SURVEY CAMP 2081

Group I
Members:

• Abhinash Khanal(PAS078BCE013)
• Arun Pokharel(PAS078BCE029)
• Deepesh Adhikari(PAS078BCE048)
• Manish Adhikari(PAS078BCE066)
• Pratik Bhattarai(PAS078BCE083)
• Sachin Neupane(PAS078BCE103)
CONTENTS
 Road Alignment
 Road Cross-section
 Fly Levelling And RL Transfer
 Bridge And River Cross section
 Traversing
 Total Station Detailing
Road Alignment
 Pratik Bhattarai
Introduction to Road Alignment

 Accurate surveying plays a crucial role in road construction

projects. It involves measuring and mapping the land's physical
features and topography to determine the best route and
alignment for the road.

 The importance of accurate surveying for road alignment cannot

be overstated. It ensures that the road is built in the most efficient
and safe manner, taking into account factors such as elevation,
curves, and slopes.

 In essence, road alignment is fundamental to achieving a balance

between engineering requirements, environmental considerations,
and user convenience, ultimately leading to a well-functioning
and sustainable roadway.
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Alignments

 Vertical Alignment:
The vertical alignment of the road should be designed to provide a
smooth and comfortable ride for vehicles. It should minimize the
impact of changes in elevation and provide adequate sight distance
for safe driving.

 Horizontal Alignment:
The horizontal alignment of the road should be designed to
provide safe and efficient movement of vehicles. It should
minimize sharp curves and provide adequate sight distance for safe
driving.
Curved Alignment

 Advantages:
Curved alignments can provide a more aesthetically pleasing and
scenic route.
They can also help reduce the impact of noise and air pollution on
nearby communities.
 Disadvantages:
Curved alignments may require more land acquisition and can be
more expensive to construct and maintain.
They may also result in longer travel distances and increased travel
times.
Cost Estimation

 Factors Influencing Cost

Several factors influence the cost of road construction, including:
 Length and width of the road
 Terrain and soil conditions
 Environmental considerations
Impact of Road Construction on the Environment
Road construction can have significant impacts on the environment,
including:
 Habitat destruction and fragmentation
 Loss of biodiversity
 Soil erosion and sedimentation of water bodies
 Water pollution from construction materials and runoff
 Air pollution from dust and emissions
Conclusion
 Importance of Accurate Surveying
 Accurate surveying is crucial in road alignment as it ensures the
proper positioning and alignment of roads, resulting in safer and
more efficient transportation networks.
Road Cross Section
 Sachin Neupane
Introduction to Road Cross Section Surveying
 Road cross section surveying is a crucial step in road design and
construction.
 It involves the measurement and analysis of the physical features
of a road, such as the elevation, slope, and width.
 This information is used to create accurate and detailed cross-
sectional drawings, which are essential for planning and
executing road construction projects.
Road Design Specifications

➢ Road Width:
The width of the road should be determined based on the expected
traffic volume and the type of vehicles that will be using the road. It
should provide sufficient space for safe movement of vehicles in
both directions.
➢ Shoulder Width:
Shoulders should be provided on the sides of the road to allow for
emergency stopping and provide additional space for vehicles to
maneuver.
 Slope Gradient:
Slope gradient refers to the incline or decline of the road surface. It is
crucial for proper drainage and preventing water accumulation,
which can lead to road damage and reduced traction.

 Super Elevation:
Super elevation, also known as banking, is the inward tilt of the road
surface on curves. It helps counteract the centrifugal force acting on
vehicles and improves their stability while navigating curves.
Drainage System

The drainage system is a critical component of road design as it helps

prevent water accumulation and damage. It ensures that water is
effectively channeled away from the road surface, preventing issues
such as flooding, erosion, and pavement deterioration.

Types of Drainage Systems

 Gutters and curbs: These are typically installed along the edges
of the road to collect and direct water towards designated drainage
outlets.
 Drainage ditches: These are excavated channels located
alongside the road to collect and channel water away from the
road surface.

 Catch basins: These are underground structures that collect

water from the road surface and direct it into the drainage
system.

