HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

TITLE : DETERMINANT OF SORGHUM PRODUCTION IN

CASE HARAMAYA WOREDA

BY: ABDULJABAR RUDUWAN ....................... ID no......

ADVISOR:ABEBE WUBETU

. Mar 2023

HARAMAYA,ETHIOPIA

1
ABSTRACT

Agriculture is the main economic activity in developing countries like Ethiopia. Even though agriculture is
the backbone of their economy; it has not been able to satisfy the food requirements of their people.
Hence, it is very important to understand the determinants of agricultural productivity.

In line with this, the main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of sorghum production in
specific area in the case of Haramaya woreda. The specific objectives of this study are to examine the
determinants of sorghum production and to come up with some possible recommendation for policy
makers.

To examine this problem the cross-sectional data will be collected. I will employed both descriptive and
econometrics statistics to analysis the stated objectives.I willgoing to analyze effect of land size, number
of oxen, fertilizers, improved seed, family size and credits to farmers in order to purchase those inputs in
sorghum production by using both descriptive and econometrics statistic.

Acronyms

ADLI – Agricultural Development Led’s to Industry

2
CSA – Central Statistics Agency

EEA – Ethiopian Economics Association

EERI – Ethiopia Economic Research Institute

FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

MOA – Ministry of Agriculture

MOFED – Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

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Table 4.1Workplan ...........................................................................................................................22

Table 4.2 Budgetcost.....................................................................................................................23

Table [Link] cost ...................................................................................................................24

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................................i

Acronyms......................................................................................................................................................ii

List of table...................................................................................................................................................iii

Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................................iv

CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the problems..................................................................................................................2

1.3. Objective of the study.........................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General objective.................................................................................................................................3

1.3.2. Specific objectives of the research......................................................................................................3

1.4. Research question...............................................................................................................................3

1.5. The significance of the study..............................................................................................................4
1.6 Scope of the study..............................................................................................................................4
1.7 Limitation of the study.........................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................6

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................................................6

2.1. Theoretical Literature Review............................................................................................................6

2.1.2 Agriculture............................................................................................................................................6

2.1.3. Determinants of sorghum production..................................................................................................6

2.1.4. Historical development of sorghum.....................................................................................................8

2.1.5. Adoption of sorghum production.........................................................................................................9

2.1.6. Types of sorghum production..............................................................................................................9

2.1.7. The major factors that determine sorghum production......................................................................10

2.1.8. Factors of production in agriculture in general and sorghum production in particular.....................11

2.1.9. Ecology and geographic distribution of sorghum..............................................................................11

5
2.1.10. Regional distribution of sorghum in Ethiopia.................................................................................11

2.2 Empirical Review..............................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................................13

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................................13

3.1. Study area description.......................................................................................................................13

3.2. Data sources and data collection techniques....................................................................................13
3.3. SamplingTechniquesand sample size...............................................................................................13
3.4. Methods of data analysis..................................................................................................................15
3.5. Model specification of sorghum production.....................................................................................15
[Link]..........................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................17

4. Work plan and cost ..........................................................................................................................23

Workplan 4.1 Work Plan........................................................................................................................24

Budget cost ...........................................................................................................................................25
REFERENCE..............................................................................................................................................26

NDEX..........................................................................................................................................................27

CHAPTERONE

1,INTRODUCTION
1.1,BACKGROUNDOFTHESTUDY

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Agriculture is the principal engine of growth of world economy. For poorest countries agriculture
provides the leading sources of employment and contributes the larger fraction of the in national income
Especially Sub-SaharanAfrican countries economy highly depends on agriculture. Since Ethiopia is one of
the Sub- Saharan Africancountries its economy is highly dependent on agriculture(WB, 2011).

Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. It contributes more than 50%
of GDP, 85% of labor force employment, 95% of total export and supplies 70%of the
country rawmaterial requirements for industries(Ayele, 2006).
The current government of Ethiopia adopted the Agricultural Development Lead
to Industrialization(ADLI) strategy as the over al ll development strategies of the
country since1995.

One of the main facts of this strategy in the agricultural sector has been the
generation, adoption and diffusion of new farm technologies in the form of new
and improved inputs and practices. In the mobilization of small farmers and the
dissemination of better farming practices, the agricultural development practices
has been operationalized through Participatory Demonstration and
ExtensionTraining System(PDETS)(EDRI,2004).

