Exercises

(For Conversion Process we must know,

Kelvin is an SI unit of temperature, where 0°C = 273 K approx.)
1. Convert the following temperatures to Celsius scale.
(a) 300 K
► 300 K = (300 - 273) °C
= 27 °C
(b) 573 K
► 573 K = (573 - 273) °C
= 300 °C
2. Convert the following temperatures to Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C
►25 °C = (25 + 273) K
= 298 K
(b) 373°C
► 373 °C = (373 + 273) K
= 646 K
3. Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid because of
they undergoes sublimation easily i.e., the change of state of naphthalene from
solid to gas takes place easily.
(b) Perfumes have high degree of vaporisation and its vapour diffuses into the air
easily. Therefore, we can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction
between particles-- water, sugar, oxygen.
Oxygen, Water, Sugar.
5. What is the physical state of water at-
(a) 25°C
► Liquid State
(b) 0°C
► Solid State, can also be in liquid state(conditions required).
(c) 100°C
► Gaseous State can also be in liquid state(conditions required).
6. Give two reasons to justify-
(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
(a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because it has fluidity also it has no
shape but has a fixed volume that is, it occupies the shape of the container in
which it is kept.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature it has rigid and fixed shape.
7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same
temperature?
Ice at 273 K has less energy than water (although both are at the same
temperature). Water possesses the additional latent heat of fusion. Hence, at 273
K, ice is more effective in cooling than water.
8. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?
Steam has more energy than boiling water. It possesses the additional latent heat
of vaporisation. Therefore, burns produced by steam are more severe than those
produced by boiling water.
9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state.
Answer

ADDITIONAL PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold drink, smell of perfume.
Chair, air, almonds and cold drink
2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the
smell from cold food you have to go close.
Solids diffuse at a very slow rate. But, if the temperature of the solid is increased,
then the rate of diffusion of the solid particles into air increases. This is due to an
increase in the kinetic energy of solid particles. Hence, the smell of hot sizzling
food reaches us even at a distance, but to get the smell from cold food we have to
go close.
3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of
matter does this observation show?
This observation shows that the particles of matter have intermolecular
spaces. The intermolecular spaces in liquids is fair enough to let the diver pass
through it.
4. What are the characteristics of particles of matter?
The characteristics of particles of matter are:
→ Particles of matter have spaces between them.
→ Particles of matter are continuously moving.
→ Particles of matter attract each other.
1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density (density =
mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density - air, exhaust from chimney,
honey, water, chalk, cotton, and iron.
air, Exhaust from chimneys, cotton, water, honey, chalk, and iron.
2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas
container, shape, kinetic energy, and density.
(a)

Property Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state

No definite shape.
Liquids attain the shape Gases have neither a
Definite shape and of the vessel in which definite shape nor a
volume. they are kept. definite volume.

2. Incompressible Slightly Compressible Highly compressible

3. Cannot flow Can flow Can flow

Particles move freely but

Particles don't move are confined within the Particles move
4. freely boundary. freely.

Force of attraction
Force of attraction between particles is less Force of attraction
between particles is than solid but more than between particles is
5. maximum. that in gas least.

(b)
→ Rigidity: It is the property of matter to resist the change of its shape.
→ Compressibility: It is the property of matter in which its volume is decreased
by applying force.
→ Fluidity: It is the ability of matter to flow.
→ Filling a gas container: On filling a gas takes the shape of the container.
→ Shape: Having definite boundaries.
→ Kinetic Energy: It is the energy possessed by the particles of matter due to its
motion.
→ Density: It is the ratio of mass with per unit volume.
3. Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
► The force of attraction between particles of gas is negligible. Because of this,
particles of gas move in all directions. Thus, a gas fills the vessel completely in
which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
► Particles of gas move randomly in all directions at high speed. As a result, the
particles hit each other and also hit the walls of the container with a force.
Therefore, gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
► A wooden table has fixed shape and fixed volume, which are the main
characteristics of solid. Thus a wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air, but to do the same through a solid block
of wood, we need a karate expert.
► Particles of the air have large spaces between them. On the other hand, wood
has little space between its particles. Also, it is rigid. For this reason, we can
easily move our hands in the air, but to do the same through a solid block of
wood, we need a karate expert.
4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Ice which is solid has vacant spaces between water molecules thus making ice
lighter than water. Thus ice floats on water.
1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
(a) 300 K
► 300 K = (300 - 273)°C
= 27°C
(b) 573 K
► 573 K = (573 - 273)°C
= 300°C
2. What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C
► Gaseous State (As Boiling temperature of the water is 100° C).
(b) 100°C
► Since water boils at this temperature thus it can exist in both liquid and
gaseous form. At this temperature, after getting the heat equal to the latent heat
of vaporisation, water starts changing from liquid state to gaseous state.
3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the
change of state?
During the change of state of any substance, the heat supplied or released is
utilised in phase change. Such heat is called latent heat. So, the temperature of
any substance remains constant during the change of state.
4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
The gases can be converted into liquids by bringing its particles closer so
atmospheric gases can be liquefied either by decreasing temperature or by
increasing pressure.
1.Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
A desert cooler increases the humidity of the surrounding air. The water
particles in the air take the heat from the surrounding objects and evaporate. In
hot and dry days the moisture level is very low in the atmosphere which
increases the rate of evaporation. Because of faster evaporation, the cooler works
well. That’s why desert cooler cools better on a hot dry day.
2. How does water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summers?
There are some pores in an earthen pot through which the liquid inside the pot
evaporates. This evaporation makes the water inside the pot cool. In this way,
water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool during summers.
3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume
on it?
Acetone, petrol, and perfume evaporate at low temperatures. When some
acetone, petrol, or perfume is dropped on the palm, it takes heat from the palm
and evaporates, thereby making the palm cooler.
4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than a cup?
A liquid has a larger surface area in a saucer than in a cup. Thus, it evaporates
faster and cools faster in a saucer than in a cup. Thus, we are able to sip hot tea or
milk faster from a saucer than a cup.
5. What type of clothes should we wear in summers?
We should wear cotton clothes in summers as cotton is a good sweat absorber.
Sweat is absorbed by the cotton and is exposed to the atmosphere making
evaporation faster. During this evaporation, particles on the surface of the liquid
gain energy from our body surface, making the body cool.
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
► Evaporation
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium
chloride.
► Sublimation
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
► Filtration or Centrifugation or decantation
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
► Chromatography
(e) Butter from curd.
► Centrifugation
(f) Oil from water.
► Using separating funnel
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
► Filtration
(h) Iron pins from sand.
► Magnetic separation
(i) Wheat grains from husk.
► Winnowing
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
► Centrifugation
2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words: solution, solvent,
solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue.
First, water is taken as a solvent in a saucer pan. This water (solvent) is allowed to boil.
During heating, milk and tea leaves are added to the solvent as solutes. They form a
solution. Then, the solution is poured through a strainer. The insoluble part of the
solution remains on the strainer as residue. Sugar added to the filtrate, which
dissolves in the filtrate. The resulting solution is the required tea.
3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures
and collected the data as given below( results are given in the following table, as grams
of substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).

