Here are detailed explanations for the topics listed in your notes.
1. Difference Between <form> Tag and Form Validation
Theory
<form> Tag: The HTML <form> element is a container for different types of input
elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons, etc. Its
primary purpose is to collect user input. When a user fills out the form and clicks
a submit button, the browser sends the collected data to a server for processing.
Key attributes of the <form> tag include action (the URL where the data is sent)
and method (the HTTP method to use, typically GET or POST).
Form Validation: Form validation is the process of checking if the data submitted
by a user in a form is correct and useful. It ensures that users fill out forms in
the correct format, preventing bad data from being sent to the server. Validation
can happen in two places:
Client-Side Validation: This happens in the user's browser before the data is
submitted. It provides instant feedback to the user. It can be implemented using
HTML5 attributes (like required, minlength, type="email") or with JavaScript for
more complex rules.
Server-Side Validation: This happens on the server after the data has been
submitted. It is a crucial security measure because a malicious user can bypass
client-side validation. Server-side validation is the final check to ensure data
integrity.
In short: The <form> tag collects the data, while form validation checks the data.
Code and Usage
Here is an example combining the <form> tag with built-in HTML5 validation.
code
Html
download
content_copy
expand_less
<form action="/submit-data" method="post">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required minlength="5">
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>
<button type="submit">Register</button>
</form>
The <form> tag wraps the input fields.
required is an HTML5 validation attribute that ensures the field cannot be left
empty.
minlength="5" ensures the username is at least 5 characters long.
type="email" checks if the input follows a valid email format.
2. Class, Objects & Constructors
Theory
These are fundamental concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). JavaScript
classes, introduced in ES6, are templates for creating objects.[1][2]
Class: A blueprint for creating objects. It encapsulates data (properties) and code
(methods) to work on that data.[2]
Object: An instance of a class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated
until an object of that class is created.
Constructor: A special method within a class for creating and initializing an
object instance of that class.[1][2][3] It is called automatically when a new
object is created using the new keyword.[1][4]
Code and Usage
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
// Define a class named 'User'
class User {
// The constructor method is called when a new object is created
constructor(name, email) {
this.name = name;
this.email = email;
this.isLoggedIn = false;
}
// A method to log the user in
login() {
this.isLoggedIn = true;
console.log(`${this.name} has logged in.`);
}
// A method to log the user out
logout() {
this.isLoggedIn = false;
console.log(`${this.name} has logged out.`);
}
}
// Create objects (instances) of the User class
const userOne = new User('Alice', '
[email protected]');
const userTwo = new User('Bob', '
[email protected]');
// Use the methods of the objects
userOne.login(); // Output: Alice has logged in.
console.log(userOne.isLoggedIn); // Output: true
3. DOM Elements
Theory
The DOM (Document Object Model) is a programming interface for web documents.[5][6]
When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a tree-like representation of the
page, and this tree is the DOM.[5][7] Each part of the document, like an element,
attribute, or text, is a node in this tree.[5][8]
A DOM element refers to an HTML element within this DOM tree, such as <body>,
<div>, <p>, or <img>.[8] JavaScript can be used to access and manipulate these
elements to dynamically change the page's content, structure, and style without
needing to reload the page.[5][7]
Code and Usage
You can select DOM elements using various methods like getElementById,
getElementsByClassName, getElementsByTagName, or querySelector.
code
Html
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 id="main-heading">Hello World!</h1>
<button id="change-btn">Change Text</button>
<script>
// Select the button element by its ID
const myButton = document.getElementById('change-btn');
// Select the heading element by its ID
const heading = document.getElementById('main-heading');
// Add an event listener to the button
myButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
// Manipulate the heading element's content
heading.textContent = 'Welcome to JavaScript!';
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
4. File Operations in Node.js
Theory
Node.js provides a built-in fs (File System) module that allows you to interact
with the file system.[9][10] It lets you perform operations like reading, writing,
updating, and deleting files.[11] The fs module provides both synchronous
(blocking) and asynchronous (non-blocking) methods for these operations.[10][12]
Asynchronous methods are generally preferred in server-side applications to avoid
blocking other operations.[13]
Code and Usage
First, you need to import the fs module.
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
const fs = require('fs');
Reading a file (Asynchronous):
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
fs.readFile('example.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
if (err) {
console.error(err);
return;
}
console.log(data);
});
Writing to a file (Asynchronous):
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
const content = 'This is some new content.';
fs.writeFile('newfile.txt', content, 'utf8', (err) => {
if (err) {
console.error(err);
return;
}
console.log('File has been written successfully!');
});
5. Components in a Registration Form & Specific Tags
Theory
A registration form is built using various HTML form elements, often referred to as
components or widgets. Common components include:
Text Input: <input type="text"> for names, usernames.
Password Input: <input type="password"> to obscure characters.
Email Input: <input type="email"> for email addresses.
Radio Buttons: <input type="radio"> for selecting one option from many.
Checkboxes: <input type="checkbox"> for selecting zero or more options.
