Frameworks
of the Study
Variables Used in Research
It refers to a variable that you manipulate
or vary in an experimental study to Independent
explore its effects. It’s called as such
because it’s not influenced by any other Variable
variables in the study.
It refers to a variable that changes as a
result of the independent variable Dependent
manipulation. It’s the outcome you’re Variable
interested in measuring, and it “depends”
on the IV.
Variables Used in Research
A variable which influences the direction
and the strength of the connection between Moderating
independent dependent variables Variable
A variable that is an integral part of the
cause-effect relationship and helps us to Mediating
understand the effects of the independent Variable
variable on the dependent variable.
Variables Used in Research
A variable that is held constant or limited in a
research study. It’s a variable that is not of Control
interest to the study’s objectives but is Variable
controlled because it could influence the
outcomes.
Frameworks of the Study
A research framework illustrates the structure, skeleton or
blueprint of the research plan and helps the researcher
formulate relevant research questions.
The framework consists of the key concepts
and assumes relationships of the research
project. It is used as a guide so that the
researchers are more focused on the scope of
their studies. It can be presented using visual
(diagrams and charts) and narrative (paragraph
stating the concepts and relationships) forms.
Frameworks of the Study
The chapter on review of related literature accommodates
the frameworks of the study. There are two types of
framework. Both provide direction for the study.
Theoretical Conceptual
Framework Framework
Theoretical Framework
In the theoretical framework, you explain the theories or
laws that support your research, showing that your work
is grounded in established ideas.
In this part of the research paper, the researcher cites
and discusses related theories that serve as foundation
of the variables and their relationship, to make the study
more scientific and understandable to readers.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework illustrates what you
expect to find through your research.
It defines the relevant variables for your study and
maps out how they might relate to each other
Are theoretical and conceptual
frameworks the same thing?
Short answer: It depends on who you ask! But strictly
speaking, they are not the same thing.
The most rigorous definition might say that a
theoretical framework is an existing single model of theory
that could be used to understand a researchable
problem. Accordingly, a conceptual framework would be
the gathering of many parts or “concepts” from many
theories to make a new model for your study.
Research Paradigm
A research paradigm is a diagram that visually represents
and interprets the underlying theory, principles and
concepts of a research.
It is a visual representation of variables that interrelate with
one another as perceived by the researcher before an actual
investigation is done to prove its relationships.
Note: The research paradigm should be accompanied by
discussion that explains the idea behind the model and its
relevance to the study.
Commonly Used Models for
Research Paradigm
As you read on different research studies, the common conceptual
frameworks used of most studies are the following models.
IV-DV IPO
Model Model
The IV-DV Model
IV-DV stands for Independent Variable – Dependent
Variable.
The terms independent variable and dependent variable
are most appropriately used when describing the
relationship between "causal" and "effect" variables.
This model shows relationship between the independent
variables and dependent variables.
The IPO Model
IPO stands for Input-Process-Output.
If you want to emphasize the research process, the IPO
model is appropriate.
The input refers to the raw data, information or materials
captured and collected by the researcher.
The process accepts the input and transforms it
into some other state.
The output refers to the result, reports or product
made from processing the input.
QUIZ
Kayo: Te, 1/4?
Us: Notebook po.
QUIZ
1. Which of the following best defines an independent
variable in a research study?
A. A variable that results from the manipulation of other
variables
B. A variable that is held constant throughout the study
C. A variable that you manipulate to explore its effects
D. A variable that is influenced by external factors
QUIZ
2. The dependent variable in a study is best described as:
A. The manipulated factor in the study
B. The constant variable that does not change
C. The variable that moderates the effect of the input
D. The outcome that changes as a result of the
independent variable
QUIZ
3. What type of variable affects the strength or direction
of the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables?
A. Control Variable
B. Mediating Variable
C. Moderating Variable
D. Theoretical Variable
QUIZ
4. Which framework explains the theories or laws that
support your research?
A. Conceptual Framework
B. Practical Framework
C. Theoretical Framework
D. Applied Framework
QUIZ
5. Which model focuses on Input, Process, and Output
and is suitable when emphasizing the flow of a
research study?
A. IV-DV Model
B. IPO Model
C. Research Ladder Model
D. Feedback Loop Model
QUIZ
1. Theoretical frameworks define the expected
relationships between variables in your own study.
2. Dependent variable is a variable that is held constant
or limited in a research study.
3. A conceptual framework is only used in quantitative
research.
QUIZ
4. A conceptual framework explains the key concepts
and their relationships used to guide a research study.
5. There are two types of framework which is the
conceptual and theoretical framework.
ANSWERS
1. C 6. F
2. D 7. F
3. C 8. F
4. C 9. T
5. B 10. T
