Internet of Things (IOT)


Internet Of Things(IoT)
 Internet of Things(IoT) is a network of physical
objects or people called "things" that are embedded
with software, electronics, network, and sensors that
allows these objects to collect and exchange data. The
goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from
standard devices like computer, mobile, tablet to
relatively dumb devices like a toaster.
 IoT makes virtually everything "smart," by improving
aspects of our life with the power of data collection, AI
algorithm, and networks. The thing in IoT can also be
a person with a diabetes monitor implant, an animal
with tracking devices, etc.
 IOT Applications
Application type Description

Smart Thermostats Helps you to save resource on heating bills by knowing your
usage patterns.
Connected Cars IOT helps automobile companies handle billing, parking,
insurance, and other related stuff automatically.

Activity Trackers Helps you to capture heart rate pattern, calorie expenditure,
activity levels, and skin temperature on your wrist.

Smart Outlets Remotely turn any device on or off. It also allows you to track a
device's energy level and get custom notifications directly into
your smartphone.

Parking Sensors IOT technology helps users to identify the real-time availability
of parking spaces on their phone.
 IOT Applications
Application type Description

Connect Health The concept of a connected health care system facilitates real-
time health monitoring and patient care. It helps in improved
medical decision-making based on patient data.

Smart City Smart city offers all types of use cases which include traffic
management to water distribution, waste management, etc.

Smart home Smart home encapsulates the connectivity inside your homes.
It includes smoke detectors, home appliances, light bulbs,
windows, door locks, etc.

Smart supply chain Helps you in real time tracking of goods while they are on the
road, or getting suppliers to exchange inventory information.
IoT Applications : Intelligent Home
 Characteristics of IoT
There are following characteristics of IoT:

 Connectivity. This doesn’t need too much further explanation.

With everything going on in IoT devices and hardware, with
sensors and other electronics and connected hardware and
control systems there needs to be a connection between
various levels.

 Things. Anything that can be tagged or connected as such as it’s

designed to be connected. From sensors and household
appliances to tagged livestock. Devices can contain sensors or
sensing materials can be attached to devices and items.
 Characteristics of IoT
 Data. Data is the glue of the Internet of Things, the first step
towards action and intelligence.

 Communication. Devices get connected so they can

communicate data and this data can be analyzed.
Communication can occur over short distances or over a long
range to very long range. Examples: Wi-Fi, LPWA network
technologies such as LoRa or NB-IoT.

 Intelligence. The aspect of intelligence as in the sensing

capabilities in IoT devices and the intelligence gathered from
big data analytics (also artificial intelligence).
 Characteristics of IoT

 Action. The consequence of intelligence. This can be

manual action, action based upon debates regarding
phenomena (for instance in smart factory decisions) and
automation, often the most important piece.

 Ecosystem. The place of the Internet of Things from a

perspective of other technologies, communities, goals and
the picture in which the Internet of Things fits. The
Internet of Everything dimension, the platform dimension
and the need for solid partnerships.
 Physical Design of IoT

 Physical Design of IoT refers to IoT Devices and

IoT Protocols. Things are Node device which
have unique identities and can perform remote
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
Communication established between things and
cloud based server over the Internet by various
IoT protocols.
 Things in IoT

 Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can

perform sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.

 IoT devices can exchange data with other connected

devices or collect data from other devices and process the
data either locally or send the data to centralized servers
or cloud – based application back-ends for processing the
data.
 Generic Block Diagram of an IoT
Device

 An IoT device may consist of several interfaces

for connections to other devices, both wired and
wireless.
 I/O interfaces for sensors
 Interfaces for internet connectivity
 Memory and storage interfaces
 Audio/video interfaces
 IoT Protocols

Link Layer
Transport Layer
•802.3 – Ethernet
•TCP
•802.11 – WiFi
•UDP
•802.16 – WiMax
•802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
Application Layer
•2G/3G/4G
•HTTP
•CoAP
Network/Internet Layer
•WebSocket
•IPv4
•MQTT
•IPv6
•XMPP
•6LoWPAN
•DDS
•
•AMQP
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…Wi Fi

[Link] Standard Operates in

1 802.11a 5 GHz band
2 802.11b and 802.11g 2.4GHz band
3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands
4 [Link] 5GHz band
5 [Link] 60Hz band

 Collection of Wireless LAN

 Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiMax

[Link] Standard Data Rate

1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations

1Gb/s for fixed stations

 Collection of Wireless Broadband standards

 •Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…LR-WPAN

 •Collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal

area networks
 •Basis for high level communication protocols such as
Zigbee
 •Data Rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s
 •Provide low-cost and low-speed communication for
power constrained devices
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…2G/3G/4G
–Mobile Communication

