Name: AKSHARA E
Registration No: 25BPS1013 Date: 14-08-2025
Code: BMAT101P Slot: L5+L6
Title: Matlab: Plotting of curves
Problem Statement 1: Finding the maxima and minima of x^4 + y^4-2x^2+4xy-2y^2
Code Input:
clc
clear all
syms x y real % DECLARES INDEPENDANT VARIABLES (real valued fn )
% The solve() command can solve a system of equations using two variables,
% Where solutions represented as row vectors
% Say f(x,y) and g(x,y)
f = x^4 + y^4 -2*x^2 + 4*x*y -2*y^2;
fx= diff(f,x); fy = diff(f,y); % Finds partial derivatives
[cx,cy] = solve(fx,fy); % Critical points are stored as cx and cy
cx = double(cx);cy = double(cy); % Converts the variables to numeric data type
with double precision
ncp = length(cx);
fprintf('\nThere are %d critical points.\n',ncp);
% If there are multiple values of x and y , then cx and cy shall be stored
% as arrays with all x components stored in cx and y components stored in
% cy
fxx = diff(fx,x);
fyy = diff(fy,y);
fxy = diff(fx,y); % 2nd partial derivatives
D = fxx*fyy - fxy^2;
% For plotting the surface with the critical points , we need a proper interval
% We take [a2-e,a1+e] as the interval where a2 and a1 are the minimum and
% maximum critical points in x and y and e is a small number
a1 = max(cx); a2= min(cx);
b1 = max(cy);b2 =min(cy); % Finding the minimum and max values of x and y to be
included
ex = 0.5;ey=0.5;
s = fsurf(f,[a2-ex,a1+ex,b2-ey,b2+ey],'g','EdgeColor','none');
s.FaceAlpha = .65; % Plotting of the surface with the cp(s)
box on
hold on
% Generating the for loop for 2nd derivative test
for k =1:ncp % Defining start and stop values
T1 = subs(subs(D,x,cx(k)),y,cy(k));T1 = double(T1); % Discriminant at
various cp(s)
% Subs fn substitutes the desired values in place of a variable of a
% multivariable fn
T2 = subs(subs(fxx,x,cx(k)),y,cy(k));T2 = double(T2); % Finding various
values of fxx
T3 = subs(subs(f,x,cx(k)),y,cy(k));T3 = double(T3); % Finding various
values of f at the critical points
if (T1==0) % D = 0
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) needs further investigation.',cx(k),cy(k))
elseif(T1<0) % D is less than 0
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) is a saddle point.',cx(k),cy(k))
fprintf('\nf has no extreme value at (%d,%d)',cx(k),cy(k))
plot3(cx(k),cy(k),T3,'b','markersize',30);
else %D>0
if (T2<0) %fxx at that cp is <0
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) is a local maximum.',cx(k),cy(k))
fprintf('\nThe maximum value of f at(%d,%d) is %d.',cx(k),cy(k),T3)
plot3(cx(k),cy(k),T3,'r+','markersize',30);
else %fxx at a cp is >0
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) is a local minimum.',cx(k),cy(k))
fprintf('\nThe minimum value of f at(%d,%d) is %d.',cx(k),cy(k),T3)
plot3(cx(k),cy(k),T3,'m*','markersize',30);
end
end
end
Code Output:
Problem Statement 2: Finding the maxima and minima of: x^3y^2(1-x-y)
Code Input:
clc
clear all
syms x y real
f = x^3*y^2*(1-x-y);
fx= diff(f,x); fy = diff(f,y);
[cx,cy] = solve(fx,fy);
cx = double(cx);cy = double(cy);
ncp = length(cx);
fprintf('\nThere are %d critical points.\n',ncp);
fxx = diff(fx,x);
fyy = diff(fy,y);
fxy = diff(fx,y);
D = fxx*fyy - fxy^2;
a1 = max(cx); a2= min(cx);
b1 = max(cy);b2 =min(cy
ex = 0.5;ey=0.5;
s = fsurf(f,[a2-ex,a1+ex,b2-ey,b2+ey],'r','EdgeColor','none');
s.FaceAlpha = .65;
box on
hold on
% Generating the for loop for 2nd derivative test
