Information Sheet # 05
The ultimate solution for maintaining your
U LT I M AT E S E R V I C E A S S O C I AT E S
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Maintenance of Generator Set System Batteries
1.0 Introduction
Maintenance of a generator set’s starter battery is critical to ensuring sufficient ampere capacity to start the engine. As a precaution
generator users routinely change out the batteries every 2 years.
2.0 The importance of battery maintenance:
EGSA and other bodies associated with generator set standards report about half of emergency generator set failures are due to
battery problems. Choosing the correct battery and maintaining it properly can prevent the majority of battery failures.
Consult IEEE standards for battery sizing and installation before choosing a battery.
This information sheet discusses the principal areas of starter battery maintenance within a generator set system.
3.0 Battery condition indicators:
The following are key signs of existing or pending battery failure.
Local action - A slow chemical reaction between a battery’s plates and trace impurities will slowly discharge a standing battery.
Manufacturers recommend charging any wet lead batteries shipped three months before installation and any NiCd batteries
shipped 12 months earlier Battery chargers should be connected to standby generator set to maintain a minimum float charge
that compensates for local action discharges.
Cell voltage - Cell voltage is critical to correct battery operation. Any deterioration from recommended levels in any cell should
be recorded and tracked on battery maintenance charts. Just one cell with low voltage will drop overall battery voltage, which can
harm equipment and result in too little power to start an engine.
Cell balance - One cell that fails to charge equally with others also indicates a problem. An undercharging will cause gradual
sulfation of negative plates and reduce battery life or capacity of lead acid batteries. Overcharging corrodes the grids of the
positive plates. NiCd batteries are not affected like lead acid batteries.
Specific gravity (SG) - SG indicates electrolyte weight. Heavier electrolyte means a heavier charge. Low SG indicates plate sulfation,
cell deterioration and reduced battery capacity.
Water use - All batteries other than valve regulated types use water. Using the maintenance chart to track the rate at which water
is added will identify excessive use. Reasons for any increased usage must be identified.
Battery connections - Terminal connections over time can loosen causing excessive heat.
Dirty battery: Dirt on the top of the battery can lead to conductivity between the poles. Dirt will also mask other problems such
as leakage and loose connections.
Reduced capacity - Reduced capacity will degrade a battery’s ability to crank the engine during start. (continued over)
Chart 1 - Typical Battery Maintenance Schedule for Diesel Generator Set
Starter Battery Method of Checking and Action to Take Frequency of
Maintenance Items Visual Charge Top up Clean Measure Check
1 Specific gravity X Monthly
2 Equalize charge X Annually
3 Battery capacity test X Monthly
4 Electrolyte level X X Weekly
5 Connections X Monthly
6 Clean battery surfaces X X Monthly
7 Leakages and spillage X Weekly
8 Battery charger X Weekly
To fulfill our commitment to be the leading network service provider in the Power Generation Industry, the USA, Inc. team
maintains up-to-date technology and information standards on Power Industry changes, regulations and trends. As a service,
our Information Sheets are circulated on a regular basis, to existing and potential Power Customers to maintain awareness
of changes and developments in engineering standards, electrical codes, and technology impacting the Power Generation
Industry.
The installation information provided in this information sheet is informational in nature only, and should not be considered the advice of a properly licensed and qualified electrician or used in place of a detailed review of the applicable National
Electric Codes and local codes. Specific questions about how this information may affect any particular situation should be addressed to a licensed and qualified electrician.
