 5000 248
beneficiary
Rs lakh 451.55 460.20 500.00 24.80
vii. NBCFDC Schemes No. of 20645 14758 9298 866
beneficiary
Rs lakh 2230.31 2393.26 2000.00 179.07
KSIIDC
a) Loan Nos.
Rs. crore - - - -
b) Equity Nos. - - -
Rs. crore - - - -
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 429

Disbursements
a) Loans (Rs.crore) - - - -
b) Equity “-“ 4.16 - - -
c) Recovery “-“ 22.21 26.15 32.00 7.64
Stree Shakti Programme
a) No.of Groups taken No. Cum 3811 2883 20561 1882
loans
from Bank
b) Loan amount Rs. crore 102.09 114.47 - 50.82
c) Revolving Fund Rs. Lakh - - 500 285.55
Released by Govt.
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Development Corporation Ltd. Self Employment Programme
- SC No. 11051 NR NR NR
- ST No. - - - -
PMEGP
a) Projects Projects 973 884 648 283
b) Persons trained No. - - - -
c) Total amount spent out of Rs. Lakh 1745.15 1555.41 1487.54 735.00
Budget
Vishwa Programme
a) Persons Provided with Nos 30 30 - -
Continuous Productive
Employment
b) Total amount Spent out of Rs.lakh 0.93 5.75 25.00 10.00
State budget

Navalgund), Gulbarga (Gulbarga, Jewargi, Sedam, and the welfare benefits available to them.
Aland), Mysore (H.D. Kote, Hunsur, Nanjangud, Doordarshan/Akashwani programmes has been
T.Narasipura), Tumkur (Gubbi, Kunigal, Madhugiri, conducted to create awareness about the Boards'
Pavagada, Koratagere) are selected for activities.
implementation So far 377 number of establishment have been
10.3.15 Social Security Schemes: registered and 190 number of inspections have been
a. Initiatives by the Construction Welfare Board: conducted under section 7 of the main act. The
number of construction workers registered with
District wise meetings were conducted in the office of construction welfare board are 68,492 workers. Of
the Deputy Commissioners of each district wherein which 53,249 and 15,243 males and female workers
the representatives of the development departments respectively (Table 10.82). Welfare benefits has been
like PWD, Irrigation, Z.P., City Corporations, Local distributed to 6041 workers by the board (Table
Bodies were invited. They have been appraised of the 10.84). The cumulative figure of cess collected so far
obligation to collect cess on the cost of the building is Rs. 1419.87 crores. The detailed information is
and other construction works undertaken by them and given in Table 10.84.
to collect cess from the permission seekers for
construction of building. This has facilitated a great b. Unorganised Workers Social Security Board:
deal in augmenting the cess collection. With the help Karnataka State Unorganised Workers Social
of Legal Services Authorities in various districts Security Board has been setup as per the Unorganised
meetings with construction workers are being held to Workers Social Security Act, 2008 by the Department
educate them regarding registration as beneficiary of Labour. It intends to extend social security
430 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.81: Number of persons trained for self employment 2010-11 to 2012-13 (Nos.)
Programme/Scheme Achievement Target Achievement
(upto
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Sept.2012)
1.SCs and ST s
a) Assistance to Law Graduates
137.77 106.50 252.10 48.07
(Stipend)(Rs.in Lakhs)
b) Training to Law Graduates 1154 853 1051 401
2.Entrepreneurship Development Programmes Sponsored by CEDOK
a) Persons Trained 10167 7124 - 3178
b) Programmes 184 174 - 74
3. I. Entrepreneurship Development Programme (SISI) – Plan Scheme
i. Entrepreneurship Skill development programmes (ESDPS)
a) Persons Trained 2373 2057 - 2
b) Programme conducted 106 97 94 41
ii.Entrepreneurship development programmes(EDPs)
a) Persons Trained 422 395 - 45
b) Programme conducted 18 17 29 2
iii.M anagement development programmes(M DPs)
a) Persons Trained 505 532 - 118
b) Programme conducted 22 21 21 4
iv.B usiness Skill development programmes(BSDP)
a) Persons Trained 148 129 - -
b) Programme conducted 6 4 - -
v.Industrial Motivation Campaign IM C
a) Persons Trained 6080 5889 - 792
b) Programme conducted 93 95 98 15
II.Non-Plan Scheme
1.Skilled Development Programme
a) Persons Trained 224 439 - 455
b) Programme conducted 20 27 - 20
2.CAD Training
a) Persons Trained 12 - - -
b) Programme conducted 2 - - -
3. CAM Training
a) Persons Trained 19 12 - 30
b) Programme conducted 3 3 - 2
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 431

schemes to unorganized workers. At present, a Security Board. The scheme was launched during
contributory pension scheme namely, NPS Lite March 2011 and a total number of 13,531 subscribers
Swavalamban (NPS Lite) administered by Pension are registered so far.
Fund Regulatory and Development Authority c. Karnataka State Private Commercial Vehicle
(PFRDA) is being extended to 39 category of Drivers Accident Benefit Scheme
unorganised sector workers.
During 2012-13 Karnataka State Private Vehicle
NPS Lite Swavalamban has been exclusively Drivers Accident Scheme is introduced to cover the
designed to benefit the weaker and economically commercial vehicle drivers. During the year 2012-13
disadvantaged sections of the society. This group Rs. 400.00 lakhs is allocated for this scheme. The
with their limited investment potential can now avail drivers engaged in private commercial vehicles,
NPS for securing their old age income security needs. such as Auto, Taxi, Maxicab, Lorry and Private Bus
Karnataka is the first State to have introduced this are constantly exposed to hazards of accident. In the
scheme. event of an accident, the drivers either meet with
The State Government has allocated Rs. 500.00 lakhs death or suffer permanent total or permanent partial
for the year 2012-13 to cover the unorganized sector disability. In the case of death of the driver, the
workers under NPS Lite-Swavalamban. Out of this family which is dependent on the income of the
125 lakhs has been released to implement the deceased driver is put to untold misery resulting into
scheme The said scheme is being implemented by suffering due to loss of income leading to starvation.
Karnataka State Unorganised Workers Social In case of the drivers affected by permanent total

Table 10.82: Number of Construction Workers Registered with Construction Welfare Board during
2012- 13 as on December 10th 2012.

Monthly Total no. of registered workers

Registration fee
subscription Male Female Total
Rs.25/- Rs.10/- 53,249 15,243 68,492
Source: Construction Workers Welfare Board

Table 10.83: Welfare Benefits Distributed

Sl. Total no. of Total amount
No Name of the Scheme Amount beneficiary paid Rs.lakhs
Earlier Current
1 Funeral Expenses Rs.2000/- Rs.19,000/- 507 92.78
2 Medical Assistance Rs.2000/-(max) Rs.2000/- (max ) 159 1.60
Accidental Death/
3 Permanent Disability Rs.1-00 Lakh Rs.1-00 Lakh 69 52.75
Assistance for treatment of
4 Rs.10000/- Rs.50000/- 66 21.20
Major Ailments
5 Marriage Assistance Rs.5000/- Rs.10000/- 723 64.70
6 Maternity Assistance Rs.4000/- Rs.6000/- 75 4.50
a) Rs.750/-(min) Rs.6000/- (max)
7 Educational Assistance 4,442 96.81
b) Rs.1000/-(min) Rs.10000/- (max)
Total 6,041 334.34
Source: Construction Workers Welfare Board
432 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.84: Cess Collection As on 11-12-2012. unorganised workers. For this scheme Rs. 1000.00
lakhs allocated for the year 2012-13. Under the
Cess Amount (Rs scheme, the beneficiaries will be provided Accident
Year Benefit, Assistance in case of Natural Death and
in Crores)
Educational Assistance.
2007-08 44.17
Age limit of the unorganized worker is between 18 to
2008-09 154.61 59 years. The premium will be paid by the State
Government or Nodal Agency that is Board and
2009-10 227.46 Social security fund of LIC in the ratio 50 : 50
Benefits under this scheme are mentioned below:
2010-11 325.20
 In case of natural death of the member , a sum of
2011-12 360.62 Rs.30000 will be payable to the nominee.
 In case of accident the following benefits shall be
2012-13 307.81 payable to the nominee/member.
Total 1419.87  On death due to accident Rs.75000 will be paid to
nominee.
Source: Construction Workers Welfare Board
 Permanent total disability due to accident
disability, the earnings are reduced to nil. As a result, Rs.75000 will be paid.
the life of the disabled driver and his family turns  Loss of 2 eyes or 2 limbs in an accident - Rs.
wrecked. The accident compensation through 75000.
insurance coverage was thought to be one of the  Loss of 1 eye or 1 limb in an accident - Rs.37500.
means to provide relief in such cases. A scheme in
this regard is proposed and has been launched .  Apart from death and accident benefit, Shiksha
Sahayog Yojana is also extended for the benefit
Types of accidents covered under the scheme are :-
of the children of the members.
(a) Accident resulting in death of the driver;
 Under the Shiksha Sahayog Yojana a scholarship
(b) Accident resulting in permanent total disability ; of Rs.600 per half yearly is paid to students
(c) Accident resulting in permanent partial studying in 9th to 12th standard (including ITI
disability. courses).

The coverage shall be in respect of both on duty as  Scholarship Benefit is for a maximum period of 4
well as off duty. These drivers has to register with years.
the Karnataka State Unorganised Workers' Social  The benefit is restricted to two children of the
Security Board by paying a one time registration fee family.
of Rs. 25/-. Age group of the drivers shall be
Shortly the scheme shall be launched for the benefit
between 20 to 70 years. Sum assured is up to
of Unorganised Workers.
Rs.2,00,000 /- As on 11-12-2012, totally 1,20,000
drivers have been registered. e. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima yojana:
d. Janashree BimaYojana to Unorganised Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, a Health
Workers Insurance Scheme for the Below Poverty Line
Unorganized Sector workers is implemented during
Karnataka State Unorganised Workers' Social
2009-10 in Karnataka, in 5 districts- Bangalore
Security Board will be shortly extending LIC
Rural, Dakshina Kannada, Belgaum, Mysore and
sponsored Janashree Bima Yojana to 39 categories of
Shimoga Districts. The Government of India and the
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 433

Government of Karnataka shall share the The enrollment process commenced in October, 2011
contribution of the Health Insurance premium for Bangalore Rural district followed by other
amount at the ratio 75 and 25 per cent. The scheme districts in a phased manner . By 30th June, 2012 the
will cover the BPL families of Unorganized sector Enrollment process was completed in all the 30
workers survey of Sarva Kutumba Sameekshe during Districts enrolling 17.46 lac beneficiary families. The
the year 2002-03. The details of the scheme details of the scheme implemented in the year 2011-
implemented in the year 2012-13 are given in Table 12 are given in Table 10.86.
10.85. The contribution of state government towards RSBY
In 2012-13, The Scheme has been extended to all 30 expenditure and year wise release details are given in
districts and covers about 40 lakhs unorganized Table 10.87.
sector BPL Families of various categories as under: f.ESI Scheme:
i. Rural BPL & MGNREGA Workers The E.S.I Scheme is a premier social security scheme
ii. Urban BPL Family Workers implemented in accordance with the E.S.I. ACT,
iii. Licensed vendors, porters, hawkers 1948 and rules framed there under. The scheme was
inaugurated on February 24th 1952 in the Industrial
iv. Construction workers Town of Kanpur and Delhi.
v. Beedi workers The scheme provides two types of services, namely
vi. Domestic workers/ Street vendors Medical and Non -Medical. Medical services are
rendered by E.S.I.S. (M) Services, which is under the
The Beneficiary data of Rural and Urban BPL Family
control of State Government, Labour Secretariat. The
Workers and MGNREGS was sent to GoI for
Non- Medical services are rendered through ESI
validation and the same has been used for the
Corporation, which is under the control of Central
enrollment of beneficiary families. The remaining
Government.
category of workers will be taken up for enrollment
under the scheme year 2012-13.

Table 10.85: Progress of RSBY (2012-13)

Total BPL Families

Enrolment for
Smart Cards Issued to beneficiaries the year 2012-
13 will start in
Total No.of claims made the Month of
Claimed amount settled January 2013

Table 10.86: Progress of RSBY (2011-12)

Total BPL Families –(in lakhs ) 40.76

Smart Cards Issued to beneficiaries- lakh 11.47

Total No.of claims made 3135

Claimed amount settled (Rs.in Crores) 1.52

434 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

The Scheme was first implemented to cover non corporation on full medical care from time to time.
seasonal factories using power and employee twenty The State Government initially bears the expenditure
or more persons who were drawing a salary of Rs. and then gets reimbursement from E.S.I Corporation.
400/pm or less. This Limit as been raised to Rs. The State Government releasing the budget under the
15,000/pm with effect from 1/5/2010. Further the Act Head of account 2210-01-102-0-01(Plan) the details
as been amended to cover other sectors of of 11th five year plan expenditure, plan expenditure
employment with ten or more persons working using of 2012-13 (Oct.2012) and number of Insured
p o w e r / w i t h o u t p o w e r. s h o p s c o m m e r c i a l Persons in the State are given in the Tables 10.89 and
establishments, Hotel preview theaters, News papers 10.90.
and transport establishment are also covered under
the scheme. The Government of Karnataka have (g) Social Security and Pension:
issued notification to cover the employees of The Directorate of Social Security and Pension,
educational institutions (including private, aided or Revenue Department of the Government is providing
partially aided) and medical institutions. ESI social security benefits to the old, widows and
Scheme in Karnataka Region at a Glance is given in physically challenged. Under old age pension scheme
Table 10.88. any person aged above 60 years and below 65 years
In Karnataka full medical care has been extended to and belonging to BPL household is eligible to avail
about 20.00 lakhs Insured Persons and about 100.00 the pension of Rs. 200 per month and aged above 65
lakhs of their families through a network of 9 E.S.I. years and belonging to BPL household is eligible to
Hospital (Including ESI Hospital, Rajajinagar) 106 avail the pension of Rs. 500 per month. Widows aged
full time E.S.I. Dispensaries, 4 I.M.P systems between 18 to 65 years belonging to BPL households
dispensaries and 1 Diagnostic Centre. are eligible to avail pension under Destitute Widow
pension scheme of Rs. 400 per month. Under State's
The State Government enter into an agreement with non-Plan a pension amount of Rs. 400 per month is
E.S.I corporation to provide full medical care to given as pension for Disabled person having
insured persons and their families for which E.S.I disability above 40% and below 75% and Rs.1000
corporation reimburses 87.50% share of the total per month for those having disability above 75%.
expenditure and State Government Bears 12.50% Sandhya Suraksha Yojane is the programme initiated
share subject to ceiling prescribed by the E.S.I

Table 10.87: Contribution of State Government towards RSBY Expenditure

(Rs.in lakhs)
Sl. Budget Budget Amount Balance for the Balance up
Year
No. Allocated released spent Year to the Year
1 2008-09 0.00 10.00 0.65 9.35 9.35
2 2009-10 551.00 551.00 14.25 536.74 546.09
3 2010-11 1500.00 750.00 179.84 570.15 1116.24
4 2011-12 4800.00 1100.00 556.47 543.52 1659.76
5 2012-13 700.00 0.00 752.00 0.00 907.76
TOTAL 7551.00 2411.00 1503.21 1659.76 907.76
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 435

by the government in 2007 to provide social security which accounts for 52 per cent of all formally trained
benefits to small and marginal farmers, agricultural youth and 44 per cent of all informal trained youth.
labourers, weavers, fisher men and other labourers The primary reason attributed to this high share is the
from unorganized sector excluding construction fact that these districts are industrially very advanced
workers. Under this programme workers in the age and have large education and training infrastructure.
group of 65 years and above having income In view of the above, the State Government of
Rs.20,000 per annum are eligible and they are paid Karnataka has taken up the Skill Development as a
Rs. 500 per month. The pension amount raised to major development policy since 2008-09. The State
Rs.500 in case of OAP & SSY with effect from Government has also initiated many new initiatives
01.04.2012. The information about number of in achieving the targeted goals and objectives of
beneficiaries and expenditure details of these ensuring adequate availability of qualitative skilled
programmes are given in the Table 10.91. man power with social and regional justice. Some of
10.3.16 Skill Development: them are discussed below:-
The distribution of youth across skill levels in various Karnataka has established its own State Skill
NSS regions of Karnataka is given in Figure 10.21, Commission with representatives from the trade &
which suggests that across 5 regions in Karnataka, the industry. Secretaries of relevant departments &
pattern of skill acquisition varies significantly. It is experts in the field are on the Commission as the
quite evident from the figures that a very high share of members. The Commission is fully functional and
both formal and informal trained youth in Karnataka has already deliberated six times and drawn several
is concentrated in the seven Inland Southern districts, useful ideas and guidelines.

Table 10.88 : ESI Scheme in Karnataka Region at a Glance

1. Number of implemented centers/sub centers 158/756

2 No. of District covered 26

3 Approved No. of employees as on 31.03.2011 (lakhs) 14.75

4 Approved No. of Insured Persons as on 31.03.2011 lakhs 14.80

5 Employers registered under Sec.2(12) as on 30.06.2011 21162

6 Employers registered under sec.1 (5) as on 30.06.2011 15811

7 Pechan card as on 30-06-2012 1105725

8 No. of ESI Hospitals 9

9 Total No. of beds commissioned 1275

10 No. of ESI Dispensaries 106

11 No. of IMOs sanctioned/in position [in ESIS (M) services] 580/436

No. of Asst. Dental Surgeons sanctioned/in position [in ESIS (M)

12 8/3
services]

13 No. of Tie-up Hospitals 82

436 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

The State has adopted its own Skill Development Department and NIIT has established E-learning
policy on the lines of National Skill Policy. Ensuring lab in 50 post metric hostels covering 16752
adequate availability of Skilled man power, equitable students
access to all, matching supply of & demand for Skill,  Central Placement Cell: To bridge the demand &
meeting the challenges of emerging technologies, supply in the job market web based technology is
promoting a strong and symbiotic Public Private being utilized for job matching & mapping. 7938
Partnership are major objectives of the policy. Candidates selected for employment.
A State level Corporation is established on 12th Sep Particulars of Central Placement Cell.
2008 as a special purpose vehicle to implement the Career Guidance Centers in 577 Schools of 114
recommendations of the Skill Commission and State Backward talukas through “Margadarshi
Government in achieving the objectives of the Skill Project”
Development Policy. The Corporation is given a
 KVTSDC has launched India's first Public-
target of imparting Skills and getting employment for
Private employment center in Bangalore in PPP
10 lakh persons during the next 5 years.
mode along with Team Lease services Pvt.ltd. as
The Corporation has taken measures like establishing K a r n a t a k a E m p l o y m e n t C e n t e r. 7 2 7 6
Helpline, organizing Skill N Job Fairs, Skill Training Candidates selected for employment.
programmes under MES in convergence with other  Koushalyasiri centers: Skill Training
line departments and technical institutes, establishing Programmes in most backward talukas
HRD centers in Employment exchanges, studies in identified by the high power Committee to study
Skill Mapping among other such activities. regional imbalances under the Chairmanship of
Helpline is established at KVTSDC office which Dr.D M Nanjundappa. 13 districts coved and
helps the youth to register with all the relevant 14620 candidates trained under the Special
particulars. The data available are shared with Development Programme.
employers and other agencies for training as well as  Skill training for minority: Skill Development
for the purpose of employment. So KVTSDC Training programs is provided for 12260
helpline number is 080 23441212/1717 and candidates belonging to Minority Communities
K V T S D C We b P o r t a l i s e s t a b l i s h e d in association with Minority Development
www.koushalyasiri.in Corporation
Skill N Job Fairs  To enhance the quality of Vocational Training
With a view to enhance the Employability of MoU has been signed with Quality Council of
unemployed/un-trained professionals through proper India (QCI) to accredit ate vocational training
Skill Training and providing Job opportunities providers.
through creating common platform for Employers &  Udyogasiri : To provide job matching effectively
Job Seekers, Skill N Job Fairs are organized in a MoU is being signed with IBM India by
larger scale at State level and also such mini fairs at developing Voice portal through the use of
district level since Oct 2008. Registration, mobile phones by the name “Udyogasiri” This
Assessment, Training & Placement of applicants are mobile based voice portal facilitates Job
under taken at these Skill N Job fairs. Also other Providers (the employers) to connect to the job
institutions are also effectively used in creating Jobs seekers of their desired skills just by using their
and trained skilled manpower. mobile / land line phones. It will enhance
employment opportunities for job seekers
New Initiatives in the area of skill Development
located in rural areas/taluks/ townships, which
 E-Learning Lab: A new dimension is being added are not easily accessible by the employers.In this
to Skill training through E-learning lab. regard, 65 Employers were registered and 906
KVTSDC in association with Social Welfare. vacancy were available.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 437

Table 10.89: Expenditure Details of ESI by the State Government

Sl. Allocation under plan

Year Expenditure Achievement (%)
No scheme
1 2007-08 1673.14 1262.01 75.42

2 2008-09 1821.32 1709.04 93.83

3 2009-10 1941.62 1762.70 90.78

4 2010-11 1760.00 1665.26 94.61

5000.00
5 2011-12 surrender-3000.00 1552.51 77.62
2000.00
2012-13
6 5200.00 3181.27 61.17
(Oct.2012)

Table 10.90: Number of Insured Persons in 35837 Completed the training from 2010 to
Karnataka 2012 November.
 KVTSDC as launch India's first public Private
Sl. Insured Persons in Retail training Centre at Govt. ITI Peenya
No Year Lakhs
Bangalore in PPP mode along with Bharathi
1 2007-2008 9.86 Wall-mart Pvt. Ltd., and provided training for
619 candidates.
2 2008-2009 14.09
 Special Skill Training for Disabled: BPO
3 2009-2010 15.55 Tr a i n i n g p r o v i d e d t o 8 8 7 d i s a b l e d
Candidates.Sri. Rama Dorai, Advisor to Hon'ble
4 2010-2011 15.55 PM fro National Skill Development during his
5 2011-2012 16.00
visit to Bangalore on 20.12.2011 to review the
progress of skill development in Karnataka
6 2012-2013 20.00 appreciated the initiative & progress.
To summarize KVTSDC has brought Skill
 KVTSDC has launched India's first Public- Development at the Center stage of Development and
Private Retail Training Center at Govt.ITI is striving hard to ensure adequate qualitative skilled
Peenya Bangalore in PPP mode along with manpower with Social and Regional justice.
Bharati Wall Mart Pvt.ltd. KVTSDC is the hub of skill training and employment
extending Comprehensive & integrated end to end
 Cisco web based training: Web based Skill
solution to job seekers & job providers.
Development Training program organizing in
association with CISCO. HRDC's Information
 Sabala program: In association with Women & To avail the emerging job opportunities and to skilled
Child Welfare Department, the skill manpower in the state, the Govt. of Karnataka has
development training programe for adolescent decided to convert present District Employment
Kishories in the age group of 16-18 yrs in 5 Exchanges in to Human Resource Development
Districts Training started for 4390 candidates. Centers (HRDC's). The objectives would be to
 ELIP Program: Soft skill and Life Skills Training provide employability solutions to all Job Seekers,
to 158 Govt. ITI's, with 12 Training Partners and fresh graduates, school dropouts, ITI passed etc, to
438 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.91: Progress of Social Security Schemes

Financial assistance to Pension to destitute Sandhya Suraksha
Old age pension
physically handicapped widows Yojane
Year Exp. Exp. Exp.
Beneficiaries Exp. Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Beneficiaries
(Rs. (Rs. (Rs.
(000's) (Rs. lakhs) (000's) (000's) (000's)
lakhs) lakhs) lakhs)
1991-92 3617 552 1490 266 2300 469
1992-93 3637 509 1212 276 2631 482
1993-94 3530 503 1531 280 2336 485
1994-95 3503 496 1913 289 2237 495
1995-96 3979 496 2614 300 4181 508
1996-97 3753 492 2421 304 4040 523
1997-98 3635 493 2431 311 4190 528
1998-99 4946 491 3486 318 5876 546
1999-2000 4666 487 3687 319 6085 545
2000-2001 4830 420 3938 301 6448 531
2001-2002 5154 436 4049 314 6856 567
2002-2003 5657 437 4716 318 6747 578
2003-2004 5517 458 5481 345 7688 604
2004-2005 6070 469 5790 352 8365 613
2005-2006 6570 495 6619 373 8237 634
2006-2007 12777 550 9817 407 16504 690
2007-2008 27841 686 22491 464 32874 771 87689 262
2008-2009 26253 791 17802 530 38674 865 119848 539
2009-2010 41758 818 35261 636 45408 1023 166936 1018
2010-2011 36936 783 42133 686 52826 1125 197213 1405
2011-2012
40123 572 51434 553 59747 936 73040 1130
(Dec 2012)
Source: Directorate of Treasuries.

Figure 10.21: Percentage distribution of Youth with Skill in the Age-group of 15-29 across regions in
Karnataka
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 439

improve their Skill by optimally utilizing available attendant implication of the overwhelmingly larger
infrastructure: assess and certify the skills of the job sections of the unorganized / information sector
seekers and make them more industry relevant. This labour being deprived of protection from laws in
new approach and make them more industry relevant. many spheres (Table 10.94)
This new approach enables to handle the challenges Labour is a concurrent subject in the Constitution of
of emerging world more effectively. Thus, Human India, on which both the Centre and the States can
Resource Development Centers would build capacity legislate in their respective spheres. Labour
for services like assessment, counseling, training and regulations can be broadly grouped into four broad
placement. During 2012-13 the following area based on the aspects of employment covered by
District Employment Exchanges are proposed to them: conditions of work, wages and remuneration,
convert into HRD Centers. The details of HRD employment security and industrial relations and
centres are given in 10.93 social security and welfare of workers. This section
10.3.17 Labour Laws in Karnataka: looks specifically at the applicability and coverage of
A major issue in the area of labour reforms is how to the following 10 important labour regulations in the
ensure minimum conditions of decent work and industry.
livelihood in the unorganized or informal sector of 1. On Conditions of Work
the economy. The limited applicability of important a) Factories Act, 1948
laws and the application of number filters have led to
b) The Contract Labour (Regulation &
the emergency of a dual labour market with the
Abolition|) Act, 1970

10.92 Job Fair Details of Karnataka Vocational Training & Skill Development Corporation -2008-
2012(November)

SKILL N JOB FAIR : 29

SECTOR SPECIFIC JOB FAIR : 03
SKILL N JOB FAIR FOR PHISICALLY CHALLENGED : 02
SPECIAL JOB FAIR FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS : 01
MINI JOB FAIRS : 186
TOTAL EMPLOYERS PARTICIPATED : 4827
TOTAL JOB SEEKERS PARTICIPATED : 4,96,831
TOTAL PALCEMENT DONE : 1,08,458

Particulars Performance

Total Candidate Registered 90564

No of Employers Registered 147

Joined (Placed) 7938

440 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

c) Shops and Commercial Establishments Act factories and 3500 registered boilers. There are about
(State Act,) 1961 13.5 lakh workmen working in registered factories.
2. On Wages and Remuneration The State has nearly 1072 hazardous industries, out
of which 77 are classified as Major Accident Hazard
a) The Minimum Wages Act, 1948
Units. The main aim and objective of the department
b) Payment of Wages Act, 1936 is to secure Safety, Health and Welfare facilities to the
3. On Social Security working class. It is basically a regulatory in nature but
over the years it has changed itself as service provider
a) Employees' Provident Fund Act, 1952
to meet the present day demand of the industrial
b) Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923 captains in the changed industrial scenario. While
c) Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 doing so it has not compromised keeping the aim and
4. On Employment Security and Industrial objective of the legislations enforced by the
Relations department. The department does not have any
developmental schemes under the Government of
a) The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
India or State's sponsored programmes having
b) Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) physical targets.
Act, 1946
The Department also protects the rights and
The statistics regarding the progress of Labour laws responsibility of Women workers employed in the
enacted in Karnataka State is provided in Tables registered factories and to ensure safety at workplace
10.94 and 10.95. The Table illustrates the remarkable and to provide social security and prevent
achievements in the matter of enforcement of various exploitations of women workers engaged in the
Acts in terms of prosecution and imposition of fine by organized sectors. The Cell is formed with an
the Department. Table 10.94 : Progress of Various objective to prevent the atrocities on women workers,
Labour laws enacted in Karnataka to alleviate the ignorance, the benefits available
10.3.18 Industrial Relations: under various provision of law, to motivate them to
understand their rights and to make them self
a. Strikes and Lockouts:
dependent and self reliable so as to improve their
The number of strikes and lockouts indicate the level quality of life. In Karnataka there are about eleven
of industrial peace in a State. Karnataka is by and thousand registered factories and about 13 lack
large, a peaceful State as far as industrial environment workers employed in these factories. Out of which
is concerned. The number of strikes, lockouts and 3.9 lakh are women workers employed mostly in
layoffs and the consequent man days are shown in readymade garments, agarabatti, electronic goods,
Table 10.96 There were two strikes incident in the jarda, cashew processing, coir, coffee. To achieve the
current year. The number of workers involved and objectives of the cell the department is organizing
man days lost due to strikes and layoffs were so far various Training programmes under the supervision
less in the current year compared to the previous two of senior officers to bring about awareness in the
years. respect of their rights (Table 10.98).
b. Absenteeism: In the first 12th months of 2012-13 The department has brought out a small booklet in a
(up to August 2012), the proportion of absenteeism of form of a compendium containing various schemes
industrial workers was 11.69 percent which was available, benefits, the department details, the contact
14.42 percent in the previous year. Absenteeism of address etc., so that the workman are benefitted and
plantation labour was 2.88 percent. Details are given will be able to contact the right department in the
in Table 10.97. hours of need and are being issued.
c. Occupational Safety Outlook and Perspectives:
The State of Karnataka has 13, 765 registered For growth to be inclusive it must create adequate
 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 441

livelihood opportunities and add to decent we can assume that much larger numbers of educated
employment commensurate with the expectations of youth will be joining the labour force in increasing
a growing labour force. One of the most remarkable numbers during the Twelfth Plan and in the years
things brought out by the 66th round NSSO survey on beyond. The clear implication of this is that the pace
Employment (2009 10) is that the number of young of job/livelihood creation must be greatly
people in education, and therefore out of the accelerated. The shakeout of labour from the
workforce, has increased dramatically causing a drop un organised manufacturing sector needs to be
in the labour participation rate. The total number of examined in detail and appropriate steps taken so that
young working age (15 24) people who continued the obvious potential of the MSME sector as a source
in educational institutions has been doubled. The of jobs/livelihoods is realized fully.
state should harness this 'demographic dividend' as a The 66th round NSSO Survey of Employment also
sizeable proportion of the working age population shows that the vast majority of new jobs created
especially
‐ ‐ those in the age-group of 15-24 will enter between 2004 05 and 2009 10 were in casual
the workforce in the future, thereby bolstering growth employment, mainly in construction. While such jobs
of state's economy and speeding up income are often more attractive for rural labour than casual
convergence process. As this demographic window work in agriculture, there is a potential for an
will not last long and has already shown the sign of accelerated pace of creation of more durable rural
tapering off, the best way to take full advantage of this non farm jobs/livelihood opportunities. Such job
is by bridging the education and skill gap both opportunities could come from faster expansion in
quantitatively and qualitatively. agro processing, supply chains and the increased
The survey also shows that between 2004-05 and demand for technical personnel for inputs into
2009 10, the overall labour force expanded. This various aspects of farming that is undergoing steady
was considerably lower than comparable periods modernization, and also the maintenance of
earlier, and can be attributed to the much larger equipment and other elements of rural infrastructure.
retention of youth in education, and also because of The service sector too has to continue to be a place for
lower labour force participation among creation of decent jobs/livelihood opportunities, in
working age women. The lower growth in the both rural and urban areas.
labour force is not expected to continue in future and

Table : 10.93 Running HRD Centers Details in Karnataka

District Mangalore Bijapur Kolar Chamar ajn agar H ubli Mand ya Bellar y Total

Establishe d
28.10.2009 15.11.2011 02.07.2011 29.11.2011 01.08.2011 01.10.2011 01.03.2012
On

Candidates
25716 8787 8489 3672 9174 1749 3218 60805
Re gister ed

Employers
510 457 139 116 144 76 74 1516
Re gister ed

Assessed 10978 3254 2328 309 - 138 123 17130

Traine d 958 610 194 249 276 109 236 2632

Place d 5114 3097 1918 1015 1225 615 666 13650

Table 10.94 : Progress of Various Labour laws enacted in Karnataka

442
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 443
444 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.95: Progress under Industrial Disputes Act

2010 2011 2012

Particulars
(Jan. to Dec. 2010) (Jan. to Dec. 2011) (Jan. to Aug. 12)
No. of Pending Cases at the
586 308 462
beginning of the year
No.of Cases received 597 446 1097

Total no.of Cases 1183 754 1559

No.of cases settled 215 34 312

No.of cases failed 514 236 386

No.of cases withdrawn 146 22 61

Total No.of cases disposed 875 292 759

No.of Pending Cases at the end of
308 462 800
the year

Table: 10.96: Industrial Relations in Karnataka

2010 2011 (Jan. to Dec. 2012

Details
(Jan. to Dec. 2010) 2011) (Jan.to Aug. 12

I Strikes
a) Strikes 4 6 2
b) Workers involved 1198 1459 253
c) Man days lost 73029 74718 44978
II Lockouts
a) Lockouts 4 3 0
b) Workers involved 407 282 0
c) Man days lost 20824 17073 0
III Layoffs
a) Layoffs 2 2 0
b) Workers involved 73 85 0
c) Man days lost 1690 1870 0

Source: Department of Labour, Bangalore

Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 445

Table 10.97: Labour Absenteeism in Karnataka 2010, 2011 and 2012 (up to August 2012)

2010 2011 (Jan. to 2012

Details Unit
(Jan. to Dec. 2010) Dec. 2011) (Jan.to Aug. 12
Industrial Workers:

Mandays Scheduled to work 000s 160860 618505 136391

Mandays Absent 000s 14743 89195 15948

Percentage of absenteeism Percent 9.16 14.42 11.69

Plantation Labour

Mandays Scheduled to work 000s 7485 126651 110185

Mandays Absent 000s 1625 23454 3184

Percentage of absenteeism Percent 21.71 18.51 2.88

Source: Department of Labour

Table 10.98: Number of Training programmes for Women by Department of Factories and Boilers

No. of training Programmes

No. of women workers
Year
Target Achievement benefitted

2007-08 09 09 977

2008-09 120 120 6328

2009-10 120 125 7779

2010-11 120 135 7062

2011-12 118 69 3067

2012-13 (up to August 2012) 12 14
957
446 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

10.4: Human and Gender Development which addresses the issue of perfect substitutability
that was a problematic assumption of the arithmetic
The central objective of any planning and policy is to mean formula. The 2010 Human Development
advance human development. The creation of Human Report also introduced major measurement
Development Index (HDI) is a tacit acceptance that innovations beyond the HDI, designed in particular to
the development should be viewed broadly than address the key dimensions of inequality and
through a single indicator like per-capita income. deprivation i.e., Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).
Human development represents the process of M.H. Suryanarayana, Ankush Agrawal and K.
expanding people's choices to live long, healthy, and Seetha Prabhu in a UNDP discussion paper (2011)
creative lives. It is argued that the long-term patterns provide HDI and IHDI estimates for Indian States
of economic growth do not necessarily correlate with following the new methodology (Table 10.100).
progress in human development. Therefore,
development needs has to be seen broadly as In overall human development, Karnataka stands at
enlarging people's choices and reinforcing human 11th position among 19 major states in the Country.
capabilities and fostering access to meaningful Among the southern States, Karnataka is marginally
opportunities for exercising choice. The human better than Andhra Pradesh. However, Karnataka is
development definition of poverty is much broader way behind Kerala (rank 1) and Tamilnadu (rank 5)
than the conventional definition measuring poverty with respect to all the indicators. Karnataka
using only a single indicator. experiences an aggregate loss of 30% in human
development due to inequality. The State's
The Human Development Index (HDI) or the Human achievement in terms of the indices with or without
Poverty Index (HPI) rely on a composite index of the inequality adjustment is better with respect to health
different dimensions of human life, with a focus on dimension than the HDI as a whole (Table 10.101).
quantifiable elements such as longevity, knowledge, The loss due to inequality is highest in the education
and a decent living standard. The recently developed sector (43%) followed by health sector (30%) and
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) also income dimension (16%).
identifies deprivations across health, education and
living standards, and shows the number of people 10.4.1.1 Income Dimension
who are multi-dimensionally poor.
To calculate the income index and inequality-
10.4.1 Human Development in Karnataka adjusted income index, Net district domestic product
(2008-09) and, NSS per capita consumer expenditure
The 2010 Human Development Report undertook a (2009-10) is used for the size distribution of income.
comprehensive review of the criticisms it received Income, which is an indication of the level of living,
since its inception in 1990 and introduced several shows a wide variation across districts.
major changes to the methodological issues in Consumption inequality for Karnataka as a whole,
estimating human development index (HDI). measured through Gini co-efficient, is 0.35.
Although the input variables representing health and Consumption inequality was highest in Raichur and
income remained the same, the education indicator Mysore districts. Seven districts fared better than the
underwent a major change. Mean years of schooling State income as a whole (Table 10.102). The average
index and expected years of schooling index with loss in income index due to inequality is highest in
equal weight replaced adult literacy rate index and Raichur (16.4%) followed by Gulbarga (16.1%).
combined gross enrolment ratio index. Treatment of Bagalkot (4.6%) and Chitradurga (4.1%) districts
income is by a natural logarithmic transformation witnessed lowest loss due to inequality.
without a cap. With respect to fixing the bounds, only
the lower bounds are set equal to subsistence minima, 10.4.1.2 Educational Dimension
whereas the upper values are set to observed over the
time series between 1980 and the most recent year. Literacy rate in Karnataka, according to 2011 census,
The most radical innovation with respect to the is 75.60% with 83% males and 68% females being
aggregation formula was the shift to geometric mean, literates clearly indicating the gender differences.
Although literacy rates lag behind that of Kerala and
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 447

Table 10.99: State wise Human Development Index

Per Life
Mean Years School Life
Capita Expectancy
of Schooling Expectancy Loss Rank
States Income at Birth HDI IHDI
(years) (years) (%) HDI
(PPP (years)
(2004-05) (2007-08)
2008$) (2002-06)

Andhra Pradesh 3399 64 3.06 9.66 0.485 0.332 31.6 11

Assam 2883 59 3.96 9.54 0.474 0.341 28.2 12
Bihar 2162 62 2.97 9.58 0.447 0.303 32.1 18
Chhattisgarh 2497 60 3.39 9.31 0.449 0.291 35.1 17
Gujarat 3783 64 4.54 8.79 0.514 0.363 29.5 8
Haryana 4575 66 4.74 9.68 0.545 0.375 31.2 5
Himachal Pradesh 4168 67 4.88 11.05 0.558 0.403 27.8 3
Jharkhand 2516 63 3.32 9.68 0.464 0.308 33.7 15
Karnataka 3270 65 3.95 9.75 0.508 0.353 30.4 10
Kerala 5263 74 6.19 11.33 0.625 0.520 16.8 1
Madhya Pradesh 2674 58 3.47 8.95 0.451 0.290 35.7 16
Maharashtra 3913 67 5.12 9.86 0.549 0.397 27.8 4
Orissa 2186 60 3.34 8.74 0.442 0.296 33.1 19
Punjab 4885 69 5.12 9.80 0.569 0.410 28.0 2
Rajasthan 3289 62 2.96 9.19 0.468 0.308 34.0 14
Tamil Nadu 3835 66 4.79 10.57 0.544 0.396 27.3 6
Uttar Pradesh 2911 60 3.56 9.19 0.468 0.307 34.5 13
Uttarakhand 3536 64 4.97 10.23 0.515 0.345 33.0 7
West Bengal 3414 65 4.36 8.87 0.509 0.360 29.3 9
India 3337 64 4.10 9.62 0.504 0.343 32.0
Source: M.H. Suryanarayana, Ankush Agrawal and K. Seetha Prabhu (2011), UNDP working paper.

Tamilnadu, it is marginally better than Andhra The average number of years that children today
Pradesh and is on par with all-India figures. The could be expected to attain in school, measured as
Education Development Index (EDI), computed by school expectancy, is 9.3 years for rural Karnataka
National University of Educational Planning and and 10.4 years for urban Karnataka. However, there
Administration (NUEPA) based on District is a marginal gender difference in school expectancy
Information System for Education under Sarva for the State as a whole. At the regional level, it is
Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), indicated that Karnataka noticed that the school expectancy is higher for
ranked 16th which is a decline by 4 ranks from that of females than for males in Coastal & ghats and Inland
the previous year. Chickmagalur and Kodagu fared southern (Table 10.104).
better in EDI index. Koppal and Bellary were lowest
in terms of EDI index (Table 10.103)Note: 10.4.1.3 Health Dimension
Note:Education development Index (EDI) is based Karnataka's maternal mortality rates (MMR) for
on four components, Infrastructure, access, teacher 2007-09, based on Sample Registration System
and outcome. (SRS), is 178 per 100000 live births. Although
448 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.100: Estimates of Sub-indices by Dimension; With and Without Adjustment for Inequality for
Karnataka State

Index
Index
Value
Value Loss
Dimension adjusting Ratio
without (%)
for
adjustment
inequality
Income 0.461 0.387 0.839 16.17
Education 0.396 0.226 0.571 42.85
Health 0.717 0.503 0.702 29.76
Overall 0.508 0.353 0.695 30.44
Source: Suryanarayana et al (2011)

Karnataka has made good progress in decline in Comparability of the Estimates with that of Second
MMR from 213 in 2004-06 to 178 in 2007-09 (a fall Human Development Report, 2005:
of about 16%), its figures are above other southern
States i.e., Kerala (84), Tamilnadu (97) and Andhra The magnitude of HDI so obtained cannot be
Pradesh (134). However, it has to go a long way to compared with that of the estimates of second Human
achieve the MDG target of 109 by 2015. Development Report (SHDR) for the following
reasons.
Infant Mortality Rates for 2007-09 for Karnataka is
41. The decline is by 9% between 2004-06 and 2007- 1. Variables used in the computations are
09. Even with respect to IMR, to achieve the MDG different: In SHDR, Life expectancy at birth is used
target of 28 by 2015, Karnataka has to go a long way. to represent Health dimension, Literacy rate and
However, Bangalore urban, Dakshina Kannada and combined gross enrolment ratio with 2/3rd and 1/3rd
Udupi districts have already achieved the goal. Also, weight was used to represent knowledge and per
Bangalore rural, Chikmagalur, Kodagu and Mandya capita district income was converted to its equivalent
districts are close to achieving the MDG goal (Table PPP$. In the current estimate due to the non
10.105). In terms of the health index, Bangalore availability of life expectancy at birth, Infant
urban and Udupi figured in the top two positions. mortality rate is used to represent health. With regard
Raichur and Koppal occupy the last two positions. to knowledge dimension literacy rate and education
development index, which is a better estimates than
10.4.2 Human Development Index Estimates the gross enrolment ratio due to the coverage many
variables, is used to compute education index with
Based on the above three indices, overall Human the same weights. No special effort was made to
Development Index (HDI) was estimated as a convert the per capita district income to its PPP$
geometric mean of the three (Table10.106). The HDI equivalent as it does not alter the position.
is highest for Bangalore urban followed by Dakshina
Kannada and lowest for Raichur and Koppal. 2. Bounds are different: SHDR followed the
Districts which have slipped in terms of rankings are UNDP bounds, to arrive at the indices. Here, except
Uttara Kannada, Belgaum, Bidar, Gadag and Koppal. for literacy rate where the minimum was fixed at 0%
Most of the districts in Northern Karnataka have and maximum at 100%, in rest all the variables
declined in their rankings compared to the second fixation of the minimum and maximum were with in
Human Development Report. Southern districts have the data set, which to a greater extent follows the
gained higher positions. Districts which have made suggestion of UNDP 2010.
good progress are Mysore, Mandya, Chamarajnagar,
Tumkur, Kolar and Chikmagalur (Table 10.106). 3. Aggregation formula: SHDR used
arithmetic mean to aggregate the three indices and
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 449