for k =1:ncp
T1 = subs(subs(D,x,cx(k)),y,cy(k));T1 = double(T1);
T2 = subs(subs(fxx,x,cx(k)),y,cy(k));T2 = double(T2);
T3 = subs(subs(f,x,cx(k)),y,cy(k));T3 = double(T3
if (T1==0)
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) needs further investigation.',cx(k),cy(k))
elseif(T1<0)
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) is a saddle point.',cx(k),cy(k))
fprintf('\nf has no extreme value at (%d,%d)',cx(k),cy(k))
plot3(cx(k),cy(k),T3,'b','markersize',30);
else
if (T2<0)
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) is a local maximum.',cx(k),cy(k))
fprintf('\nThe maximum value of f at(%d,%d) is %d.',cx(k),cy(k),T3)
plot3(cx(k),cy(k),T3,'r+','markersize',30);
else
fprintf('\nThe point(%d,%d) is a local minimum.',cx(k),cy(k))
fprintf('\nThe minimum value of f at(%d,%d) is %d.',cx(k),cy(k),T3)
plot3(cx(k),cy(k),T3,'m*','markersize',30);
end
end
end
Code Output:
LANGRANGE ‘S MULTIPLIER METHOD – MODULE 4
Problem Statement 3:
Find the maxima and minima of the function: f = x*2y*3z*4
subject to the constraint x+y+z=5
Code Input:
%% Constrained Maxima and minima of functions - Lagrange's method:
clc
clear all
syms x y z lam real % Variables of lagrange's equation defined
f= x^2*y^3*z^4;
g= x+y+z-5; % Constraint definition
F=f-lam*g;
Fd=jacobian(F,[x y z lam]); % Getting values of Fx,Fy,Fz,Flam
[ax,ay,az, alam]=solve(Fd,[x y z lam]); % Getting various values of x y z lam
ax=double(ax); ay=double(ay); az=double(az); %Conversion to numeric type
T = subs(f,{x,y,z},{ax,ay,az}); % Function value at critical points
T=double(T);
for i = 1:length(T), % T is an array
fprintf('\nCritical point of f is (%1.3f,%1.3f,%1.3f).',ax(i),ay(i),az(i))
fprintf('\nf(%1.3f,%1.3f,%1.3f) = %1.3f',ax(i),ay(i),az(i),T(i));
end
fprintf('\nMinimum value of f is %1.3f.',min(T))
fprintf('\nMinimum value of f is %1.3f.',max(T))
Code Output:
Problem Statement 4: A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32
c.c. Find the dimensions of the box, that requires the least material for its
construction.
Code Input :
%% Word problems
clc
clear all
syms x y z lam real
f= x*y+2*y*z+2*x*z;
g= x*y*z-32;
F=f-lam*g;
Fd=jacobian(F,[x y z lam]);
% restrictions on the independent variables
eq1=x>=0;
eq2=y>=0;
eq3=z>=0;
eqns=[eq1,eq2,eq3,Fd];
[ax,ay,az, alam]=solve(eqns,[x y z lam]);
ax=double(ax); ay=double(ay); az=double(az);
T = subs(f,{x,y,z},{ax,ay,az});
T=double(T);
for i = 1:length(T),
fprintf('\nExtreme value occurs at (%1.3f,%1.3f,%1.3f).',ax(i),ay(i),az(i))
fprintf('\nf(%1.3f,%1.3f,%1.3f) = %1.3f',ax(i),ay(i),az(i),T(i));
end
fprintf('\nMinimum value of the surface area such that cost is minimum is
%1.3f.',min(T))
Code Output:
Problem Statement 5:
Find the maximum and minimum distances from the origin to the curve
3x2+4xy+6y2=140.
Code Input :
clc
clear all
syms x y z lam real
f= (x^2+y^2+z^2)^(0.5);
g= 3*x^2+4*x*y+6*y^2-140;
F=f-lam*g;
Fd=jacobian(F,[x y z lam]);
[ax,ay,az, alam]=solve(Fd,[x y z lam]);
ax=double(ax); ay=double(ay); az=double(az);
T = subs(f,{x,y,z},{ax,ay,az});
T=double(T);
for i = 1:length(T),
fprintf('\nExtreme value occurs at (%1.3f,%1.3f,%1.3f).',ax(i),ay(i),az(i))
fprintf('\nf(%1.3f,%1.3f,%1.3f) = %1.3f',ax(i),ay(i),az(i),T(i));
end
fprintf('\nMinimum value of distance is %1.3f.',min(T))
fprintf('\nMaximum value of distance is %1.3f.',max(T))
Code Output:
