ATUMUN 2024

United Nations Security Council

UNSC

STUDY GUIDE
Maintaining International Peace amidst the war in Ukraine
Written by:
Oliver Frost Sørensen & Rosa Cathrine Knappe

Edited by:
Nicoline Meng Aagaard Andersen & Simon Mosgaard Jørgensen
Table of contents

Table of contents 1
Welcome from the Dias and Secretariat 2
Abbreviations 3
Key definitions 3
Introduction to the committee 4
Introduction to the topic 4
The current state 5
The current military circumstances 5
The humanitarian crisis and the UNs involvement 6
Diplomatic and political context 7
International sanctions 7
Timeline of events 8
2014 8
2021 8
2022 8
2023 9
2204 9
Key issues 9
Rising energy prices 9
Food security 10
Peace talks 10
Sovereignty and international law 11
Rearmament of military power 11
Major bloc positions 11
In support of Ukraine 12
Countries supporting Russia 12
Countries wishing to stay neutral 12
Questions a resolution should answer 14
Further Reading 15
Sources 15

Page 1
Welcome from the Dias and Secretariat

Dear delegates,

We are delighted to welcome you to this years ATUMUN conference and the United Nations
Security Council (UNSC).

On the 24th of February 2022 Russia initiated an invasion of Ukraine. This conflict has been
underway since 2014, with Russia’s military intervention in Crimea. Thus, at this point the
conflict has been underway for around 10 years, making the situation even more complex.
Unfortunately, as with any armed conflict civilians will at times end up as victims, which
everyone obviously is against. During this conference you will attempt to de-escalate the
complex situation in Ukraine, and maybe even negotiate a ceasefire in the area.

The following Study guide will provide you with an introduction to the committee’s topic -
Maintaining International Peace amidst the conflict in Ukraine - as well as giving a brief
overview of the key issues within the topic. We are aware that this is a sensitive subject, as
real people right now are being killed in Ukraine due to conflict, thus we ask all of you to
remember this is all simulated, and you or the other delegates may represent views they do
not agree with. Furthermore, this debate will be simulated as being on the 24th of August
2024, and thus all developments after this date will not yet have happened.

We encourage you to do further research on your own in order to fully comprehend the
different aspects of the topic and to be as well-prepared as possible. It is recommended you
utilise the resources provided in the Further Reading Section. In addition to this, the UNSC
has a slightly altered voting procedure, and we thus ask you to familiarise yourself with
Addendum A in the Rules of Procedure.

We hope you find the Study Guide helpful, and are as excited for the conference as we are. If
you have any questions feel free to ask your questions in the ATUMUN Facebook group or
contact us on our email [email protected]. We will make sure to answer any
questions in a timely manner.

We are looking forward to meeting all of you and to a fantastic debate!

Sincerely your Dias and Secretariat,

Oliver Frost Sørensen, Rosa Cathrine Knappe, Dicte Møberg, Lucca Dybtved Kjærgaard,
Nicoline Meng Aagaard Andersen, & Simon Mosgaard Jørgensen

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Abbreviations

UN - United Nations

UNSC - United Nations Security Council

OCHA - United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

ICC - International Criminal Court

ICJ - International Court of Justice

OHCHR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization

EU - European Union

Key definitions

Proxy war - An armed conflict fought between two parts, wherein one part is a non-state
actor supported by a third-party.

Annexation - Possession taken of a piece of land or a country, usually by force or without

permission.

Sovereignty - The authority of a state to govern itself.

Veto - An official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something.

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Introduction to the committee

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) was established in 1946 after World War 2 as a
security measure to ensure peace and security in the world. It has four main purposes: To
maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to
cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, to be
a centre for harmonising the actions of nations. Unlike other committee’s in the United
Nations, the Security Council can impose sanctions or even authorise the use of force to
maintain or restore international peace and order.1

The UNSC consists of five permanent members which are: The United States, The United
Kingdom, The Russian Federation, The People's Republic of China, and The French
Republic. Furthermore it consists of ten elected nations who are elected for a two-year term.
These nations are currently: The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, The Republic of
Ecuador, Co-operative Republic of Guyana, Japan, The Republic of Malta, The Republic of
Mozambique, The Republic of Korea, The Republic of Sierra Leone, The Republic of
Slovenia, and the Swiss Confederation. One of the most prominent differences between the
permanent and the elected countries, is that the five permanent members have the right to
veto. If a country exercises their right to veto, then regardless of how many of the other
countries vote in favour of the resolution it does not pass.

Introduction to the topic

On the 24th of February 2022, Russian president, Vladimir Putin, initiated an invasion under
the pretext of a “special military operation”, involving the entry of Russian military forces
into selected Ukrainian territories from Belarus, Russia, and Crimea. A few days prior,
against international law, Russia acknowledged these selected territories’ independence, as a
way of justifying the invasion.2

The invasion was not an isolated event but rather the culmination of eight years of conflict
and proxy warfare in eastern Ukraine. At this time, Ukrainian government forces fought with
the Russian-backed private military group, the Wagner Group.

The conflict has had devastating humanitarian consequences, resulting in the loss of tens of
thousands of lives, the displacement of millions, and extensive destruction across Ukrainian
territories over a period of more than two years. The conflict's global impact has been
profound, exerting significant influence on energy markets, food security, and geopolitical
stability, while also testing the resilience and unity of the international community.

This session will focus on the significant events that have occurred from the official
commencement of the conflict on the 24th of February 2022 until the chosen date of the 24th
of August 2024.

1
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The current state

The war in Ukraine has gone through several phases and intensifications through the years.
The situation has been further complicated by a series of geopolitical, humanitarian, and
economic dynamics that continue to affect the conflict to this day.

The current military circumstances

As of August 2024, battles in Ukraine remain intense, particularly in regions such as

Donetsk, Luhansk, and Kherson. The Ukrainian military have been engaged in a prolonged
counteroffensive where they are attempting to reclaim territory which for now are occupied
by Russian forces. According to reports, Ukraines counteroffensives have had mixed success.
While Ukraine has managed to gain some ground and accomplish tactical victories in certain
areas, they continue to face strong resistance from the well-armed Russian forces. Here the
reports point to, the long front, the Russian troops “entrenched in fortified positions”, and
insufficient military equipment as determining.3

A notable development is Ukraine's recent attacks on Russian territory, including long-range

strikes on Crimea and a drone strike on Moscow. These operations form part of Ukraine's
broader strategy to destabilise Russian supply lines and weaken Russia's control over
annexed regions. The drone attack on Moscow, though causing limited physical damage, was
symbolically significant, demonstrating Ukraine's capacity to reach deep into Russian
territory. It heightened anxiety both within the Russian government and among its civilian
population, challenging the perception that the war could be contained to Ukraine.
Additionally, it forced Russia to divert resources to defend its capital, while escalating
tensions and complicating the broader conflict.4 5

Additionally, for the first time, Ukrainian soldiers have officially advanced into Russian
territory, specifically the Kursk region. This unexpected military manoeuvre surprised both
Moscow and the international community, as the operation was initially covered by secrecy.
Ukraine’s President Zelensky later confirmed the attack, describing it as a strategic move to
“bring the war onto the aggressor’s territory”. The critical question remains whether this
Ukrainian advance is a brilliant move or a risky gamble, especially given the pressure
Ukrainian forces are already facing on other fronts. The operation’s objective may be to force
Russia to redeploy troops from eastern Ukraine, but whether it will succeed remains
uncertain. Nevertheless, the action has drawn global attention and brought the war closer to
the Russian population.6

https://www.reuters.com/graphics/UKRAINE-CRISIS/MAPS/klvygwawavg/#four-factors-that-stalled-ukraines-
counteroffensive
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y-2024-08-21/
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The humanitarian crisis and the UNs involvement

The conflict has resulted in catastrophic humanitarian issues for both Ukraine and Russia.
According to the United Nations, “Over 14.6 million people – about 40 percent of the
Ukrainian population living in Ukraine – will need humanitarian assistance in 2024. Of
those, more than 3.3 million are the front-line communities in the east and the south of the
country including those living in the occupied territories. Needs are also high among the
nearly 4 million people who are internally displaced across Ukraine, particularly, with
111,500 people currently living in collective sites.” 7

The International Criminal Court (ICC) has documented extensive human rights violations
done by the Russian Federation, including attacks on civilian targets, torture, and sexual
violence. Following this the ICC has issued multiple arrest warrants for high-ranking Russian
officials.8 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
has also reported allegations of human rights violations by Ukrainian forces. These include
attacks that have resulted in civilian casualties. While these claims are still under
investigation, they highlight the complexity of accountability on both sides of the conflict. If
proven, such actions could lead to international legal consequences for Ukrainian officials as
well.9

A report issued by the OHCHR in August 2024 further documented war crimes, mass
casualties, and illegal large-scale coordinated attacks, underscoring the need for
accountability and justice.10 Additionally, the UN suspended Russia from the Human Rights
Council on the 7th of April, 2022, due to allegations of war crimes. 11

At the same point in time, the UN passed multiple resolutions condemning Russia's actions,
including the General Assembly's resolution on the 2nd of March, 2022, which called for
Russia’s immediate withdrawal from Ukraine. 12

The UN has also played a crucial role in providing humanitarian aid to the war-torn Ukraine,
urging international initiatives to mitigate the massive refugee crisis. This includes but is not
limited to the previously cited Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan and the Regional
Refugee Response Plan from January 2024.

https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/ukraine/ukraine-summary-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan-a
nd-regional-refugee-response-plan-january-2024
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putin-and
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ack-donetsk
10
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Diplomatic and political context

On the diplomatic front, the conflict is polarising the international community. Ukraine
enjoys broad support from Western nations, mostly from the United States and EU, which
have provided significant financial and military assistance to boost the Ukrainian resistance.
The largest contributors by Government allocations in % of GDP, per 2023 were Denmark,
Estonia, and Lithuania.13

NATO has also expanded its support for Ukraine, although Ukraine is yet to be granted full
membership. “Together, NATO Allies account for 99% of all military aid to Ukraine. Through
NATO’s Comprehensive Assistance Package (CAP) and related funds, Allies have pledged
around EUR 800 million (approximately USD 870 million) to meet Ukraine's critical needs
for non-lethal aid, including cold-weather clothing, body armour, fuel, transport vehicles,
secure communications, combat rations, demining equipment and medical supplies.” In
contrast, Russia has become increasingly isolated internationally but continues to receive
military support from a few nations, such as Belarus, China, North Korea and Iran. This
support is manifested as direct lending of territory, large amounts of munition, and much
more as part of the Russia-China no-limit friendship.14

A key diplomatic development in 2023 was the 77th UN General Assembly session. Here the
Assembly called for reaffirming Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and stepping
up peace talks. 15

A potential ceasefire discussion emerged in August 2024. Ukraine and Russia were set to
send delegations to Doha to negotiate a milestone agreement halting strikes on energy and
power infrastructure on both sides. Sadly the indirect talks were derailed by Ukraine’s
surprise incursion into Russia’s western Kursk region. However the willingness to engage in
the talks signalled something of a shift for both countries, at least for a limited cease-fire.16
Further peace talks are already in the works, which will be discussed in”Key Issues”.

International sanctions

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has triggered a wave of economic sanctions that have severely
impacted the Russian economy. The European Union, the United States, and other Western
nations have implemented sanctions targeting key sectors of the Russian economy, including
energy, technology, and financial services.17 These sanctions have had a noticeable effect on
Russia’s ability to sustain and maintain its economy. However, Russia has managed to retain
some level of economic stability with support from countries not participating in the
sanctions such as China. According to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and
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the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development it is estimated that in 2022,
Russia’s GDP dropped by 2.1%.18

One of the most critical areas where the sanctions have had global effects is in the food
sector. Russia and Ukraine are both major exporters of grain and other agricultural products,
and the war has caused significant strain on the global markets. To alleviate this crisis, the
UN brokered an agreement in July 2022, known as the Black Sea Grain Initiative, which
allowed for the export of grain from Ukrainian ports despite the ongoing conflict. However,
Russia exited the agreement in July 2023, raising renewed concerns over global food
insecurity.19

Timeline of events

2014

February 20th - The Russian Federation begins military intervention in Crimea.20

2021

April - The Russian Federation begins military buildup near the Ukraine border.

2022

February 21st - President Vladimir Putin recognizes Donetsk and Luhansk as independent
against international law.21

February 24th - The Russian Federation launches a full scale invasion on Ukraine and
officially starts a special military operation.

March 2nd - UN General Assembly demands the Russian Federation withdraw from Ukraine.

April - Russian troops are forced to withdraw from the Kyiv region.

April 7th - UN suspends the Russian Federation from the Human Rights Council over alleged
war crimes.

May-June - Multiple of Ukraines larger cities fall to Russian forces.

July 22nd - UN brokers Black Sea Grain Initiative to ease global food crisis.

August-September - Ukraine launches multiple successful counter offensives.

18
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September 30th - President Vladimir Putin announces annexation of four Ukrainian regions.22

2023

February 23rd - UN calls for a peace plan in Ukraine that reaffirms Sovereignty and
Territorial Integrity.

June 24th - Wagner Group marches toward Moscow.

July 17th - The Russian Federation exits the Black Sea Grain Initiative, which raises global
food security concerns.

2204

March - Ukraine targets Crimea with long-range strikes, disrupting Russian supply lines.

March 22nd - Russia officially regards itself as being at war in Ukraine.23

July - Domestic unrest increases due to large military setbacks.

August 9th - Ukraine troops cross the Russian border for the first time in the war.

August 23rd - Potential Ceasefire discussion emerges.

August - UN report highlights war crimes in Ukraine and calls for accountability and justice.

Key issues

The conflict in Ukraine has had significant global consequences, particularly economic- and
humanitarian issues. In addition, numerous complex issues arise in the context of
international influence.

Rising energy prices

Energy prices have surged following the commencement of the conflict. Many countries in
the EU are heavily reliant on imported energy and fossil fuels such as natural gas and oil, of
which Russia is a large exporter. In response to the conflict, sanctions, and Western nations
involvement Russia felt pressured to suspend large amounts of their export to most of the EU
countries.

The suspension of exports, creating a shortage of supply, combined with the sustained high
demand has led energy prices to surge upwards. At the time of the invasion, most of the EU

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countries were highly reliant and depended on the import of Russian fossil fuels and energy,
and were therefore vulnerable to the disruptions that the conflict created. 24 In an effort to
mitigate this issue, the EU has come up with some solutions. Firstly they have reduced the
demand of gas by 15%, such that which in turn lowers the price. Secondly the EU member
states have begun purchasing gas and other fossil fuels together to lower import prices. Lastly
they have introduced a new rule that will make sure that there is more gas stored in the
winter, to lower the prices and make sure there is enough for cold winters.25

Food security

Another issue the conflict has created or intensified is global food insecurity, particularly in
regions already vulnerable to food crises such as famine. Prior to the conflict, Russia and
Ukraine were two of the largest exporters of grain and food in the world. However, the
blockade of the Ukraine grain export along with Russia's withdrawal from the Black sea grain
initiative, has led to many countries in East Africa experiencing severe food crises, such as
mass starvation problems. Additionally, the blockade of Ukraine grain has impacted nations
in the Middle East and Central America, causing a further increase in the uncontrollable
surge of prices. Experts propose that to mitigate the grain issue, Ukraine should, with the help
of other EU or affected countries, modernise their infrastructure and establish new trade
routes both by land and sea. These measures would allow Ukrainian grian to reach regions in
need, and stabilise or even lower the grain prices globally.26