Dropdown List: <select> and <option> tags for selecting from a list.
Text Area: <textarea> for multi-line text input.
Submit Button: <button type="submit"> or <input type="submit"> to send the form
data.
What is <table> tag and subtags in it?
The <table> tag is used to create tables to display data in rows and columns.
<tr>: Defines a table row.
<th>: Defines a table header cell. Text is bold and centered by default.
<td>: Defines a standard table data cell.
<thead>: Groups the header content in a table.
<tbody>: Groups the main body content in a table.
<tfoot>: Groups the footer content in a table.
Code Example for <table>:
code
Html
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>Doe</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
What is <li> tag and subtags in it?
The <li> (list item) tag is used to represent an item in a list.[14][15] It must be
contained within a parent element, which is either an ordered list (<ol>) or an
unordered list (<ul>).[15][16][17] Unlike <table>, the <li> tag does not have its
own required "subtags." It directly contains the content of the list item.
Code Example for <li>:
code
Html
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
<!-- Unordered List -->
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
</ul>
<!-- Ordered List -->
<ol>
<li>First step</li>
<li>Second step</li>
</ol>
6. var, let, and const
Theory
var, let, and const are keywords used to declare variables in JavaScript, but they
have key differences in scope, hoisting, and re-assignability.[18][19]
Keyword Scope Hoisting Re-assignable Re-declarable
var Function/Global Hoisted with undefined Yes Yes
let Block Hoisted but not initialized Yes No
const Block Hoisted but not initialized No No
Scope: var is function-scoped (or global), meaning it's only confined to the
function it was declared in.[20] let and const are block-scoped ({}), which is more
predictable.[18][20]
Hoisting: All are hoisted (moved to the top of their scope), but var variables are
initialized with undefined, while let and const are not, leading to a "temporal
dead zone" where they cannot be accessed before declaration.[21]
Re-assignability: Variables declared with var and let can be updated. const
variables cannot be reassigned after their initial declaration.[20][21]
Code and Usage
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
// var (Function Scope)
function testVar() {
if (true) {
var x = 10;
}
console.log(x); // 10 (accessible outside the block)
}
// let (Block Scope)
function testLet() {
if (true) {
let y = 20;
}
// console.log(y); // ReferenceError: y is not defined
}
// const (Cannot be reassigned)
const z = 30;
// z = 40; // TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.
Modern JavaScript development favors const by default and let if a variable needs
to be reassigned, avoiding var to prevent scope-related bugs.[19]
7. Difference Between <div> and <section> Tag
Theory
Both <div> and <section> are used to group content, but their purpose is different.
<div> (Division Element): This is a non-semantic, generic container.[22] It doesn't
convey any meaning about the content it holds.[23] Its primary use is for styling
with CSS or for grouping elements for JavaScript manipulation.[22][23]
<section> Element: This is a semantic element.[22] It is used to group related
content that forms a distinct section of a document, which typically should have a
heading (<h1>-<h6>).[22][24] Using <section> helps search engines and accessibility
tools understand the structure and meaning of your page.[23][24]
Usage
Use <section> when: The content inside represents a distinct, thematic grouping,
like "About Us," "Contact Information," or chapters in an article.[25]
Use <div> when: You need a wrapper for styling purposes or to group elements that
don't have a semantic relationship, such as a container to center a layout.[23][24]
code
Html
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
<!-- Semantic use of <section> -->
<section>
<h2>About Our Company</h2>
<p>Information about the company...</p>
</section>
<!-- Non-semantic use of <div> for styling -->
<div class="container">
<p>This content is inside a styling container.</p>
</div>
8. Padding, Border, and Margins in CSS
Theory
These three properties are core components of the CSS Box Model, which describes
how every HTML element is rendered as a rectangular box.[26]
Content: The actual content of the box, where text and images appear.[26][27]
Padding: The transparent space between the content and the border. It clears an
area around the content, inside the box.[27][28]
Border: A line that goes around the padding and content.[27][28] You can set its
style, width, and color.[29]
Margin: The transparent space outside the border.[26][27] It clears an area around
the element, separating it from other elements.[28]
Code and Usage
code
Css
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
.box {
/* Margin: 20px of space outside the border on all sides */
margin: 20px;
/* Border: A 5px solid black line */
border: 5px solid black;
/* Padding: 30px of space between the border and the content */
padding: 30px;
width: 200px; /* Width of the content area */
background-color: lightblue;
}
By default, the width and height properties apply only to the content box. The
total width of the element is width + padding + border.[26]
9. Global Objects
Theory
A global object is an object that is always available in the global scope. This
means its properties and methods can be accessed from any part of the code without
having to import or require it.
In Browsers: The global object is window. Any variables declared with var in the
global scope become properties of the window object. It also contains browser-
specific APIs like document, location, and alert().
In Node.js: The global object is global. It provides access to Node.js-specific
functions and variables like process (information about the current Node.js
process), __dirname (the directory name of the current module), console, and
setTimeout.