Table 10.101: Income Index and Consumption inequality

Per capita
Income
district Consumption
Income index Loss
Districts domestic Inequality
index adjusted for (%)
product 2009-10
Inequality
2008-09
Bagalkote 33043 0.2687 0.1635 0.2562 4.63
Bangalore Urban 129620 1.0000 0.3029 0.8588 14.12
Bangalore Rural 50341 0.4939 0.2088 0.4584 7.19
Belgaum 32045 0.2522 0.2046 0.2330 7.63
Bellary 53289 0.5244 0.1892 0.4938 5.84
Bidar 23979 0.0971 0.2560 0.0873 10.10
Bijapur 29777 0.2130 0.1813 0.2015 5.41
Chamarajanagar 26617 0.1529 0.2379 0.1396 8.72
Chikmagalur 38474 0.3501 0.1903 0.3303 5.64
Chitradurga 30731 0.2298 0.1592 0.2204 4.11
Dakshina Kannada 61867 0.6042 0.3154 0.5115 15.35
Davangere 34295 0.2886 0.2385 0.2621 9.17
Dharwad 48738 0.4766 0.2860 0.4180 12.29
Gadag 31675 0.2460 0.2436 0.2238 9.04
Gulbarga 27533 0.1710 0.3216 0.1435 16.09
Hassan 30412 0.2243 0.1862 0.2113 5.79
Haveri 26918 0.1590 0.2195 0.1449 8.81
Kodagu 66309 0.6413 0.2331 0.5842 8.91
Kolar 32961 0.2673 0.2084 0.2494 6.70
Koppal 28281 0.1854 0.1851 0.1750 5.59
Mandya 27846 0.1771 0.2141 0.1645 7.13
Mysore 38118 0.3451 0.3324 0.2901 15.94
Raichur 27512 0.1706 0.3343 0.1426 16.43
Shimoga 41189 0.3866 0.2193 0.3576 7.50
Tumkur 31188 0.2377 0.2426 0.2161 9.10
Udupi 54691 0.5383 0.2642 0.4783 11.15
Uttara Kannada 35173 0.3021 0.2207 0.2783 7.88
Karnataka 47604 0.4640 0.3502 0.3811 17.86

Source: DES and NSS 66th round

450 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.102: Education Development Index and Literacy Rates

Literacy rate (%)

Sl.
Districts Persons Males Females
No.
2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011
1 Bagalkote 57.30 69.39 70.88 80.16 43.56 58.55
2 Bangalore 82.96 88.48 87.92 91.82 77.48 84.80
3 Bangalore(R) 69.59 78.29 78.99 85.44 59.67 70.73
4 Ramanagara 60.71 69.20 69.88 76.92 51.22 61.30
5 Belgaum 64.21 73.94 75.70 82.90 52.32 64.74
6 Bellary 57.40 67.85 69.20 77.24 45.28 58.28
7 Bidar 60.94 71.01 72.46 79.94 48.81 61.66
8 Bijapur 57.01 67.20 69.94 77.41 43.47 56.54
9 Chamarajnagar 50.87 61.12 59.03 67.88 42.48 54.32
10 Chikmagalur 72.20 79.24 80.29 85.66 64.01 72.88
11 Chitradurga 64.45 73.82 74.66 81.37 53.78 66.05
12 Dakshina Kannada 83.35 88.62 89.70 93.31 77.21 84.04
13 Davanagere 67.43 76.30 76.37 83.02 58.04 69.39
14 Dharwad 71.61 80.30 80.82 86.83 61.92 73.57
15 Gadag 66.11 75.18 79.32 84.89 52.52 65.29
16 Gulbarga 54.34 65.65 66.18 75.11 42.06 55.87
17 Hassan 68.63 75.89 78.37 83.55 59.00 68.30
18 Haveri 67.79 77.60 77.61 84.22 57.37 70.65
19 Kodagu 77.99 82.52 83.70 87.24 72.26 77.91
20 Kolar 65.84 74.33 75.99 81.94 55.46 66.56
21 Chikkaballapur 59.24 70.08 69.80 78.36 48.33 61.55
22 Koppal 54.10 67.28 68.42 78.21 39.61 56.22
23 Mandya 61.05 70.14 70.50 78.14 51.53 62.10
24 Mysore 53.48 72.56 70.88 78.44 55.81 66.59
25 Raichur 48.81 60.46 61.52 71.35 35.93 49.56
26 Shimoga 74.52 80.50 82.01 86.11 66.88 74.89
27 Tumkur 67.01 74.32 76.78 82.05 56.94 66.45
28 Udupi 81.25 86.29 88.23 91.69 75.19 81.41
29 Uttara Kannada 76.60 84.03 84.53 89.72 68.47 78.21
Karnataka 66.64 75.60 76.10 82.85 56.87 68.13
India 64.84 74.04 75.26 82.14 53.67 65.46

Source: Census of India 2011

Note: Education development Index (EDI) is based on four components, Infrastructure, access, teacher and outcome.
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 451

Table 10.103: School life expectancy (in years) in Karnataka

Male Female All

Coastal & Ghats 10.1 10.7 10.4
Inland Eastern 10.6 10.4 10.5
Inland Southern 10.2 10.3 10.3
Inland Northern 9.4 8.8 9.1
All 9.9 9.6 9.8
Source: Prof. M.H. Suryanarayana et al (2011)
Table 10.104: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Health Index
Districts IMR 2008 Health index
Bagalkote 50 0.3167
Bangalore Urban 26 0.9523
Bangalore Rural 30 0.8327
Belgaum 35 0.7077
Bellary 51 0.3005
Bidar 41 0.5653
Bijapur 43 0.4941
Chamarajanagar 35 0.7145
Chickmagalur 31 0.8193
Chitradurga 41 0.5451
Dakshina Kannada 25 0.9806
Davangere 41 0.5613
Dharwad 40 0.5828
Gadag 40 0.5789
Gulbarga 49 0.3301
Hassan 33 0.7696
Haveri 41 0.5505
Kodagu 32 0.7884
Kolar 42 0.5277
Koppal 61 0.0237
Mandya 29 0.8583
Mysore 33 0.7602
Raichur 52 0.2508
Shimoga 37 0.6473
Tumkur 36 0.6728
Udupi 26 0.9577
Uttara Kannada 32 0.8018
Karnataka 41 0.5653
Source: Indirectly Estimated
452 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

Table 10.105: Human Development Index

Rank HDI as
Income Education Health Rank
Districts HDI per 2005
index Index index HDI
Report
Bagalkote 0.269 0.563 0.317 0.363 23 22
Bangalore Urban 1.000 0.740 0.952 0.890 1 1
Bangalore Rural 0.494 0.692 0.833 0.658 5 6
Belgaum 0.252 0.524 0.708 0.454 16 8
Bellary 0.524 0.501 0.301 0.429 19 18
Bidar 0.097 0.490 0.565 0.300 25 21
Bijapur 0.213 0.500 0.494 0.375 22 23
Chamarajanagar 0.153 0.535 0.714 0.388 21 25
Chikmagalur 0.350 0.777 0.819 0.606 6 9
Chitradurga 0.230 0.733 0.545 0.451 17 16
Dakshina Kannada 0.604 0.701 0.981 0.746 2 2
Davangere 0.289 0.676 0.561 0.478 13 12
Dharwad 0.477 0.645 0.583 0.564 9 10
Gadag 0.246 0.573 0.579 0.434 18 13
Gulbarga 0.171 0.529 0.330 0.310 24 26
Hassan 0.224 0.693 0.770 0.493 11 11
Haveri 0.159 0.686 0.551 0.392 20 20
Kodagu 0.641 0.757 0.788 0.726 3 4
Kolar 0.267 0.723 0.528 0.467 14 17
Koppal 0.185 0.500 0.024 0.130 27 24
Mandya 0.177 0.645 0.858 0.461 15 19
Mysore 0.345 0.685 0.760 0.564 8 14
Raichur 0.171 0.526 0.251 0.282 26 27
Shimoga 0.387 0.726 0.647 0.566 7 5
Tumkur 0.238 0.705 0.673 0.483 12 15
Udupi 0.538 0.709 0.958 0.715 4 3
Uttara Kannada 0.302 0.730 0.802 0.561 10 7
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 453

here geometric mean is used to aggregate the indices, participation, etc. The indicators include either
which is again in line with UNDP 2010. attainment levels or gaps between men and women or
both in selected spheres. The Gender Perspective also
10.4.3 Gender Perspective of Human highlights the need for the effective adoption and
Development in Karnataka implementation of policies / programmes to achieve
The Gender Perspective in Human Development the set attainment levels and remove gaps between
emphasizes the need to assess the relative levels of men and women.
progress or backwardness of status of women, on The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), an important
different development indicators covering various demographic indicator, has been steadily declining
issues of education, health, income, safety, survival, over the years in all the southern states and All India.
work, participation in decision making, political The IMR in Karnataka has shown a declining trend