Global cereal production in 2008 reached a record high of an estimated 2245 million
tones enough to cover annual projected needs and to allow a modest replenishment of
world stocks. However, the increase was accomplished bythe developed countries. In
response to more attractive prices they increased their cereal output by
11%.Indeveloping countries by contrast only recorded an increase of 1.1% .In fact if
we exclude China, India and Brazilfrom the group production in the rest of the
developing world actually fell by .8%.The poorest and most foodinsecure farmers who
most needed to profit from higher cereal prices could not respond to the opportunity
andexpand production because of access to inputs or marketing opportunities. As
result of this issue increasing cerealcrop production is themain strategy ofmany
developing countries(FAO, 2009).
Following to this the researcher conducts researches on the determinant of sorghum
production, which accounts thefourth largest shares of total cereal crops. Ethiopia is
the second largest sorghum producer in sub Saharan Africa after South
[Link] n area under sorghum cultivation expanded from1.40million

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hectorin2004/05to1.55million hector in 2010/[Link] though sorghum is cultivated
on large hector of Ethiopia land, its yield is [Link] is mainly duetoo limited use
of improved seed and inefficient agroeconomic practices([Link]).

In the Haramaya woreda similar factors makes low production of sorghum

[Link] thefactors,the household head of the woreda use traditional method
of farming, minimum use of modern inputs and improved seed, and other factors
hinder theproduction of sorghum.

1.2, Statement of theproblems

Agricultural output of developing countries is characterized by low productivity which
is more difficult to attain food [Link] population size and low
level of agricultural production have acritical problem in sub-Saharan African
countries including Ethiopia. Particularly, million people in Ethiopia are chronically
food insecure. Eveningood harvest year partly relay on food aid (Ayele,2006).
The food insecurity is situation by widening the gap between demand and supply of
food, which is resulted from increasing population size,variation of climate access
instability of product [Link] the sector is highly dependent on the rain
fall with minimum percent of arable irrigation (FAO, 2001).sorghum farm operation
uses labor intensive for preparation, weeding and harvesting. Hence increasing the
production and efficiency in sorghum production could be taken as an important to
attain food security and increase the income of the farmers([Link])

InEthiopia,sorghum ranks fourth in total crop area and [Link] is grown in the
highlands at altitudes ranging from 1500 to 3000 masl. Sorghum is a staple food crop
for most households in rural and urban areas in [Link], sorghum yield is
low and unstable due to several technical and socioeconomic constraints.(Getehun
and Legese, 2001).

A number of empirical studies (Chilot, 1996, Wodaly, 1999 and Gezahagn, 2004)
studied on the adoption of new technologies or improved seeds and its affect on
sorghum production. But this is not the only determinant of sorghum production. This
means it has other factors that are not well studied.

8
 Even if different researchers haved one researches on the determinant of sorghum
production,none ofthem had been done in Haramaya woreda with this regard. The
previous studies are not give attention for the effects of landsize,number of oxen,and
family size on sorghum productionSpecially,the abovementioned problems wer
common in the
[Link]
s of sorghum production inHaramayaworeda.

1. 3, Objectiveofthestudy
1.3.1, Generalobjective
The general objective of this study is to identify the determinants sorghum production
in Haramaya woreda.

1.3.2, Specific objectives of the research

To identify the determinants of sorghum production Haramaya woreda.

To suggest possible recommendations.

1.4,Researchquestion

What are the factors that determines of sorghum production in Haramaya

woreda?

What is the best way to improve sorghum productivity in Haramaya woreda?

1.5, Thesignificanceofthestudy

Like any other developing nations of the world, one of the goals of the government of
Ethiopia is, to rais eagricultural production and productivity, by providing possible
assistance to assert the economic sustainability of rural small scale peasants and avoid
or at least reduce the poverty(MOA,2005).Hence,this research paper willbe significant,

9
because it could attempt to analyze the determinants of sorghum production. In
addition it also enables to have some guide lines on what type of inputs should the
government give emphasis to provide for farmers. The findings,conclusions and
recommendations will expect to help policy maker seasily to identify the determinants
of sorghum production. It may be used as source of information for those researchers
who want to conduct a deeperstudyinthearea.

1.6,Scopeofthestudy
The study will analyzed the determinants of sorghum production in East hararghe
zone. Specifically, in Haramayaworeda. Moreover, since cereal crop production is
multi-dimensional and studying all dimensions requires large time and intensive
investigation of each aspect. Therefore; the researcher studies only the determinants
of sorghum [Link] study area.

1.7,Limitationofthestudy
The researcher had been faced the following limitations [Link] the over all
study:
Lack of experiences in field ofstudy.
Absence of previous study on the topic.
Even though these problems were existed, the researcher used the maximum
effort to investigate the determinants of sorghum production in the given area in
agriculture.

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 CHAPTER TWO

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Agriculture is the science of art of cultivation of soil and re aring of livestock. Major
economicactivity of the world population. Morethan60% of people of the world
depend onagriculture for its livelihood. This means agriculture is the main economic
and social development background for almost for all countries of the world.
Agricultural products used for daily food consumption, source of raw materials for
industrial inputs, contribute to countries economic growth, source of in come
forindividualfarmers . Beingmajordeterminant of life of the people in the world due
attention should be given to agricultural sector especially to improve the lives of
majority engaged in its activity(Gesaye, 2004).