Usage
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
// In a browser environment
console.log(window.innerWidth); // Access a property of the window object
alert('Hello!'); // Is the same as window.alert('Hello!');
// In a Node.js environment
console.log(global.process.version); // Access a property of the global object
console.log(__dirname); // Prints the directory path of the current file
10. How to Import and Export Modules in Node.js
Theory
Node.js uses a module system to organize code into separate, reusable files.[30]
This promotes modularity, maintainability, and code reuse.[31] By default, Node.js
uses the CommonJS module system, which uses require to import modules and
module.exports to export them.[32]
Exporting: To make functions, objects, or variables from one file (a module)
available to other files, you must export them. You do this by assigning them to
the module.exports object.[32]
Importing: To use the exported code in another file, you use the require()
function, passing the path to the module file.[32] Node.js has core built-in
modules (like fs), local modules you create, and third-party modules from npm.[32]
Code and Usage
Create and Export a Module
Let's create a file named myMath.js.
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
// myMath.js
const add = (a, b) => a + b;
const subtract = (a, b) => a - b;
// Export the functions
module.exports = {
add,
subtract
};
Import and Use the Module
Now, in another file (e.g., app.js), we can import and use these functions.
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
// app.js
// Import the built-in 'path' module
const path = require('path');
// Import our custom 'myMath' module
const myMath = require('./myMath.js'); // Use relative path for local modules
const sum = myMath.add(5, 3);
const difference = myMath.subtract(10, 4);
console.log(`Sum: ${sum}`); // Output: Sum: 8
console.log(`Difference: ${difference}`); // Output: Difference: 6
11. JavaScript Functions & Sync/Async
Theory
Functions are fundamental building blocks in JavaScript. There are several ways to
define them.
Named Function (Function Declaration): A standard function with a specific name.
These are hoisted, meaning they can be called before they are defined in the code.
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
function greet(name) {
return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}
Anonymous Function (Function Expression): A function without a name, typically
assigned to a variable.[33] These are not hoisted.[34]
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
const greet = function(name) {
return `Hello, ${name}!`;
};
Arrow Function: A more compact syntax for writing function expressions, introduced
in ES6.[35][36] They are always anonymous and do not have their own this context
(they inherit it from the parent scope).[36]
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
const greet = (name) => `Hello, ${name}!`; // Implicit return for single
expressions
File Sync and Async Functions
This concept is directly related to Node.js file operations.
Synchronous (Sync) Functions: These are "blocking" functions.[12][13] When a
synchronous file operation is called, the entire program execution pauses and waits
for that operation to complete before moving to the next line of code.[13][37] They
are often simpler to write for scripts but can kill performance in a server
environment.[37] Synchronous methods in the fs module typically end with Sync
(e.g., readFileSync).[13]
Asynchronous (Async) Functions: These are "non-blocking" functions.[13] When an
asynchronous operation is called, it starts the task and immediately moves on to
the next line of code, without waiting for the task to finish.[37] It uses a
callback function (or Promises/async-await) that gets executed once the operation
is complete. This is crucial for servers handling multiple requests concurrently.
[13]
Code and Usage
code
JavaScript
download
content_copy
expand_less
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_START
IGNORE_WHEN_COPYING_END
const fs = require('fs');
// Synchronous Example (Blocking)
console.log('1. Starting sync read...');
try {
const data = fs.readFileSync('example.txt', 'utf8');
console.log('2. Sync Read Data:', data);
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
console.log('3. Finished sync read.');
// Output order: 1, 2, 3
// Asynchronous Example (Non-Blocking)
console.log('1. Starting async read...');
fs.readFile('example.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('3. Async Read Data:', data);
});
console.log('2. Finished async read.');
// Output order: 1, 2, 3
Sources
help
w3schools.com
mozilla.org
mozilla.org
w3schools.com
freecodecamp.org
mozilla.org
youtube.com
stackoverflow.com
geeksforgeeks.org
geeksforgeeks.org
medium.com
medium.com
geeksforgeeks.org
w3schools.com
mozilla.org
geeksforgeeks.org
tutorialspoint.com
geeksforgeeks.org
dev.to
medium.com
freecodecamp.org
codeop.tech
geeksforgeeks.org
dhiwise.com
shecodes.io
w3schools.com
geeksforgeeks.org
medium.com
dev.to
w3schools.com
geekster.in
scaler.com
shefali.dev
dev.to
medium.com
mozilla.org
stackoverflow.com
Google Search Suggestions
Display of Search Suggestions is required when using Grounding with Google Search.
Learn more
difference between HTML <form> tag and form validation
javascript classes objects constructors explained
what are DOM elements in javascript
file system operations in Node.js using fs module
HTML registration form components and widgets
HTML <table> tag and its subtags
HTML <li> tag and its usage
javascript var vs let vs const differences
difference between HTML <div> and <section> tags
CSS box model padding border margin explained
Global Objects in JavaScript and Node.js
how to import and export modules in node.js
types of javascript functions arrow and anonymous
synchronous vs asynchronous file operations in nodejs