 Stormwater pipes: These pipes are used to convey water from

the road surface to designated drainage outlets or bodies of
water.
Key Considerations:

 Proper drainage to prevent water accumulation and damage to the

road surface.
 Ensuring a smooth and level road surface for safe and
comfortable driving.
 Proper compaction of the road materials to prevent settlement and
cracking.
 Appropriate signage and road markings for clear and safe
navigation
Fly Levelling and RL Transfer
 Abhinash Khanal
Introduction to Fly Levelling
 Fly leveling is a land surveying method used to measure the
height differences between various points on the earth’s surface.
 It employs a leveling instrument designed to gauge the slope or
inclination of the terrain.
 The primary goal of fly leveling is to produce precise elevation
profiles of the surveyed area. These elevation measurements are
crucial for applications such as construction, civil engineering
projects, and topographical mapping.
Procedure of Fly Levelling
 Set up the instrument and tripod on a stable base.
 Level the instrument using the built-in bubble level.
 Measure the height of the instrument from the ground.
 Set up the leveling staff at a known benchmark point.
 Align the instrument with the staff and read the staff reading.
Calculations In Fly Levelling
The main calculations are as follows:
 Backsight and Foresight
In the leveling process, the instrument is positioned at a point of known
elevation, referred to as the backsight (BS). A staff is placed at this
location, and the reading on the staff is recorded. This serves as the
starting reference for calculating elevation differences as the survey
progresses.
After the initial backsight (BS) reading is taken, the instrument is moved
to the next location, known as the foresight (FS). A staff is placed at this
point, and the reading at the foresight is recorded. This measurement,
along with the backsight, helps determine the elevation difference between
the two points..
The difference between the backsight and foresight readings gives the
height difference between the two points.
➢ Reduced level
The reduced level (RL) of a point represents its elevation relative to
a reference point, typically a benchmark with a known elevation.

To determine the reduced level, the elevation of the benchmark is

adjusted by adding or subtracting the difference between the
backsight (BS) and foresight (FS) readings. The formula for
calculating RL is:
RL of foresight point=RL of benchmark+(BS−FS)
➢ Closing Error

Closing error is the difference between the initial benchmark elevation

and the final benchmark elevation after completing a leveling loop. It is
calculated by subtracting the final benchmark elevation from the initial
benchmark elevation:
Closing Error=Initial Benchmark Elevation−Final Benchmark Elevation
A smaller closing error signifies that the leveling process was more
accurate, indicating that the measured elevation changes closely match
the true elevations over the surveyed loop.
RL Transfer
 Reduced level (RL) is a vertical measurement used in surveying
to define the elevation of a point relative to a reference point,
typically a benchmark with a known height. It plays a crucial role
in surveying, as it aids in the creation of precise topographic maps
and helps assess the slope and gradient of the land. This
information is vital for engineering, construction, and other land
development.
 Transferring the reduced level is a key step in surveying that
involves calculating and analyzing data to determine the elevation
of various points relative to a known reference. This process
ensures that accurate elevations are established across the survey
area, which is critical for developing precise topographic maps
and carrying out construction [Link] projects.
Accuracy and Error Sources
 Instrument Precision: The precision of the levelling instrument
used plays a crucial role in the accuracy of the measurements.

 Field Procedures: The accuracy of survey fly levelling also

depends on the adherence to proper field procedures.

 Data Processing: Accurate data processing is essential for

obtaining reliable results
Bridge and River Cross Section
 Deepesh Adhikari
Introduction
 Surveying river cross sections is a vital process for understanding
and managing river systems.
 It involves measuring the shape, depth, and width of a river at
various points across its channel.
 These measurements help assess the river's flow capacity, monitor
erosion or sediment deposition, and predict potential flooding.
River Cross Section Measurements
 The depth of water is measured from the surface of the water to
the riverbed and is a key parameter in assessing the river's flow
characteristics.
 The width of the river is measured from one bank to the other. It
provides information about the size of the river and the area it
covers.
 Knowing the water depth helps in calculating the river's volume
and flow rate, which are essential for managing water resources,
predicting flood risks, and analyzing the overall health of the
river system
Bridge Axis
 The bridge axis plays a vital role in bridge construction, as it
establishes the direction and alignment of the bridge.
 It acts as a reference for positioning all structural elements,
ensuring that the bridge is properly aligned with the land or water
it crosses.
 This axis is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity,
balance, and functionality of the bridge, as it affects how the
bridge interacts with the surrounding environment and distributes
loads.
Triangulation
Calculating the length of the bridge axis using triangulation is a
common method used in bridge construction.