[Link] of agricultural production

In the developed country, production of agriculture has significantly increased
with the proportion of the population in the sector [Link] the other hand the
economies of low income countries of the world are predominantly agrarian with
traditional system and extremely low labor productivity in agricultural sector.
Consequently it is better to outline factors affecting agricultural output especially
cereal crop production by using the method of [Link] authors
used different classification schemes of agricultural growth determinants.

Milikan and Hapgood, (1967), divided the determinants of agricultural output growth
into five major [Link] are physical input factors, economic factors,
organization factors, cultural and motivational factors and knowledge [Link] of
them discussed as follows.

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[Link] physical input factors
The physical input factor further subdivided into non-human (non-labor) physical
input and labor physical [Link] physical inputs are land, seed, water,
fertilizer, pesticide, work animals, tools, machinery, and power other than animal
powers(EEA,2004).

[Link] economic environment factors

The economic environment is the one determinant of agricultural production;
particularly crop production needs thedevelopment of other sectors of the economy.
As Milkman and Hapgood (1967), stated infrastructure is one of thecritical
determinants especially in rural parts of Ethiopia. This hinders agricultural products.
Transportation cost will account ahigh proportion of price of agriculture [Link]
other factors that determines agricultural production is agricultural credit. The
absence of credit facility could become a consequentialbottlenecktousethe modern
technology(AssefaA.1987).Agricultural market is another factor that determines
agriculturaloutput.

[Link]
Organizational factor for agriculture production is organizational composed of land
tenure, farm size, and legal farm,general government services and
polices,socialservice,localgovernmentanddiffusionofknowledge(MillikansH,1967).

[Link]
Education is the most important for farmers to increase production of crop and provide
high pay off in changing
moldering environment intraditionalagriculture.

[Link] and motivational factors

Cultural and motivational factors for the adoption of improved technology play a key
role to fill the gap and reach the end [Link] peasant desire target in come and
when they may do not care to expand production and they may do not even harvest
crop.

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Ingeneral,these factors include social structure,culturalchange values ,dynamicof
peasan tcommunities,process
of socialcultural change andetc.

2.1.4..Historical development of sorghum

Sorghum was cultivated throughout Europe inpre-history time sand was one of the
most valuable cereals of ancient Persia,Greece and [Link] have come up
on carbonized grains of sorghum in Pakistan and Turkey,in the tombs of Egypt and in
storage vessels found in many other [Link] was already an important
cultivated crop at the beginning of the recorded history. Sorghum culture in the United
States began along theAtlantic coast early in 17th century and moved west ward as the
country was settled. It was sown on Elizabeth Island in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts,
by captain Gosnold in [Link] also shown in James town colony as early as1611 and in
the play mouth colony by [Link] varieties was introduced from foreign countries
during thecolonial period.(Martin,1995)
Sorghum is the second cultivated species in the world next to maize 27millions of
production(penalatas2000).Itismore adapted to drought and productive in marginal
area than maize. Sorghum is the staple food for poor peopleliving in marginal
environments of the Andean Zone North African ,east Asia , and Ethiopia (Efermetal
2000).It is traditional growth as rein fed crop often in place when the rainfalls
limited ,sorghum is an indigenous ,metalloid species and one of the predominant crop
species growth in Ethiopia,but currently the size of land undercultivationis shirked .It
is possesses immense diversity and Ethiopia has been recognized as secondary center
of diversity forsorghum(Hallan.,1971).
In Ethiopia sorghum is mainly growth in heavy black clay loom soil (vet soil) of low
lands with altitude ranges of1800-2800m inclusively under rainfall conditions (Tesfaye
and Getachew; 1991) thought the degree of production of [Link] grown is all
administrative region of Ethiopia,but 64% of the area and 69%of the production is
contracted in the central and northern region. Sorghum grain is widely used in
bread and to produce superior past products,also,popularly eaten in many area
sasbulgur and cracks drum product similarly to couscous(DiSolemnetal,1975).

In Ethiopia sorghum is traditionally consumed in different forms(Tesfaye and

Getachew,1991) listed the most common recipes in Ethiopia

13
dabo(Ethiopiabread),Ambush(breadfromnorthEthiopia),kitta(unleavenedbread),Injera(t
hin bread), nitro(boiled grain),Ingra (ground and seasoned dough shaped and deep
friend),and kinches(crushedkernels cookedwith milk orwater and mixed with
spicedbetter).
Sorghum are traditional used in flate bread and specially bredparticularly in
Mediterranean countries and Ethiopia(quail, 1988), sorghum has yellowish color a
characteristics test and smell fine and uniform crumb structure andmore prolonged
shelf all which appeal to some consumer (liuetal.., 1996) in Italy in the 10 last years
the share ofsorghum used for bread making has increased from 4%-10%
(Palumboetal, 2000).It has been reported thatsorghum used for baking performance
improves as Gluten becomes stronger, but loaf volumes achieved for best performing
sorghum verities are substantially lower than thatfor.

