Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

ME 1251

Prepared by
Easmin Sultana
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
RUET, Rajshai-6204
 IC Engine
The internal combustion engines are those engines in which the combustion of fuel takes place
inside the engine cylinder. Ex. petrol diesel and gas engines.
Main parts of IC Engine

Cylinder Block Cylinder Head

Crankshaft

Camshaft
4 Stroke Engine
 4 Stroke Petrol Engine
1. Suction /Charging Stroke 3. Expansion / working Stroke
❑ Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC ❑ Ignition of Spark Plug Piston before reaching TDC
❑ Inlet Valve open ❑ Both Inlet and exhaust valve remain closed
❑ Introduction of air and fuel mixture ❑ Combustion occurs (P, T high ) at constant volume
❑ Continuation of suction until the piston reaches BDC ❑ High pressured Combustion product forces the piston
at downward direction
❑ Conversion of heat energy into mechanical work
2. Compression Stroke 4. Exhaust Stroke
❑ Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC ❑ Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC
❑ Both Inlet and exhaust valve remain closed ❑ Exhaust valve open
❑ Pressure and Temperature increase ❑ Piston pushes out combustion product
❑ Completion of a single crankshaft revolution ❑ Cycle complete
 4 Stroke Diesel Engine
3. Expansion / working Stroke
1. Suction /Charging Stroke
❑ Oil injection in the form of fine spray before Piston
❑ Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC reaching TDC.
❑ Inlet Valve open ❑ Both Inlet and exhaust valve remain closed
❑ Introduction of air ❑ Combustion occurs at constant pressure
❑ Continuation of suction until the piston reaches BDC ❑ High pressure Combustion product forces the piston
at downward direction
❑ Conversion of heat energy into mechanical work
2. Compression Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke
❑ Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC
❑ Both Inlet and exhaust valve remain closed ❑ Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC
❑ Pressure and Temperature increase (air) ❑ Exhaust valve open
❑ Completion of a single crankshaft revolution ❑ Piston pushes out combustion product
❑ Cycle complete
 Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

Intake : air fuel mixture Intake : air

Ignition : Compression
Ignition : Spark Plug
ignition

Carburetor for preparation of Fuel injector

charge

Combustion at Combustion at constant

constant volume pressure

Thermal Efficiency up to about Thermal Efficiency up to about

26% 40%
 Why Diesel engine have higher compression ratio , efficiency than petrol
engine?

Petrol
Engine

Diesel
Engine
Valve Timing Diagram for a Four-stroke Cycle Diesel and Petrol Engine
Actual Indicator Diagram for a Four-stroke Cycle Diesel and Petrol Engine
2 Stroke Petrol Engine
 2 Stroke VS 4 Stroke Engine
Why is the power of two stroke engine not exactly 2 times of four stroke engine?

Two stroke cycle engine gives twice the number of power strokes than the four stroke cycle engine at the
same engine speed. Theoretically, a two-stroke cycle engine should develop twice the power as that of a
four-stroke cycle engine. But in actual practice, a two-stroke cycle engine develops 1.7 to 1.8 times the
power developed by four-stroke cycle engine of the same dimensions and speed. They complete a power
cycle in two strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust in one revolution of the crankshaft), but
some of the fuel-air mixture may escape during the exhaust stroke, leading to incomplete combustion and
lower efficiency.

Scavenging of IC engine

The process of removing burnt gases, from the combustion chamber of the engine cylinder, is known as
scavenging.
In a two-stroke cycle engine, the scavenging is less effective as the exhaust port is open for a small
fraction of the crank revolution. Moreover, as the transfer and exhaust port are open simultaneously during
a part of the crank revolution, therefore fresh charge also escapes out along with the burnt gases.
 Types of Scavenging

Crossflow Backflow Uniflow