Chart 3- Specific Gravity Temperature Correction
Chart 2 - State of Charge vs Open Circuit Voltage
°C °F Correction
State of charge Voltage
71.1 160 + .032
+ .030 First Example Level 12 V Battery 6 V Battery
65.6 150 + .028
60.0 140
+ .026
+ .024
Temperature above 26.7°C (80°F) 100% 12.65 6.32
Hydrometer Reading 1.235
54.4 130
+ .022
+ .020
75% 12.45 6.21
Acid Temperature 37.8˚C (100˚F)
48.9 120
+ .018
+ .016 Add .008 Specific Gravity
50% 12.24 6.12
+ .014
43.3 110 + .012
Corrected Specific Gravity = 1.243 25% 12.06 6.02
+ .010 1.235 - .008 = 1.243
37.8 100 + .008 Discharged 11.89 5.93
+ .006
32.2 90 + .004
26.7 80
+ .002
0
Second Example Compare these voltage standards with the open circuit voltages
− .002
− .004
Temperature below 26.7°C (80°F) recorded with a resistive battery tester.
21.1 70
− .006 Hydrometer Reading 1.250
15.6 60 − .008
− .010 Acid Temperature -6.7˚C (20˚F)
10 50 − .012
Subtract .024 Specific Gravity (The chart assumes a fully charged specific
− .014
4.4 40 − .016 Corrected Specific Gravity = 1.266 gravity of 1.265)
− .018
1.250 - .024 = 1.226
−1.1 30 − .020
−6.7 20
− .022
− .024
If tests of a fully charged battery give lower voltage readings
− .026
− .028
than these, the battery should be further tested by a battery
−12.2 10 Temperature correction
approximates to .004 (4 points) of specialist.
specific gravity for each 5.5˚C
(10˚F) change in temperature
(Continued from page one)
4.0 Tests and checks to maintain correct battery operation:
Maintenance schedules (Chart 1) should carry out the following checks and tests to ensure the battery remains within the required
specifications.
Reading specific gravity - SG levels are tested with a hydrometer. Levels normally are an SG of 1265 at 80°F which means 1.265
times that of water, but exact levels should be confirmed with the battery supplier. Before testing the battery has to be rested with
no charge or discharge for 24 hours. (Chart 3)
After removing the cell vents, a hydrometer is inserted to draw liquid into the syringe several times until enough liquid is withdrawn
to support the float and take a reading. This ensures the float has a uniform electrolyte temperature for a more accurate reading.
The electrolyte is returned to the cell after a reading is taken. This is repeated for each cell.
Cell-to-cell differences of no more than 30 points can be adjusted by equalization. However, differences
of more than 50 points indicate a bad battery. The battery should be charged if SG is below 1215 at 80°F.
Equalize charge - This position on the charger ensures that every plate in each cell reaches a full state of charge. Equalizing
charging is not recommended to be used on a routine basis.
Battery capacity testing - Before testing, fully charge the battery. Use a resistive battery tester to place a load of about 5% of
battery capacity. Attach the tester’s clamps to the battery terminals. The battery can be tested while connected, but each battery
should be tested individually. All loads and charger inputs should be shut off. After closing the tester’s toggle switch, the voltmeter
should fall slightly for a few seconds. However, if the tester reads close to battery voltage at no load but drops significantly when
the load is applied, it is a strong indication the battery needs replacing.
Electrolyte level - Visually check the fluid level in each battery cell. Fluids should never be allowed to fall below the top level of the
separator. If the level is low, add distilled water to cover the plates.
Connections - Make sure all cable connections are tight. A thermal image tool will show whether heat is being generated by a poor
connection. Loose connections may affect starting.
Visual check for corrosion and dirt - Dirt can block current flow in connectors and cause resistance between terminals. Dirty or
corroded terminals and connectors should be cleaned with a wire brush dipped in a solution of one pound of baking soda mixed
with one gallon of water. After cleaning, rinse with clean water and coat terminals with a thin coat of petroleum jelly or a corrosion
inhibitor.
Leakages - Visually check for leakages that could result from a cracked battery casing or spilled electrolyte.
If the battery cannot be repaired, it should be replaced.
Ultimate Service Associates, LLC.
5514 South Lewis Ave.
Tulsa, OK 74105
U LT I M AT E S E R V I C E A S S O C I AT E S
A NORTH AMERICAN SIT E SERVICES CO.
Ph: 918.836.8701
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Info Sheet #05 ©PLC Enterprises, LLC 2013