(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of
potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and
leaves the solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the
solution cools? Explain.
(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. What salt has the highest solubility at this
temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?
(a) Since 62 g of potassium nitrate is dissolved in 100g of water to prepare a saturated
solution at 313 K, 31 g of potassium nitrate should be dissolved in 50 g of water to
prepare a saturated solution at 313 K.
(b) The amount of potassium chloride that should be dissolved in water to make a
saturated solution increases with temperature. Thus, as the solution cools some of the
potassium chloride will precipitate out of the solution.
(c) The solubility of the salts at 293 K are:
Potassium nitrate – 32 g
Sodium chloride – 36 g
Potassium chloride – 35 g
Ammonium chloride – 37 g
Ammonium chloride has the highest solubility at 293 K.
(d) The solubility of a salt increases with temperature.
4. Explain the following giving examples:
(a) Saturated solution
(b) Pure substance
(c) Colloid
(d) Suspension
(a) Solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a particular temperature is
known as saturated solution. For example in aqueous solution of sugar no more sugar
can be dissolved at room temperature.
(b) A pure substance is a substance consisting of a single type of particles i.e., all
constituent particles of the substance have the same chemical properties. For example
water, sugar, salt etc.
(c) A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture whose particles are not as small as solution but
they are so small that cannot be seen by naked eye. When a beam of light is passed
through a colloid then the path of the light becomes visible. For example milk, smoke
etc.
(d) A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solids are dispersed in liquids.
The solute particles in suspension do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the
medium. For example Paints, Muddy water chalk water mixtures etc.
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.
Soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea
Homogeneous mixtures: Soda water, air, vinegar, filtered tea
Heterogeneous mixtures: Wood, soil
Note: Pure air is homogeneous mixture but Polluted air is heterogeneous mixture.
6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?
Take a sample of colourless liquid and put on stove if it starts boiling exactly at 100 ºC
then it is pure water. Any other colourless liquid such as vinegar always have different
boiling point. Also observe carefully that after some time whole liquid will convert into
vapour without leaving any residue.
7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a "pure substance"?
(a) Ice
(b) Milk
(c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric Acid
(e) Calcium oxide
(f) Mercury
(g) Brick
(h) Wood
(i) Air
The following materials fall in the category of a "pure substance":
(a) Ice
(c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric acid
(e) Calcium oxide
(f) Mercury
8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures:
(a) Soil
(b) Sea water
(c) Air
(d) Coal
(e) Soda water
The following mixtures are solutions:
(b) Sea water
(c) Air
(e) Soda water
9. Which of the following will show the "Tyndall effect"?
(a) Salt solution
(b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution
(d) Starch solution
Tyndall effect is shown by colloidal solution. Here milk and starch solution are colloids
therefore milk and starch solution will show Tyndall effect.
10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures:
(a) Sodium
(b) Soil
(c) Sugar solution
(d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate
(f) Tin
(g) Silicon
(h) Coal
(i) Air
(j) Soap
(k) Methane
(l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood
Elements: Sodium, Silver, Tin and Silicon.
Compounds: Calcium carbonate, Methane and carbon dioxide.
Mixtures: Soil, Sugar, Coal, Air, Soap and Blood.
11. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(a) Growth of a plant
(b) Rusting of iron
(c) Mixing of iron fillings and sand
(d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of candle
The following changes are chemical changes:
(a) Growth of a plant
(b) Rusting of iron
(d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food
(g) Burning of candle
 Additional practice questions
1. What is meant by a pure substance?
A material that is composed of only one type of particles is called pure substance. All
the constituent particles of a pure substance have same chemical nature.
2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Homogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures have uniform Heterogeneous mixtures have non

composition. uniform composition.

It has no visible boundaries of It has visible boundaries of separation

separation between its constituents. between its constituents.

3. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture having a uniform composition throughout the
mixture. For example, mixtures of salt in water, sugar in water, copper sulphate in
water, iodine in alcohol, alloy, and air have uniform compositions throughout the
mixtures.
On the other hand, a heterogeneous mixture is a mixture having a non-uniform
composition throughout the mixture. For example, composition of mixtures of sodium
chloride and iron fillings, salt and sulphur, oil and water, chalk powder in water, wheat
flour in water, milk and water are not uniform throughout the mixtures.
4. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?