Peace talks

Efforts to negotiate peace have encountered significant resistance and obstacles. Russia
remains unwilling to meet the terms and conditions of surrender, fall back from the front, or
agree to a ceasefire, all due to territorial disputes over the regions Donetsk and Luhansk.
Russia claims to be “liberating” these regions, arguing that the regions want to become
independent from Ukraine and wishes to join the Russian Federation. Despite Ukraines
repeated calls for peace and their lack of interest in prolonging or drawing out the conflict,
Russia continues to refuse, as they believe its involvement is a moral imperative and a
humanitarian fight. President Vladimir Putin has stated: “What kind of negotiations can we
talk about with people who indiscriminately attack the civilian population, and civilian
infrastructure, or try to create threats to nuclear power facilities? What can we even talk
about with them?”27. Ukraine’s proposed solution for peace involves engaging in peace

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nergy-crisis_en
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discussions with Russia’s allies, in the hope that these intermediaries can mitigate and
facilitate a more productive negotiations with the Russian government.

Sovereignty and international law

A key issue raised by Russia relates to the question of sovereignty. Russia claims the disputed
regions should, as it once was, be integrated into its own territory due to the significant
number of residents in the disputed regions population who identify as Russian. Claiming to
“liberate” these regions, Russia effectively and actively denies Ukrainian sovereignty over
them. However, this approach conflicts with the Principle of Non-Intervention article 2,
which asserts that no state has the right to intervene in the internal affairs of another state,
unless it is for humanitarian intervention or if the state fails to protect its own population.
This article applies to all nations, member and non-members alike, if called to question
Chapter VII will be called into effect.28 Given that the conditions of Chapter VII have not
been clearly met, Russia’s actions raise questions about the legitimacy of its claim that this is
a justified humanitarian intervention. In correlation to this the ICJ has ruled that the grounds
for the invasion goes directly against international law. In their verdict it is stated that not
only is the invasion and the grounds for it against international law. Granting the selected
territories independence is as well. This is because it directly violates the principle of
non-intervention, the principle of territorial integrity and several bilateral and multilateral
treaties, the Minsk agreements and duty of non-recognition.

Rearmament of military power

Since the conflict in Ukraine, numerous countries, particularly in Europe, have initiated
significant efforts to rearm their military forces. Germany, after decades of disarmament, has
notably begun rebuilding its military capabilities. Similarly, other nations such as Denmark,
Poland, and more have also embarked on similar extensive military rearmament. This
massive rearmament of military power in Europe, is an issue of large concern. Russia and
their allies could see this as a potential threat or even an act of aggression. Such perceptions
could escalate existing tensions and further the conflict. However, immediate disarmament is
not a viable solution, as it would leave many nations vulnerable to external threats. Currently,
there are no universally accepted solutions to this issue. Even if a peace agreement is reached
between Russia and Ukraine, the heightened tensions between NATO and Russia are likely to
continue. These tensions mark the most strained relationship between the two since the Cold
War.29

Major bloc positions

The Russia-Ukraine conflict has divided the international community into three initial blocs.
These blocs are: Those supporting Ukraine, those supporting Russia, and those wishing to
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stay neutral. These blocs did not form as a result of the commencement of the conflict, but
are shaped by geopolitical interests, historical ties and strategic alliances.

In support of Ukraine

Countries supporting Ukraine primarily consist of members of the EU, NATO30, and allies
hereof. This bloc often mentions concerns over territorial sovereignty, the durability of
international law, and regional security. Members in this bloc include the United States, the
French Republic, and the United Kingdom, all of which are permanent members of the
UNSC. They have provided significant military and financial aid to Ukraine. These nations
view the conflict as a direct threat to European stability and safety. Japan has also aligned
with this bloc, imposing sanctions on Russia and helping Ukraine diplomatically. Other
members such as Slovenia31, Sierra Leone32, Malta33, Guyana34, Ecuador35, Switzerland36, and
the Republic of Korea37 also aligned with this bloc.