Table 10.106: Demographic Details of Women in Karnataka, 2001 - 2011

Sl.
Particulars 2011 2001
No
Actual Population 61,130,704 52,850,562
Male Population 31,057,742 (50.80%) 26,898,918 (50.90%)
Female Population 30,072,962 (49.20%) 25,951,644 (49.10%)
Sex Ratio 968 965
Rural Population 3, 75, 52,529 (61.43%) 3,48,89,033
Rural Male Population 1, 90, 10,998 (61.21%) 1,76,49588
Rural Female Population 1, 85, 41,531 (61.66%) 1,72,40,075
Rural Sex Ratio 975 977
Urban Population 2, 35, 78,175 (38.57%) 1,79,61,529
Urban Male Population 1,20,46,744 (38.79) 92,49,960
Urban Female Population 1, 15, 31,431 (38.34%) 87,11,569
Urban Sex Ratio 957 942
Total Child Population (0 – 6) 6,855,801 (11.21%) 7,182,100
Male Child Population (0 – 6) 3,527,844 (51.45%) 3,690,958 (51.40%)
Female Child Population (0 – 6) 3,327,957 (48.55%) 3,491,142 (48.60%)
Child Sex Ratio (0 – 6 Age) 943 946
Rural Child Population (0 – 6) 4,351,788 (11.59%) 49,35,380
Rural Male Child Population 22, 37,845 (11.77%) 25,32,557
Rural Female Child Population 21, 13,943 (11.40%) 24,02,823
Rural Child Sex Ratio 945 949
Urban Child Population (0 – 6) 25, 04,013 (10.62%) 22,46,720
Urban Male Child Population 12, 89,999 (10.71%) 11,58,401
Urban Female Child Population 12, 14,014 (10.53%) 10,88,319
Urban Child Sex Ratio 941 940
454 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

over the years (77 in 1991 and 41 in 2008) to reach 35 it should be observed that Female IMR is more (35-T,
in 2011. However, the IMR in rural area is more (39) 39-R, 27-U) when compared to Male IMR (34-T, 38-
as compared to that of IMR in urban area (26). Again, R, 24-U). The MMR in the year 2004-05 (SRS-2004-

Table 10.107: Gender Development Index in Karnataka districts: 1991, 2001 and 2008 (four districts)

GDI 1991 GDI 2001 GDI 2008

Sl. No District
Value Rank Value Rank Value
1 Bagalkot 0.483 21 0.571 23
2 Bangalore Rural 0.524 12 0.640 6
3 Bangalore Urban 0.592 4 0.731 1
4 Belgaum 0.525 11 0.635 9
5 Bellary 0.499 17 0.606 17
6 Bidar 0.477 23 0.572 22
7 Bijapur 0.486 20 0.573 21 0.619
8 Chamarajnagar 0.472 24 0.557 25
9 Chikmaglur 0.550 6 0.636 8
10 Chitradurga 0.514 13 0.618 14
11 Dakshina Kannada 0.645 1 0.714 2
12 Davangere 0.530 9 0.621 13
13 Dharwad 0.531 8 0.626 11
14 Gadag 0.502 16 0.625 12
15 Gulbarga 0.432 25 0.543 26 0.573
16 Hassan 0.507 14 0.630 10
17 Haveri 0.480 22 0.596 19
18 Kodagu 0.617 3 0.690 4
19 Kolar 0.505 15 0.613 16
20 Koppal 0.428 26 0.561 24
21 Mandya 0.491 19 0.593 20
22 Mysore 0.496 18 0.605 18 0.666
23 Raichur 0.422 27 0.530 27
24 Shimoga 0.572 5 0.661 5
25 Tumkur 0.528 10 0.618 15
26 Udupi 0.644 2 0.704 3 0.747
27 Uttara Kannada 0.548 7 0.639 7
Karnataka 0.525 0.637
Source: Human development Report Karnataka 2005 for 1991 and 2001;
 455 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

05) was 213 and has now decreased to 178 (2007-09) 10.4.3.1 Gender Development Index (GDI)
(NFHS - III).
UNDP and the global community have recognized
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 2.1 (2005-06) which Gender equality as an important goal by including
has reduced from 2.9 (NFHS-I, 1992-93). However, GDI in Human Development Reports since 1995.
it can be noted that TFR is low in urban areas (1.9) as Within India, Karnataka stands somewhere in the
compared to TFR in rural areas (2.2). And the level of middle among Indian states in terms of GDI. The loss
education is negatively correlated with TFR. That is, in HDI due to gender inequality is neither as high as in
higher the education level, lower is the TFR. It can be some states such as Bihar and Orissa, nor as low as in
observed from education chapter that education states such as Kerala and Goa.
plays a very important role in improving the situation.
That is, higher the education level, lower the District Human development Reports for 2008
incidence of negativity in any indicator or higher the Within Karnataka, the variations for GDI among
incidence of positivity in any indicator. It is a good districts are high. Nevertheless, all districts reported
sign that the sex ratio has increased (from 964 in 2001 positive change in GDI between 1991 and 2001. Four
to 968 in 2011), but the fact that the child sex ratio has districts where HDR was prepared on a pilot basis in
decreased considerably from 973 in 2001 to 943 in 2010 also showed that this increasing trend is being
2011 is certainly a matter of concern (Table 10.107). continued (Table 10.108). As expected, north eastern
The Gender Analysis, Gender Budgeting, Gender districts have the lowest ranks. However, the district
Mainstreaming, Satellite Accounts, Gender HDRs indicates that even among northeastern
Development Index (GDI), Gender Inequality Index districts, it is not necessarily the same factor that acts
(GII), etc. will give an idea about the status of women. as the real pull factor. While in case of Bijapur income
index is very low, the education index is the real pull
The Global Human Development Report, 1995 factor in Gulbarga. This strengthens the argument for
statement that “Human Development, if not district specific analysis, planning and interventions,
engendered, is endangered”, is a far-reaching and District HDRs can play an important role in
message to convey that 'it is people (not just men, but providing a base for the same.
both men and women) who are at the centre of
development processes'. Although a large number of gender issues cut across
different economic and social classes, it is important
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects gender- to look at certain section of women who are more
based disadvantage in three vulnerable than others separately. The HDR 2005 for
dimensions—reproductive health, empowerment Karnataka provides GDI estimates for SC (value:
and the labour market—for as many countries as data 0.564) and ST (value: 0.527) groups for the year
of reasonable quality allow. The index shows the loss 2004. These are much lower than that for the whole of
in potential human development due to inequality Karnataka GDI estimate for 2001 (value: 0.637). This
between female and male achievements in these also establishes the need for understanding various
dimensions. It varies between 0—when women and social groups separately.
men fare equally—and 1, where one gender fares as
poorly as possible in all measured dimensions. It is 10.4.3.2 Gender Budgeting in Karnataka
computed using the association-sensitive inequality Different departments have launched a series of
measure suggested by Seth (2009). The index is based programmes / projects / practices to address the issue
on the general mean of general means of different of gender inequality. Karnataka is one of the six states
orders—the first aggregation is by the geometric that have initiated the practice of having a separate
mean across dimensions; these means, calculated gender budget statement along with the release of
separately for women and men, are then aggregated general budget document. Respective chapters
using a harmonic mean across genders. provide details of these strategies. The gender
456 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

budget acknowledges the gender patterns in society both the categories of Gender Budgeting under Plan
and allocates money to implement policies and and Non-Plan is given in the Table 10.109.
programmes to change such patterns and move
towards a more gender equal society. The gender As could be seen from the Table 10.109, in Category
budgeting exercises basically include: A Schemes there is an increase of 24.77 percent in
Plan and 3.50 percent in Non-Plan allocation in the
a) Addressing gap between policy commitment 2012-13 BE as compared to 2011-12 RE. In the
and allocation for women through adequate Category B Schemes there is an increase of 28.32
resource allocation and gender sensitive percent in Plan and 14.70 percent in Non-Plan
programme formulation and implementation allocation in the 2012-13 BE as compared to 2011-12
RE.
b) Measuring gender concerns in public
expenditure and policy Allocation, for both the Categories of Gender
Budgeting, as percentage to total Consolidated Fund
c) Gender audit of public expenditure, of 2012-13 BE under Plan stands at 49 percent and
programme implementation and policies under Non-Plan it stands at 31 percent.
relating to public expenditure, fiscal and
monetary matters, etc. It is clarified that categorization is being
progressively fine-tuned in consultation with line
Gender Budget statement is a citizen friendly departments. As a result some Schemes have been re-
disclosure of budget allocation through gender classified from Category B to Category C. Also based
perspective. Karnataka has been presenting the on the recommendations of the PAC the Scheme
Gender Budget statement since 2007-08. The under Revenue Department 'National Family Benefit'
Karnataka Gender Budget Document presents the is now moved from Category A to Category B.
gender budget allocation under Category A and B.
This allocation is presented for both of the above 10.4.3.3 Women Empowerment
categories viz., the schemes designed exclusively for
benefiting women i.e. having 100 percent of Women Empowerment is an important indicator in
budgetary allocation are classified as Category-A, assessing the level of women's participation in all
and the Schemes that benefit women at least to the spheres of life along with men. In simple words,
extent of 30 percent of allocation are classified as Women Empowerment means creation of equal space
Category-B. The total number of Schemes under for women to ensure the environment of fair and just
Category A and B in 2012-13 BE is 660. Of these 39 society. The level of women's involvement in the
are in Category-A and 621 in Category-B. economic sphere (e.g. employment), familial and
social spheres (e.g. household and social process
In 2012-13 BE, three new Schemes have been decisions), political sphere (e.g. representation in
included in Category-A, viz., (i) Uterus Diseases, (ii) political decisions), etc. are some of the key elements
Sex Workers Rehabilitation, and (iii) Monthly to measure the level of women empowerment. Table
Honorarium to Unmarried Women. Similarly, thirty 10.110 and Table 10.111 give an account of Women's
six new Schemes are included in Category-B. There political representation in Karnataka. It can be
are four Category-A Schemes which have received observed that while the women's political
enhanced allocation in 2012-13 BE as compared to representation at the local levels is encouraging, the
2011-12 RE. Of which the Schemes of Pension to representation at legislature and parliament levels is
Devadasis, Indira Gandhi Mathruthva Sahayoga very much low. Under the Protection of Women from
Yojane, Comprehensive Maternal Health Care Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and Rules 2006, the
(Thayi Bhagya) and Training of Auxilliary Nurses, number of cases registered from 2007-08 to 2011-12
Midwives, Dadis and Lady Health Visitors have up to end of March, is 7899, out of which 1738 cases
significant enhancement in their allocation in 2012- are disposed (Source: Annual Report, 2011-12,
13BE, by Rs.300 lakhs, Rs.1459lakhs, Rs.3000 lakhs Women and Child Development Department, GoK).
and Rs.526.11 lakhs respectively. The allocation for
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 457