Sol Solution Suspension

They are heterogeneous They are homogeneous in They are heterogeneous

in nature. nature. in nature.

They scatter a beam of They do not scatter a They scatter a beam of

light and hence show beam of light and hence light and hence show
Tyndall effect. do not show Tyndall effect Tyndall effect.
 Examples of solution are: Examples of suspension
salt in water, sugar in are: sand in water, dusty
They are quite stable. water. air

5. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water

at 293 K. Find its concentration at this temperature.
Mass of solute (sodium chloride) = 36 g (Given)
Mass of solvent (water) = 100 g (Given)
Then, mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
= (36 + 100) g
= 136 g
6. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their
boiling points is more than 25°C), which are miscible with each other?
Kerosene and petrol are miscible liquids also the difference between their boiling point
is more than 25 ºC so they can be separated by the method of distillation.

In this method, the mixture of kerosene and petrol is taken in a distillation flask with a
thermometer fitted in it. We also need a beaker, a water condenser, and a Bunsen
burner. The apparatus is arranged as shown in the above figure. Then, the mixture is
heated slowly. The thermometer should be watched simultaneously. Kerosene will
vaporize and condense in the water condenser. The condensed kerosene is collected
from the condenser outlet, whereas petrol is left behind in the distillation flask.
7 Name the technique to separate
(i) butter from curd
► By Centrifugation
(ii) salt from sea-water
► By Evaporation
(iii) camphor from salt
► By Sublimation
8. What type of mixtures is separated by the technique of crystallization?
The crystallisation method is used to purify solids.
9. Classify the following as chemical or physical changes:
• Cutting of trees
► Physical change
• Melting of butter in a pan
► Physical change
• Rusting of almirah
► Chemical change
• Boiling of water to form steam
► Physical change
• Passing of electric current through water, and water breaking down into hydrogen and
oxygen gas
► Chemical change
• Dissolving common salt in water
► Physical change
• Making a fruit salad with raw fruits
► Physical change
• Burning of paper and wood
► Chemical change
Exercises
1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to
contain 0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage
composition of the compound by weight.
Total mass of Compound = 0.24 g (Given)
Mass of boron = 0.096 g (Given)
Mass of oxygen = 0.144 g (Given)
Thus, percentage of boron by weight in the compound = 0.096 / 0.24 × 100% =
40%
And, percentage of oxygen by weight in the compound = 0.144 / 0.24 × 100% =
60%
2. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is
produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is
burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combinations will govern your
answer?
3.0 g of carbon combines with 8.0 g of oxygen to give 11.0 of carbon dioxide.

If 3 g of carbon is burnt in 50 g of oxygen, then 3 g of carbon will react with 8 g of

oxygen. The remaining 42 g of oxygen will be left un-reactive.
In this case also, only 11 g of carbon dioxide will be formed.
The above answer is governed by the law of constant proportions.
3. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples?
A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms carrying a charge (positive or negative). For
example, Nitrate (NO3-) , hydroxide ion (OH-).
4. Write the chemical formulae of the following:
(a) Magnesium chloride
► MgCl2
(b) Calcium oxide
► CaO
(c) Copper nitrate
► Cu (NO3)2
(d) Aluminium chloride
► AlCl3
(e) Calcium carbonate
► CaCO3
5. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds:
(a) Quick lime
► Calcium and oxygen
(b) Hydrogen bromide
► Hydrogen and bromine
(c) Baking powder
► Sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
(d) Potassium sulphate
► Potassium, sulphur, and oxygen
6. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances:
(a) Ethyne, C2H2
► Molar mass of ethyne, C2H2 = 2×12 + 2 × 1 = 26 g
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8
►Molar mass of sulphur molecule, S8 = 8×32 = 256 g
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 (atomic mass of phosphorus = 31)
► Molar mass of phosphorus molecule, P4 = 4 × 31 = 124 g
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
► Molar mass of hydrochloric acid, HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3
► Molar mass of nitric acid, HNO3 = 1 + 14 + 3×16 = 63 g

Additional practice questions

1. What is the mass of-
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
Answer

(a) The mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms is 14 g.

(b) The mass of 4 moles of aluminium atoms is (4 × 27) g = 108 g

(c) The mass of 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) is
10 × [2×23 + 32 + 3×16] g = 10×126 g = 1260 g
2. Convert into mole.
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide
(a) 32 g of oxygen gas = 1 mole
Then, 12 g of oxygen gas = 12 / 32 mole = 0.375 mole

(b) 18 g of water = 1 mole

Then, 20 g of water = 20 / 18 mole = 1.111 mole

(c) 44 g of carbon dioxide = 1 mole

Then, 22 g of carbon dioxide = 22 / 44 mole = 0.5 mole

3. What is the mass of:

(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?

(a) Mass of one mole of oxygen atoms = 16 g

Then, mass of 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms = 0.2 × 16g = 3.2 g

(b) Mass of one mole of water molecule = 18 g

Then, mass of 0.5 mole of water molecules = 0.5 × 18 g = 9 g
4. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16 g of solid
sulphur.
1 mole of solid sulphur (S8) = 8 × 32 g = 256 g
i.e., 256 g of solid sulphur contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
Then, 16 g of solid sulphur contains = 6.022 × 1023 / 256 = 16 molecules
= 3.76375 × 1022 molecules

5. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.

(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element.
Atomic mass of Al = 27 u)
Mole of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2×27 + 3×16 = 102 g
i.e., 102 g of Al2O3= 6.022 × 1023molecules of Al2O3
Then, 0.051 g of Al2O3contains = 6.022 × 1023 / 102 × 0.051 molecules
= 3.011×1020 molecules of Al2O3
The number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in one molecule of aluminium
oxide is 2.
Therefore, the number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in 3.011 × 1020molecules
(0.051 g ) of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 × 3.011 × 1020
= 6.022 × 1020
6. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The
products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate.
Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of
mass.
Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
In the given reaction, sodium carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid to produce
sodium ethanoate, carbon dioxide, and water.

Sodium Carbonate + Ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

Mass of sodium carbonate = 5.3 g (Given)
Mass of ethanoic acid = 6 g (Given)
Mass of sodium ethanoate = 8.2 g (Given)
Mass of carbon dioxide = 2.2 g (Given)
Mass of water = 0.9 g (Given)
Now, total mass before the reaction = (5.3 + 6) g
= 11.3 g
And, total mass after the reaction = (8.2 + 2.2 + 0.9) g
= 11.3 g
∴ Total mass before the reaction = Total mass after the reaction

Hence, the given observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of
mass.
7. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What
mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen
gas?
It is given that the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by mass to form water is 1:8.
Then, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 1 g of hydrogen
gas is 8 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 3 g of
hydrogen gas is 8 × 3 g = 24 g.
8. Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory is the result of the law of
conservation of mass?
The postulate of Dalton :"Atoms are indivisible particles, which can not be
created or destroyed in a chemical reaction" is the result of the law of
conservation of mass.
9. Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory can explain the law of definite
proportions?
The postulate of Dalton, “The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in
a given compound”, can explain the law of definite proportions.
10. Define atomic mass unit.
Mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth the mass of one atom of carbon-12 is
called one atomic mass unit. It is written as 'u'.
11. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?
The size of an atom is so small that it is not possible to see it with naked eyes.
Also, the atom of an element does not exist independently.
12. Write down the formulae of

(i) sodium oxide

► Na2O
(ii) aluminium chloride
► AlCl3
(iii) sodium sulphide
► Na2S
(iv) magnesium hydroxide
► Mg(OH)2
13. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following
formulae:
(i) Al2(SO4)3
► Aluminium sulphate
(ii) CaCl2
► Calcium chloride
(iii) K2SO4
► Potassium sulphate
(iv) KNO3
► Potassium nitrate
(v) CaCO3
► Calcium carbonate
14. What is meant by the term chemical formula?
The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its
composition.
15. How many atoms are present in a
(i) H2S molecule and
(ii) PO43-ion?
(i) In an H2S molecule, three atoms are present; two of hydrogen and one of
sulphur.

(ii) In a PO43-ion, five atoms are present; one of phosphorus and four of oxygen.
16. Calculate the molecular masses of H2, O2, Cl2, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, NH3,
CH3OH.
► Molecular mass of H2= 2 × Atomic mass of H
=2×1
=2u
► Molecular mass of O2= 2 × Atomic mass of O
= 2 × 16
= 32 u
► Molecular mass of Cl2= 2 × Atomic mass of Cl
= 2 × 35.5
= 71 u
► Molecular mass of CO2= Atomic mass of C + 2 × Atomic mass of O
= 12 + 2 × 16
= 44 u
► Molecular mass of CH4= Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H
= 12 + 4 × 1
= 16 u
► Molecular mass of C2H6= 2× Atomic mass of C + 6× Atomic mass of H
= 2 × 12 + 6 × 1
= 30 u
► Molecular mass of C2H4= 2 x Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H
= 2 × 12 + 4 × 1
= 28 u
► Molecular mass of NH3 = Atomic mass of N + 3 × Atomic mass of H
= 14 + 3×1
= 17 u
► Molecular mass of CH3OH= Atomic mass of C + 3 × Atomic mass of H + Atomic
mass of O + Atomic mass of H
= 12 + 3×1 + 8 + 1
= 24 u

17. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses
of Zn = 65 u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u.
► Formula unit mass of ZnO = Atomic mass of Zn + Atomic mass of O
= 65 + 16
= 81 u
► Formula unit mass of Na2O = 2 × Atomic mass of Na + Atomic mass of O
= 2 × 23 + 16
= 62 u
► Formula unit mass of K2CO3= 2 × Atomic mass of K + Atomic mass of C + 3 ×
Atomic mass of O
= 2 × 39 + 12 + 3 × 16
= 78 + 12 + 48
= 122 u
18. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 gram, what is the mass (in gram) of 1
atom of carbon?
One mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 g (Given)
i.e., mass of 1 mole of carbon atoms = 12 g
Then, mass of 6.022 × 1023 number of carbon atoms = 12 g
Therefore, mass of 1 atom of carbon = 12 ÷ (6.022 × 1023)
= 1.9926 x 10-23 g
19. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron
(given, atomic mass of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?
Atomic mass of Na = 23 u (Given)
Then, gram atomic mass of Na = 23 g
Now, 23 g of Na contains = 6.022 × 1023 g number of atoms
Thus, 100 g of Na contains = 6.022 × 1023 / 23×100 number of atoms
= 2.6182 × 10
24 number of atoms

Again, atomic mass of Fe = 56 u (Given)

Then, gram atomic mass of Fe = 56 g
Now, 56 g of Fe contains = 6.022 × 1023 g number of atoms
Thus, 100 g of Fe contains = 6.022 × 1023 / 56 × 100 number of atoms
= 1.0753 × 1024 number of atoms

Therefore, 100 grams of sodium contain more number of atoms than 100 grams
of iron.
Exercise
1. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Answer

Nature of
Particle Charge Mass Location

Electrons are Extra nuclear part distributed

Electron negatively charged. 9 x 10 –31
kg in different shell or orbits.

1.672 x 10–27 kg (1
µ)
Protons are (approx. 2000 times
Proton positively charged. that of the electron) Nucleus

Neutrons are
Equal to mass of
Neutron neutral. proton Nucleus

2. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of the atom?

The limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of the atom are:
→ It could not explain the result of scattering experiment performed by
rutherford.
→ It did not have any experiment support.
3. What are the limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom?
The limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom are
→ It failed to explain the stability of an atom.
→ It doesn't explain the spectrum of hydrogen and other atoms.
4. Describe Bohr's model of the atom.
→ The atom consists of a small positively charged nucleus at its center.
→ The whole mass of the atom is concentrated at the nucleus and the volume of
the nucleus is much smaller than the volume of the atom.
→ All the protons and neutrons of the atom are contained in the nucleus.
→ Only certain orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are allowed inside the
atom.
→ While revolving in these discrete orbits electrons do not radiate energy. These
orbits or cells are represented by the letters K, L, M, N etc. or the numbers, n = 1,
2, 3, 4, . . as shown in below figure.

5. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.

Thomson’s
model Rutherford’s model Bohr’s model

→ An atom consists of a
positively charged center in
the atom called the nucleus. → Bohr agreed with almost all
→ An atom consists The mass of the atom is points as said by Rutherford
of a positively contributed mainly by the except regarding the revolution
charged sphere and nucleus. of electrons for which he added
the electrons are that there are only certain orbits
embedded in it. → The size of the nucleus known as discrete orbits inside
is very small as compared to the atom in which electrons
→ The negative and the size of the atom. revolve around the nucleus.
positive charges are
equal in magnitude. → The electrons revolve → While revolving in its discrete
As a result the atom is around the nucleus in well- orbits the electrons do not radiate
electrically neutral. defined orbits. energy.
6. Summarize the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells
for the first eighteen elements.
The rules for writing of the distribution of electrons in various shells for the first
eighteen elements are given below.
→ If n gives the number of orbit or energy level, then 2n2 gives the maximum
number of electrons possible in a given orbit or energy level. Thus,
First orbit or K-shell will have 2 electrons,
Second orbit or L-shell will have 8 electrons,
Third orbit or M-shell will have 18 electrons.
→ If it is the outermost orbit, then it should have not more than 8 electrons.
→ There should be step-wise filling of electrons in different orbits, i.e., electrons
are not accompanied in a given orbit if the earlier orbits or shells are
incompletely filled.

7. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.

The valency of an element is the combining capacity of that element. The valency
of an element is determined by the number of valence electrons present in the
atom of that element.→ Valency of Silicon: It has electronic configuration: 2,8,4
Thus, the valency of silicon is 4 as these electrons can be shared with others to
complete octet.
→ Valency of Oxygen: It has electronic configuration: 2,6
Thus, the valency of oxygen is 2 as it will gain 2 electrons to complete its octet.
8. Explain with examples (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii) Isotopes and
(iv) Isobars. Give any two uses of isotopes.
(i) Atomic number: The atomic number of an element is the total number of
protons present in the atom of that element. For example, nitrogen has 7 protons
in its atom. Thus, the atomic number of nitrogen is 7.
(ii) Mass number: The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of
protons and neutrons present in the atom of that element. For example, the atom
of boron has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. So, the mass number of boron is 5 + 6 =
11.
(iii) Isotopes: These are atoms of the same element having the same atomic
number, but different mass numbers. For example, chlorine has two isotopes
with atomic number 17 but mass numbers 35 and 37 represented by

(iv) Isobars: These are atoms having the same mass number, but different atomic
numbers i.e., isobars are atoms of different elements having the same mass
number. For example, Ne has atomic number 10 and sodium has atomic number
11 but both of them have mass numbers as 22 represented by –

Two uses of isotopes:

→ One isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
→ One isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.
9. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.
The atomic number of sodium is 11. So, neutral sodium atom has 11 electrons
and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. But Na+ has 10 electrons. Out of 10, K-
shell contains 2 and L-shell 8 electrons respectively. Thus, Na+ has completely
filled K and L shells.
10. If bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes 79 / 35Br
(49.7%) and 81 / 35Br (50.3%), calculate the average atomic mass of bromine
atom.
It is given that two isotopes of bromine are 79 / 35Br (49.7%) and 81 /
35Br (50.3%). Then, the average atomic mass of bromine atom is given by:
11. The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2 u. What are the
percentages of isotopes 16 / 8 X and 18 / 8 X in the sample?
It is given that the average atomic mass of the sample of element X is 16.2 u.
Let the percentage of isotope 18 / 8 X be y%. Thus, the percentage of isotope 16 /
8 X will be (100 - y) %.
Therefore,

18y + 1600 - 16y = 1620

2y + 1600 = 1620
2y = 1620 - 1600
y= 10
Therefore, the percentage of isotope 18 / 8 X is 10%.
And, the percentage of isotope 16 / 8 X is (100 - 10) % = 90%.
12. If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.
By Z = 3, we mean that the atomic number of the element is 3. Its electronic
configuration is 2, 1. Hence, the valency of the element is 1 (since the outermost
shell has only one electron).
Therefore, the element with Z = 3 is lithium.
13. Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under
X Y
Protons = 6 6
Neutrons = 6 8
Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?
Mass number of X = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 6 + 6
= 12
Mass number of Y = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
=6+8
= 14
These two atomic species X and Y have the same atomic number, but different
mass numbers. Hence, they are isotopes.
14. For the following statements, write T for 'True' and F for 'False'.
(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.
► False
(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together.
Therefore, it is neutral.
► False

(c) The mass of an electron is about 1 / 2000times that of proton.