Countries supporting Russia

The smaller bloc of nations supporting Russia, is mostly composed of its historical and
traditional allies and countries opposed to NATO. The People’s Republic of China, a
permanent member of the UNSC, stands as a significant supporter. Although it calls for
dialogue rather than direct military involvement. China opposes Western sanctions and shares
concerns about NATO’s expansion. Algeria and other countries in this bloc value Russia as a
counterbalance to Western influence and support its narrative of NATO as a destabilising
force.38

Countries wishing to stay neutral

The neutral bloc includes countries that have not taken a definitive stance, often motivated by
economic considerations or the desire to avoid involvement in the conflict. These nations,

30
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humanity/
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greements.pdf?r=1
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s=141
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such as Mozambique39, advocate for diplomatic solutions and prioritise maintaining relations
with both sides.

39

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Questions a resolution should answer

1. How can the international community help to establish a sustainable ceasefire

between Russia and Ukraine?
a. What role should the UN play in meditating peace talks between the
conflicting parties?
b. How can the UN balance between the conditions set by both parties in order to
establish a sustainable ceasefire?

2. How can sovereignty and territorial integrity be insured worldwide?

a. How can security concerns of neighbouring countries and regions be
addressed internationally?

3. Which opportunities can the international community create in regards to food

insecurity caused by the blockade of Ukraine grain export, and the withdrawal of
Russia from the Black sea initiative?

4. How can the economic impacts of the conflict be mitigated?

a. What diplomatic or economic measures can be taken to prevent a further
escalation of the conflict

5. How can rearmament of states emerging from conflict be monitored, ensuring that it
aligns with international security pacts and prevents further escalation?
a. How can the UN ensure transparency in the military rearmament of states
emerging from conflict to prevent mistrust?
b. How can rearmament be balanced with disarmament agreements?

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Further Reading

- Russia’s Recognition of the DPR and LPR as Illegal Acts under International Law
https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/russias-recognition-of-the-dpr-and-lpr-as-illegal-acts-un
der-international-law/
- Political Solution Founded on International Law, Restoring Ukraine’s Territorial
Integrity, Only Way to End War, General Assembly President Tells Delegates
https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12516.doc.htm
- Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (current conflict, 2022-present)
https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9847/CBP-9847.pdf
- One year since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine – United Nations Response
https://youtu.be/uml1f2Wy1Lk

Sources
- What is the Security Council?
https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/about_test1
- Russia’s Recognition of the DPR and LPR as Illegal Acts under International Law
https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/russias-recognition-of-the-dpr-and-lpr-as-illegal-acts-un
der-international-law/
- Mapping Ukraine’s counteroffensive
https://www.reuters.com/graphics/UKRAINE-CRISIS/MAPS/klvygwawavg/#four-fac
tors-that-stalled-ukraines-counteroffensive
- Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 10, 2024
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessm
ent-july-10-2024
- Ukraine attacks Moscow in one of largest ever drone strikes on Russian capital
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-launches-drone-attack-moscow-other-r
egions-russian-officials-say-2024-08-21/
- Pludselig besætter Ukraine byer i Rusland. Galt eller genialt?
https://www.zetland.dk/historie/se7j9Xv9-aeElVVjj-83a2a
- Ukraine: Summary of the Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan and the Regional
Refugee Response Plan (January 2024)
https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/ukraine/ukraine-summary-humanitarian-n
eeds-and-response-plan-and-regional-refugee-response-plan-january-2024
- Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich
Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova
https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-agains
t-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and
- Ukraine: UN Human Rights Office deplores deadly attack in Donetsk
https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/01/ukraine-un-human-rights-
office-deplores-deadly-attack-donetsk
- Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict — August 2024
https://ukraine.un.org/en/278125-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-—-august-2024
- UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council
https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115782

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- General Assembly Overwhelmingly Adopts Resolution Demanding Russian
Federation Immediately End Illegal Use of Force in Ukraine, Withdraw All Troops
https://press.un.org/en/2022/ga12407.doc.htm
- Ukraine Support Tracker
https://www.ifw-kiel.de/topics/war-against-ukraine/ukraine-support-tracker/
- NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_192648.htm
- Political Solution Founded on International Law, Restoring Ukraine’s Territorial
Integrity, Only Way to End War, General Assembly President Tells Delegates
https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12516.doc.htm
- Ukraine’s offensive derails secret efforts for partial cease-fire with Russia, officials
say
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/17/kursk-ukraine-russia-energy-ceas
efire/
- Sanctions against Russia – a timeline
https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/
sanctions-against-russia-8211-a-timeline-69602559
- Impact of sanctions on the Russian economy
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/impact-sanctions-russian-economy/
- Ukrainian grain exports explained
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/ukrainian-grain-exports-explained/
- Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (2014 - eve of 2022 invasion)
https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9476/CBP-9476.pdf
- Kremlin, in change of language, says Russia is 'at war' due to West's role in Ukraine
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-says-russia-is-war-due-western-interv
ention-ukrainian-side-2024-03-22/
- Impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the markets: EU response
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-response-ukraine-invasion/impact-of-
russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine-on-the-markets-eu-response/
- EU action to address the energy crisis
https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-gree
n-deal/eu-action-address-energy-crisis_en
- Ukraine’s grain exports are crucial to Africa’s food security
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/ukraines-grain-exports-are-cruci
al-to-africas-food-security
- Ukraine wants peace talks in wake of Russia incursion, but not directly with Putin
https://www.politico.eu/article/war-in-ukraine-russia-peace-talks-vladimir-putin/
- United Nations Charter (full text)
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text
- Europe’s Rearmament after the Ukraine War – National Security and Military
Cooperation
https://www.wgi.world/europe-s-rearmament-after-the-ukraine-war-national-security-
and-military-cooperation/
- Agreement on Security Cooperation and Long-Term Support Between Ukraine and
the Republic of Slovenia
https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ugoda-pro-spivrobitnictvo-u-sferi-bezpeki-ta-d
ovgostrokovu-p-92241
- Sierra Leone: President Julius Bio urges end to Ukraine war for 'sake of humanity'
https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/18/sierra-leone-president-julius-bio-urges-end-t
o-ukraine-war-for-sake-of-humanity/

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- Security Council briefing on Ukraine to discuss lessons learnt from the Minsk
Agreements in the context of the Council’s prevention efforts, 17 February 2023
https://foreign.gov.mt/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2023.02.17-Security-Council-brief
ing-on-Ukraine.-Minsk-Agreements.pdf?r=1
- Russia's invasion of Ukraine is not without consequences for Guyana.
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/guyana/russias-invasion-ukraine-not-without-
consequences-guyana_en?s=141
- Ecuador Faces Reprisals for Indirect Support to Ukraine
https://fmso.tradoc.army.mil/2024/ecuador-faces-reprisals-for-indirect-support-to-ukra
ine/
- Support of the Confederation for the people affected by the war in Ukraine
https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/fdfa/aktuell/dossiers/krieg-gegen-ukraine.html
- MOFA Spokesperson’s Statement on Situation Regarding Ukraine
https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=322002
- Algeria-Russia Relations After the Ukraine Invasion
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/algeria-russia-relations-after-ukra
ine-invasion
- President Nyusi insists Mozambique encourages "dialogue" in Ukraine-Russia
conflict
https://www.africanews.com/2022/03/17/president-nyusi-insists-mozambique-encoura
ges-dialogue-in-ukraine-russia-conflict/

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