Sr. No Standard Operates in

1 2G GSM-CDMA
2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000
3 4G LTE

 Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s

(for 4G)
IoT Protocols…Network/Internet Layer

 •Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from

source to destination network
 •Performs the host addressing and packet routing
 •Host identification is done using hierarchical IP
addressing schemes such as IPV4 or IPV6
 IoT Protocols…Network Layer
 •IPV4
 •Used to identify the devices on a network using
hierarchical addressing scheme
 •Uses 32-bit address scheme
 •IPV6
 •Uses 128-bit address scheme
 •6LoWPAN (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area
Network)
 •Used for devices with limited processing capacity
 •Operates in 2.4 Ghz
 •Data Rates of 250Kb/s
 IoT Protocols…Transport Layer

 •Provide end-to-end message transfer capability

independent of the underlying network
 •It provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow-control and congestion
control
 IoT Protocols…TCP

 •Transmission Control Protocol

 •Connection Oriented
 •Ensures Reliable transmission
 •Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no
duplicacy of packets and retransmit lost packets
 •Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is
not too high for the receiver process
 •Congestion control capability helps in avoiding
congestion which leads to degradation of n/w
performance
 IoT Protocols…UDP

 •User Datagram Protocol

 •Connectionless
 •Does not ensures Reliable transmission
 •Does not do connection before transmitting
 •Does not provide proper ordering of messages
 •Transaction oriented and stateless
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…Hyper Transfer Protocol

 •Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)

 •Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST,
HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE..etc
 •Follows a request-response model
 •Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to
identify HTTP resources
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…CoAP

 •Constrained Application Protocol

 •Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications
meant for constrained devices and n/w’s
 •Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-
response model
 •Uses client –server architecture
 •Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT and DELETE
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…WebSocket

 •Allows full-duplex communication over single

socket
 •Based on TCP
 •Client can be a browser, IoT device or mobile
application
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…MQTT

 •Message Queue Telemetry Transport , light-weight

messaging protocol
 •Based on publish-subscribe model
 •Well suited for constrained environments where
devices have limited processing, low memory and n/w
bandwith requirement
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…XMPP

 •Extensible messaging and presence protocol

 •For Real time communication and streaming XML
data between n/w entities
 •Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat and
voice/video calls.
 •Decentralized protocol and uses client server
architecture.
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…DDS

 •Data Distribution service is a data-centric

middleware standard for device-to-device or
machine-to-machine communication.
 •Publish subscribe model where publishers
create topics to which subscribers can use.
 •Provides Quality-of-service control and
configurable reliability.
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…AMQP

 •Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol used

for business messaging.
 •Supports both point-to-point and
publisher/subscriber models, routing and
queuing
 •Broker here receives messages from
publishers and route them over connections to
consumers through messaging queues.
 Logical Design of IoT

 •Logical design of an IoT system refers to an

abstract representation of the entities and
processes without going into the low-level
specifics of the implementation.
 •An IoT system comprises a number of functional
blocks that provide the system the capabilities for
identification, sensing, actuation, communication
and management.
 Logical Design of IoT
Logical design of IoT system
refers to an abstract
representation of the entities &
processes without going into
the low-level specifies of the
implementation. For
understanding Logical Design of
IoT, we describes given below
terms.

IoT Functional Blocks

IoT Communication Models
IoT Communication APIs
 Functional Blocks of IoT
An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system
the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and
management.
 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,
monitoring and control functions.
 Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
 Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing
services and services for device discovery.
 Management: this blocks provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
 Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as
authentication , authorization, message and content integrity, and data
security.
 Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of the IoT system. Application also allow users to view the
system status and view or analyze the processed data.

 IoT Models

Request–Response Communication Model

 •Request–Response is a communication model in which
the client sends requests to the server and the server
responds to the requests.
 •When the server receives a request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource
representations, prepares the response and then sends
the response to the client.
 •Stateless communication model
IoT Models
 IoT Models

 Publish–Subscribe Communication
Model
 •Publish–Subscribe is a communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and consumers.
 •Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the
data to the topics which are managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
 •Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by
the broker.
 •When the broker receives data for a topic from the
publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.
 Push–Pull Communication Model
 •Push–Pull is a communication model in which the data
producers push the data to queues and the consumers pull the
data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the
consumers.
 •Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the
producers and consumers.
 •Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when
there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers
push data and the rate at which the consumers pull data.
 Exclusive Pair Communication Model
 •Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that uses a persistent connection
between the client and the server.
 •Once the connection is set up it, remains open until the
client sends a request to close the connection.
 •Client and server can send messages to each other after
connection setup.
 REST-based Communication APIs
 •Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which you can design web
services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources
and how resource states are addressed and transferred.
 •REST APIs follow the request–response communication
model.
 •REST architectural constraints apply to the components,
connectors and data elements within a distributed
hypermedia system.
 REST-based Communication APIs Constraints
 •Client – Server
 •Stateless
 •Cacheable
 •Layered System
 •Uniform Interface
 •Code on demand
 Bahga