► True
(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a
medicine.
► False
15. Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the
discovery of
(a) Atomic nucleus
(b) Electron
(c) Proton
(d) Neutron
► (a) Atomic nucleus
16. Isotopes of an element have
(a) the same physical properties
(b) different chemical properties
(c) different number of neutrons
(d) different atomic numbers
► (c) different number of neutrons
17. Number of valence electrons in Cl -ion are:
(a) 16
(b) 8
(c) 17
(d) 18
► (b) 8
18. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of sodium?
(a) 2, 8
(b) 8, 2, 1
(c) 2, 1, 8
(d) 2, 8, 1
► (d) 2, 8, 1
19. Complete the following table.

Number Name of
Atomic Mass Number of of Number of the Atomic
number number Neutrons protons electrons species

9 − 10 − − −

16 32 − − − Sulphur

− 24 − 12 − −

− 2 − 1 − −

− 1 0 1 0 −

Answer

Number Number Number Name of the

Atomic Mass of of of Atomic
number number Neutrons protons electrons species

9 19 10 9 9 Fluorine

16 32 16 16 16 Sulphur
 12 24 12 12 12 Magnesium

1 2 1 1 1 Deuterium

Hydrogen
1 1 0 1 0 ion

Additional practice questions

1. What are canal rays?
Canal rays are positively charged radiations that can pass through perforated
cathode plate. These rays consist of positively charged particles known as
protons.
2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or
not?
An electron is a negatively charged particle, whereas a proton is a positively
charged particle. The magnitude of their charges is equal. Therefore, an atom
containing one electron and one proton will not carry any charge. Thus, it will be
a neutral atom.
3. On the basis of Thomson's model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral
as a whole.
As per Thomson’s model of the atom, an atom consists both negative and positive
charges which are equal in number and magnitude. So, they balance each other
as a result of which atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
4. On the basis of Rutherford's model of an atom, which subatomic particle is
present in the nucleus of an atom?
On the basis of Rutherford's model of an atom, protons are present in the nucleus
of an atom.
5. Draw a sketch of Bohr's model of an atom with three shells.
6. What do you think would be the observation if the α-particle scattering
experiment is carried out using a foil of a metal other than gold?
If α-particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of any metal as thin
as gold foil used by Rutherford, there would be no change in observations. But
since other metals are not so malleable so, such a thin foil is difficult to obtain. If
we use a thick foil, then more α-particles would bounce back and no idea about
the location of positive mass in the atom would be available with such a
certainty.
7. Name the three sub-atomic particles of an atom.
The three sub-atomic particles of an atom are:
(i) Protons
(ii) Electrons, and
(iii) Neutrons
8. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How
many neutrons does it have?
Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Number of protons
Therefore, the number of neutrons in the atom = 4 - 2 = 2
9. Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms
► The total number of electrons in a carbon atom is 6. The distribution of
electrons in carbon atom is given by:
First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons
Second orbit or L-shell = 4 electrons
Or, we can write the distribution of electrons in a carbon atom as 2, 4.
► The total number of electrons in a sodium atom is 11. The distribution of
electrons in sodium atom is given by:
First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons
Second orbit or L-shell = 8 electrons
Third orbit or M-shell = 1 electron
Or, we can write distribution of electrons in a sodium atom as 2, 8, 1.
10. If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of
electrons in the atom?
The maximum capacity of K shell is 2 electrons and L shell can accommodate
maximum 8 electrons in it. Therefore, there will be ten electrons in the atom.
11. How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?
If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is less
than or equal to 4, then the valency of the element is equal to the number of
electrons in the outermost shell. On the other hand, if the number of electrons in
the outermost shell of the atom of an element is greater than
4, then the valency of that element is determined by subtracting the number of
electrons in the outermost shell from 8.

The distribution of electrons in chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 2, 8,

7; 2, 8, 6 and 2, 8, 2 respectively.

Therefore, the number of electrons in the outer most shell of chlorine, sulphur,
and magnesium atoms are 7, 6, and 2 respectively.

► Thus, the valency of chlorine = 8 -7 = 1

► The valency of sulphur = 8 - 6 = 2

► The valency of magnesium = 2

12. If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then
(i) what is the atomic number of the atom and (ii) what is the charge on the
atom?
(i) The atomic number is equal to the number of protons. Therefore, the atomic
number of the atom is 8.
(ii) Since the number of both electrons and protons is equal, therefore, the charge
on the atom is 0.
13. With the help of Table 4.1, find out the mass number of oxygen and sulphur
atom.
Mass number of oxygen = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
=8+8
= 16

Mass number of sulphur = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

= 16 +16
= 32
14. For the symbol H, D and T tabulate three sub-atomic particles found in each
of them.

Symbol Proton Neutron Electron

H 1 0 1

D 1 1 1

T 1 2 1

15. Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars.
12C6 and 14C6 are isotopes, have the same electronic configuration as (2,

4)22Ne10and 22Ne11 are isobars. They have different electronic configuration as

given below:
22Ne10 – 2, 8

22Ne11 – 2, 8, 1
Exercise
1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s.
What will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes
20 s?
Diameter of circular track (D) = 200 m
Radius of circular track (r) = 200 / 2=100 m
Time taken by the athlete for one round (t) = 40 s
Distance covered by athlete in one round (s) = 2π r
= 2 × ( 22 / 7 ) × 100
Speed of the athlete (v) = Distance / Time
= (2 × 2200) / (7 × 40)
= 4400 / 7 × 40
Therefore, Distance covered in 140 s = Speed (s) × Time(t)
= 4400 / (7 × 40) × (2 × 60 + 20)
= 4400 / (7 × 40) × 140
= 4400 × 140 /7 × 40
= 2200 m
Number of round in 40 s =1 round
Number of round in 140 s =140/40
=3 1/2
After taking start from position X,the athlete will be at postion Y
after 3 1/2 rounds as shown in figure
Hence, Displacement of the athlete with respect to initial position at x= xy
= Diameter of circular track
= 200 m
2. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2
minutes 30 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in
another 1 minute. What are Joseph's average speeds and velocities in jogging (a)
from A to B and (b) from A to C?
Total Distance covered from AB = 300 m
Total time taken = 2 × 60 + 30 s
=150 s