In triangulation, we measure the angles and distances between

known points on the bridge using trigonometric principles to
determine the length of the axis.
Reciprocal Levelling
 Reciprocal leveling is a surveying technique used to measure
elevation differences between two points that are too far apart for
direct leveling, or when there are obstacles obstructing the line of
sight.
 It involves the use of levelling instruments to measure and adjust
the heights of different points on the bridge structure.
 Reciprocal leveling ensures accurate alignment and balance of a
bridge, preventing uneven load distribution and stress
concentration.
Conclusion
 The river cross sections show significant variations in depth and
width along the surveyed stretch.

 The presence of sediment deposits in certain areas indicates

potential erosion and sedimentation issues.

 The river cross sections show high flood level and to maintain
height of bridge above HFL.
Traversing
 Manish Adhikari
Introduction

 Survey traversing is a fundamental technique used in land

surveying to determine the position and location of points on the
Earth's surface.
 It involves measuring angles and distances between points to
create a network of interconnected lines and polygons.
 This technique is essential for various applications, including
mapping, construction, and boundary determination.
Field Traversing
 Set up the total station at the starting point of the traverse.
 Measure and record the initial azimuth angle using the total
station.
 Sight the first point of the traverse and measure the horizontal and
vertical angles.
 Move to the next point and repeat the process of sighting and
measuring angles.
 Continue this process until all points of the traverse have been
measured.
 Calculate the coordinates of each point using the measured angles
and distances.
Importance of Traversing
 Traversing plays a crucial role in surveying as it provides a
framework for accurate measurements and calculations.
 It involves a series of interconnected survey lines that form a
closed loop, typically in the shape of a polygon.
 It allows surveyors to establish control points, determine
distances, angles, and elevations, and ensure the accuracy and
reliability of survey data.
Conclusion

We enable to know how to measured the horizontal and vertical

angles of theodolite and gain knowledge of how to handle the
equipment during the field work .
Theodolite must be centered on the point using plum bob. We know
how to adjusted the reading system of the theodolite angle at the
right plane.
Centering and leveling the instrument was to ensured the horizontal
angle that was measured.
Total Station Detailing
 Arun Pokharel
Introduction
 Total stations play a crucial role in surveying and construction
projects due to their versatility and precision.
 A Total Station is a modern surveying instrument that combines
the functions of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance
meter (EDM) to measure distances, angles and elevations
accurately.
Components of a Total Station
 Theodolite
 EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement)
 Display and Data Storage
 Power Source
Northing, Easting and RL Coordinate of Detailing

 Northing Coordinate
The northing coordinate is a part of the geographic coordinate
system used in surveying and detailing.
It represents the distance north or south from a reference point,
usually a fixed point on the Earth's surface.
It is measured in meters or feet and is used to accurately locate points
on a site or project.
➢ Easting Coordinate
The easting coordinate is another component of the geographic
coordinate system used in surveying and detailing.
It represents the distance east or west from a reference point, usually
a fixed point on the Earth's surface.
Similar to the northing coordinate, it is measured in meters or feet
and is used to accurately locate points on a site or project
➢ RL Coordinate

The RL (Reduced Level) coordinate is a vertical coordinate used in

surveying and detailing.
It represents the elevation or height of a point above or below a
reference point, usually a fixed point on the Earth's surface.
It is measured in meters or feet and is used to accurately locate
points on a site or project.
Conclusion
In conclusion, total station have revolutionized the field of surveying
with their advanced technology and precision.
Their ability to measure angles, distances, and collect data efficiently
makes them invaluable tools for professionals across different
industries.
By understanding the operation, uses, and advantages of total
stations, you can harness their power to achieve accurate and reliable
results in your projects.