Table 10.108: Category wise allocations in Gender Budgeting (Rs.inLakhs)

2010-11Accounts 2011-12BE 2011-12RE 2012-13BE

Non-
Plan Non-Plan Plan Non-Plan Plan Non-Plan Plan
Plan
Category-A 92107 323 84940 514 84514 514 105448 532

Category-B 1154820 1415185 1375930 1646875 1450959 1671002 1861815 1916746

Total
(Category 1246927 1415508 1460871 1647389 1535473 1671516 1967263 1917277
A+B)
Consolidated
Fund
2950517 4242890 3464448 5067428 3495641 4937789 4023987 6250205
(Category
A+B+C)
Note: (i) all figures are rounded off to nearest decimal. (ii) Category C Schemes are
all Schemes other than Category A&B.

Table 10.109: Elected Representatives of Panchayat Raj Institutions in Karnataka, 2011

Total Backward
Number of Classes
Sl.No Particulars SC ST Total Unreserved
Elected
A B
Members
1 ZP 1013 186 86 180 45 225 516

2 Women 539 100 53 98 23 121 265

3 TP 3659 674 347 597 153 750 188

4 Women 2018 381 239 351 64 415 983

5 GP 90635 16863 9842 24109 5982 30091 33869

6 % 18.61 10.51 26.60 6.60 33.20 37.34

7 Women 39020 7807 6395 10642 1080 11722 13096

8 % 40.18 20.01 16.39 27.27 2.77 30.04 33.56

Source: Annual Report, 2011-12, Women and Child Development Department, GoK
Table 10.110: Elected Representatives for Legislatures and Parliament
% of Women
Sl. No Details Total Members Women
Representation
1 Legislative Assembly 225 6 2.67
2 Legislative Council 75 5 6.67
3 Lokasabha 28 1 3.57
4 Rajyasabha 12 1 8.33
Source: Annual Report, 2011-12, Women and Child Development Department, GoK
458 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13

10.4.4 New Initiatives of Human Development l Preparation of DHDR will provide an

Reports in Karnataka – An Overview opportunity for preparing district plans from a
human development perspective
Karnataka brought out two State Human
Development Reports in the past, 1999 and 2005. l To assess the strengths and weaknesses of the
Karnataka state successfully implemented the project existing departmental policies
of strengthening state plans for Human Development
(SSPHD) up to end of 2009. As part of the project l To formulate Special Development Plan(SDP)
activity, 4 pilot districts (Bijapur, Gulbarga, Mysore and comprehensive composite development
and Udupi) were taken up for preparation of District index
Human Development Report in the first phase on a l To develop awareness among the districts about
pilot basis which were released in the year 2010 (i.e.
the Millennium Development Goals
January 2010) adopting UNDP methodology on the
lines of 2nd Karnataka Human Development Report l To identify sub district level, gender, rural-urban
2005. The district Human Development report of and social groups disaggregation
Udupi got the first ever all India ManavVikas Award
in 2012 for focus on measurement and that of Bijapur (ii) Preparation of DHDRs in a participatory
reached the finals. Government of Karnataka has mode
initiated plans to bring out Human Development
Reports (HDRs) for all the 30 districts in the State by It was felt that a common methodology for these
December 2013. reports would facilitate better comparison of the
human development status across the districts and to
(i) Rationale for District Human this effect, the planning department, in consultation
Development Report, 2012-13 with the Institute for social and economic change,
Bangalore has prepared a manual for this purpose.
l Though the two HDRs of Karnataka have This has now been converted into a guideline to be
revealed the levels of regional imbalances, they followed by all districts. The DHDRs would be
could not reflect the differences within the developed at the District level in partnership with
districts. The present exercises reflect the Lead Agencies represented by Institutes of Social
following: Science Research, University Departments and
NGOs. Potential Lead Agencies and their
l The introduction of micro level planning and
representatives are identified and appointed in
PRI system and the 73rd and 74th constitutional
consultation with Chief Executive Officers (CEOs)
amendments mandate the preparation of district
of Zilla Panchayats (ZPs).Senior members of the
level plans.
faculty, consultants and researchers representing the
l To capture the variations in status of human Lead Agencies are the Principal Investigators. For
development at the district and sub-district level proper supervision, guidance and monitoring of
DHDR work at the district level, District Core
l To enable the government to take holistic view Committee has been constituted in all the 30
of the state's development outside the normal districts.
governmental functioning
(iii) Training
l To integrate human development objectives
such as larger fund flow to low HD regions in Training programs in human development issues to
policy formulation all the departmental officers and officials at the
district level are being organized in collaboration
l To have focus on local issues with ATI, Mysore. Trainings have been planned in a
decentralized way with multiple parallel trainings
l To assess impact policy formulation at the starting from 20-12-12 at ATI/SIUD, Mysore and
district level and below
Economic Survey of Karnataka 2012-13 459

outside. Training programme will be completed by equality between boys and girls. This leaves the
the end of January, 2013. A technical training on critical aspect of substantive equality in education
calculation of various Indices also have been planned (subject choice, equality of opportunities and
and it will be held in April 2013 for the participation, etc.), and through education (use of
representatives of Lead Agencies and CPOs. education to question gender stereotypes, counter
household and societal socialization). Education has
(iv) Release of Funds for preparation of tremendous potential to address the issues of gender
DHDR: equality which the state should try to work on through
A budget of Rs. 9 lakh per district (unit cost) is appropriate policies and programmes.
provided for the preparation of DHDR. Further, the Health: Most health indicators for women are
Planning Department, Government of Karnataka, has associated only with fertility and motherhood,
also submitted a project proposal for collaboration thereby reducing women to just having a womb. This
under the Planning Commission – UNDP project on needs to change significantly through recognition of
'Human Development – Towards Bridging indicators of general health of women, and through
Inequalities'. The project has been approved and the impact of various development processes / policies
overall project cost is RS.638.53 lakhs, out of which on women's health. The state can take a lead in
UNDP-Planning Commission share is Rs. 204.23 developing these indicators and bring a change in
lakh and the State share is 434.30 lakh. The planning perspective, nationwide.
department has also proposed the formulation of a
human development policy for the State and the Poverty: Income and Livelihood: A strong plea was
preparation of the third Karnataka State Human made to individualize the poverty indices was made.
development report under the UNDP-PC project. When household is taken as a unit for measuring
Awards will be instituted for three outstanding poverty forming the base for a number of poverty
District Human Development Reports elimination programmes, it hides the fact that women
within a particular household could be poorer than
10.4.5 Engendering 12th Plan Approach Papers others. Once this is recognized and recorded, it could
Karnataka is also one of the first states to initiate a mean redefining and re strategizing a number of
process of engendering the 12th Five Year Plan existing policies / programme interventions. In this
Approach papers. The state invited a group of context, the lack of focus on empowerment even in
economists working on gender issues to review the the projects / policies that are meant for women was
approach papers in respective areas and organized a also raised. For instance, it was pointed out that
one-day workshop to discuss the same. The though women have played a major role in making
workshop provided the opportunity to raise certain micro finance initiatives work but that has not led to
important issues. Some of the main points that real change in their control over resources. Land
emerged in the discussion included: ownership issue was also raised as an important mode
for changing the unequal gender positioning in both
Education: The focus is largely only on the issue of rural and urban areas.
gender parity – aspects that ensure quantitative