Therefore, Average Speed from AB = Total Distance / Total Time

=300 / 150 m s-1
=2 m s-1
Therefore, Velocity from AB =Displacement AB / Time = 300 / 150 m s-1
=2 m s-1
Total Distance covered from AC =AB + BC
=300 + 200 m

Total time taken from A to C = Time taken for AB + Time taken for BC
= (2 × 60+30)+60 s
= 210 s
Therefore, Average Speed from AC = Total Distance /Total Time
= 400 /210 m s-1
= 1.904 m s-1

Displacement (S) from A to C = AB - BC

= 300-100 m
= 200 m
Time (t) taken for displacement from AC = 210 s
Therefore, Velocity from AC = Displacement (s) / Time(t)
= 200 / 210 m s-1
= 0.952 m s-1
3. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20
km h−1. On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the
average speed is 40 km h−1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
The distance Abdul commutes while driving from Home to School = S
Let us assume time taken by Abdul to commutes this distance = t1

Distance Abdul commutes while driving from School to Home = S

Let us assume time taken by Abdul to commutes this distance = t2

Average speed from home to school v1av = 20 km h-1
Average speed from school to home v2av = 30 km h-1

Also we know Time taken form Home to School t1 =S / v1av

Similarly Time taken form School to Home t2 =S/v2av
Total distance from home to school and backward = 2 S
Total time taken from home to school and backward (T) = S/20+ S/30
Therefore, Average speed (Vav) for covering total distance (2S) = Total
Distance/Total Time
= 2S / (S/20 +S/30)
= 2S / [(30S+20S)/600]
= 1200S / 50S
= 24 kmh-1
4. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a
constant rate of 3.0 m s−2 for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time?
Given Initial velocity of motorboat, u = 0
Acceleration of motorboat, a = 3.0 m s-2
Time under consideration, t = 8.0 s
We know that Distance, s = ut + (1/2)at2
Therefore, The distance travel by motorboat = 0 ×8 + (1/2)3.0 × 82
= (1/2) × 3 × 8 × 8 m
= 96 m
5. A driver of a car travelling at 52 km h−1 applies the brakes and accelerates
uniformly in the opposite direction. The car stops in 5 s. Another driver going at
3 km h−1 in another car applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On the same
graph paper, plot the speed versus time graphs for the two cars. Which of the two
cars travelled farther after the brakes were applied?
As given in the figure below PR and SQ are the Speed-time graph for given two
cars with initial speeds 52 kmh−1 and 3 kmh−1 respectively.

Distance Travelled by first car before coming to rest =Area of △ OPR

= (1/2) × OR × OP
= (1/2) × 5s × 52 kmh−1
= (1/2) × 5 × (52 × 1000) / 3600) m
= (1/2) × 5 × (130 / 9) m
= 325 / 9 m
= 36.11 m
Distance Travelled by second car before coming to rest =Area of △ OSQ
= (1/2) × OQ × OS
= (1/2) × 10 s × 3 kmh−1
= (1/2) × 10 × (3 × 1000) / 3600) m
= (1/2) × 10 x (5/6) m
= 5 × (5/6) m
= 25/6 m
= 4.16 m
6. Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A, B and C. Study the
graph and answer the following questions:

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest?

(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?
(d)How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?

(a) Object B
(b) No
(c) 5.714 km
(d) 5.143 km

Therefore, Speed = slope of the graph

Since slope of object B is greater than objects A and C, it is travelling the fastest.

(b) All three objects A, B and C never meet at a single point. Thus, they were
never at the same point on road.

(c)
7 square box = 4 km
∴ 1 square box = 4/7 km
C is 4 blocks away from origin therefore initial distance of C from origin = 16/7
km
Distance of C from origin when B passes A = 8 km
Thus, Distance travelled by C when B passes A = 8 - 16/7 = (56 - 16)/7 = 40/7 =
5.714 km

(d)

Distance travelled by B by the time it passes C = 9 square boxes

9×4/7 = 36/7 = 5.143 km
7. A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity increases
uniformly at the rate of 10 m s−2, with what velocity will it strike the ground?
After what time will it strike the ground?
Let us assume, the final velocity with which ball will strike the ground be 'v' and
time it takes to strike the ground be 't'
Initial Velocity of ball, u =0
Distance or height of fall, s =20 m
Downward acceleration, a =10 m s-2
As we know, 2as =v2-u2
v2 = 2as+ u2
= 2 x 10 x 20 + 0
= 400
∴ Final velocity of ball, v = 20 ms-1
t = (v-u)/a
∴Time taken by the ball to strike = (20-0)/10
= 20/10
= 2 seconds
8. The speed-time graph for a car is shown is Fig. 8.12.

(a) Find out how far the car travels in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the
graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?

Answer

(a)

The shaded area which is equal to 1/2 × 4 × 6 = 12 m represents the distance

travelled by the car in the first 4 s.

(b)
The part of the graph in red colour between time 6 s to 10 s represents uniform
motion of the car.
9. State which of the following situations are possible and give an example for
each of these:
(a) an object with a constant acceleration but with zero velocity.
(b) an object moving in a certain direction with an acceleration in the
perpendicular direction.
(a) Possible
When a ball is thrown up at maximum height, it has zero velocity, although it will
have constant acceleration due to gravity, which is equal to 9.8 m/s2.
(b) Possible
When a car is moving in a circular track, its acceleration is perpendicular to its
direction.
10. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km.
Calculate its speed if it takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth.
Radius of the circular orbit, r = 42250 km
Time taken to revolve around the earth, t= 24 h
Speed of a circular moving object, v = (2π r)/t
= [2× (22/7)×42250 × 1000] / (24 × 60 × 60)
= (2×22×42250×1000) / (7 ×24 × 60 × 60) m s-1
= 3073.74 m s -1

Additional practice questions

1. An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero
displacement? If yes, support your answer with an example.
Yes, an object can have zero displacement even when it has moved
through a distance. This happens when final position of the object
coincides with its initial position. For example, if a person moves around
park and stands on place from where he started then here displacement
will be zero.
2. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in
40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the
end of 2 minutes 20 seconds from his initial position?

Given, Side of the square field= 10m

Therefore, perimeter = 10 m × 4 = 40 m
Farmer moves along the boundary in 40s.
Displacement after 2 m 20 s = 2 × 60 s + 20 s = 140 s =?
Since in 40 s farmer moves 40 m
Therefore, in 1s distance covered by farmer = 40 / 40 m = 1m
Therefore, in 140s distance covered by farmer = 1 × 140 m = 140 m.
Now, number of rotation to cover 140 along the boundary= Total
Distance / Perimeter
= 140 m /40 m = 3.5 round
Thus, after 3.5 round farmer will at point C of the field.

Thus, after 2 min 20 seconds the displacement of farmer will be equal to 14.14
m north east from intial position.
3. Which of the following is true for displacement?
(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.
None of the statement is true for displacement. First statement is false
because displacement can be zero. Second statement is also false
because displacement is less than or equal to the distance travelled by
the object.
4. Distinguish between speed and velocity.

Speed Velocity

Speed is the distance travelled

by an object in a given interval Velocity is the displacement of an
of time. object in a given interval of time.

Speed = distance / time Velocity = displacement / time

Velocity is vector quantity i.e. it

Speed is scalar quantity i.e. it has both magnitude as well as
has only magnitude. direction.
5. Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an
object equal to its average speed?
The magnitude of average velocity of an object is equal to its average
speed, only when an object is moving in a straight line.

6. What does the odometer of an automobile measure?

The odometer of an automobile measures the distance covered by an
automobile.

7. What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform

motion?
An object having uniform motion has a straight line path.

8. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground

station in five minutes. What was the distance of the spaceship from the
ground station? The signal travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m
s−1.
Speed= 3 × 108 ms−1
Time= 5 min = 5 × 60 = 300 secs. Distance= Speed × Time
Distance= 3 × 108 ms−1 × 300 secs. = 9 × 1010 m
9. When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non-
uniform acceleration?
(i) A body is said to be in uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight
line and its velocity increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal
intervals of time.
(ii) A body is said to be in nonuniform acceleration if the rate of change
of its velocity is not constant.

10. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h−1 to 60 km h−1 in 5 s. Find

the acceleration of the bus.

11. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform
acceleration attains a speed 40 km h−1 in 10 minutes. Find its
acceleration.

Answer

12. What is the nature of the distance - 'time graphs for uniform and
non-uniform motion of an object?
When the motion is uniform, the distance time graph is a straight line with a
slope.

When the motion is non uniform, the distance time graph is not a straight
line.It can be any curve.

13. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance - time
graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis?
If distance time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis, the body is at
rest.

14. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed - 'time graph is
a straight line parallel to the time axis?
If speed time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis, the object is
moving uniformly.
15. What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the
velocity -time graph?

The area below velocity-time graph gives the distance covered by the object.
16. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 m s−2 for 2
minutes. Find (a) the speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled.
Initial speed of the bus, u= 0
Acceleration, a = 0.1 m/s2
Time taken, t = 2 minutes = 120 s
(a) v= u + at
v= 0 + 0.1 × 120
v= 12 ms–1
(b) According to the third equation of motion:
v2 - u2= 2as
Where, s is the distance covered by the bus
(12)2 - (0)2= 2(0.1) s
s = 720 m
Speed acquired by the bus is 12 m/s.
Distance travelled by the bus is 720 m.
17. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km h−1. Brakes are applied so as to
produce a uniform acceleration of −0.5 m s−2. Find how far the train will go
before it is brought to rest.
Initial speed of the train, u= 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Final speed of the train, v = 0 (finally the train comes to rest)
Acceleration = - 0.5 m s-2
According to third equation of motion:
v2= u2+ 2 as
(0)2= (25)2+ 2 ( - 0.5) s
Where, s is the distance covered by the train

The train will cover a distance of 625 m before it comes to rest.

18. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2 cm s−2.
What will be its velocity 3 s after the start?
Initial Velocity of trolley, u= 0 cms-1
Acceleration, a= 2 cm s-2
Time, t= 3 s
We know that final velocity, v= u + at = 0 + 2 x 3 cms-1
Therefore, The velocity of train after 3 seconds = 6 cms-1
19. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m s - '2. What distance will it
cover in 10 s after start?
Initial Velocity of the car, u=0 ms-1
Acceleration, a= 4 m s-2
Time, t= 10 s
We know Distance, s= ut + (1/2)at2
Therefore, Distance covered by car in 10 second= 0 × 10 + (1/2) × 4 × 102
= 0 + (1/2) × 4 × 10 × 10 m
= (1/2) × 400 m
= 200 m

20. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 m s−1. If

the acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10 m s−2 in the downward
direction, what will be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it
take to reach there?
Given Initial velocity of stone, u=5 m s-1
Downward of negative Acceleration, a= 10 m s-2
We know that 2 as= v2- u2