2.15..Adoption ofsorghum production

Sorghum is poorly adopted too warm or moist climates unless there is acomparatively
cool,dryseason,which favors plant growth and retards parasitic diseases. The world
sorghum crop is grown in temperate regions where the annual rainfall averages
between10and70 inches withthe exception of drier irrigation [Link] rainfall
especially when accompanied by high temperatures is unfavorable for sorghum
production, chiefly because this conditions favor fordevelopment of sorghum
diseases. The best quality bread sorghum is produced in areas where winters are
cold, thesummerscomparativelyhot, andthe precipitationmoderate. (Marttin,1995)

[Link] ofsorghum production

According to scientific name sorghum bicolor common names;Grain
sorghum,Mabele,Amazimba,Amabele

[Link] factors that determine sorghum production

Factors that determine sorghum productivity canbe negative or decrease productivity
and positively or increases productivity.

14
 Factors that increase productivity are(central agricultural census commission,2002)
Favorable sorghum conditionUse improved seeds and proper weeding Application of
fertilizer and pouching Factors that decrease productivity areToo much rainfall
Shortage of rainfall
Wild animal and domestic animal damage
Shortage of improved seeds
Depletion of the soil fertilizer

[Link]
rticular
Land:As means of agricultural production land has greater than usual [Link]
cannot be re produced
although its fertility can [Link] land there,is no cultivation of sorghum
forfood.(Burger,1994)
Labor:in the production process of agriculture labor is needed for
weeding,ploughing,harvesting,threshing and
transportation(Centralagriculturecensuscommission,2002)

Capital:it is one of the inputs forproduction of [Link] includes Oxen,tractor and

other materials which help to produce sorghum.(EEPRI,2002)
Management:thisis owners of the business and managed and controls it. (EEA,2002)

[Link] and geographic distribution of sorghum

sorghum is adopted to awide range of environments and presently cultivated under

diverse agro climatic [Link] can grown as a staple food in the highlands at
altitude ranging from1500 to 3000 masl, under various rain falls,temperature and soil
regimes(EngdaworkT,2009).

[Link] distribution of sorghum inEthiopia

15
Mostly sorghum is produced by small holder farmers at the northern, central and
south-eastern parts of the [Link] largest volume of the main season
production of sorghum originates from Oromia 55%, Amhara 29% and theSNNPR9%
(CSA,2010).

2.2EmpiricalReview
Chilot(1996) By using top it and probity models, he studied the adoption of sorghum
technologies inWelmera and Addis Alem areas and found that profitability of the new
sorghum technology and timely availability of fertilizer and herbicide has significant
effect on the farmer anadoption decision. He also found that the distance of
respondents from the extension center hadbeen anegative effect on the adoption of
newtechnology.
Wolday(1999) Byusing top it and probit models,he conducted astudy to understand the
major factors which dictate the use of improved seeds in Ethiopia and reported that
price of inputs access to credits,fertilizeruse,economic status of the household, size
of land owned, visits of extension agents and infrastructures development are the
principal challenges for the adoption of improved seeds.
Gezhegn and Tadesse (2004) on the adoption of improved technologies in Ethiopia
reported that age of the farmer and distance of the farmer from the market center
had a negative impact on the adoption of improved [Link] the other
hand household size and farm size of the farmers contact with extension agents
had strong and positive effects on the adoption of improved technologies
inEthiopia.

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CHAPTERTHREE
METHODOLOGYOFTHESTUDY

Study area description

Haramaya woreda is one of the 19 woredas of the East Hararghe zone within Oromia
Region State. It has beenrecently created (beginning of the new century) a separation
from Haramaya woreda. The capital of Haramaya woreda is Haramaya, 510 km away
from Addis Ababa and between Harar and Dire Dawa town. Haramaya isbordered on
the south by kurfa chele, on the west by kersa, on the north by Dire Dawa town, on the
east byKombolcha,on the southeast by Harar region, town incudes haramayaand bate.
From 2007 national census report total populations for the woreda is 271,018 the
whom 138,282 were women50,032. Populations are rural dwellers and 13% of the
populations are urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitant were Muslim 96,665%,
with 2,7%, Ethiopian orthodox Christianity withof the population andof
thepopulationpracticed traditional [Link] inworada there are 35 ruralkebeles and 3
small towns
Data sources and data collection techniques
The data to be used in the study has been collected from primary sources.
Primary data was collected fromHaramaya Woreda local farmers and extension
workers. The main data collection technique uses in this study was questionnaire for
who can read and write,and interview for who cannot read and write.

Sampling Techniques and sample size

The researcher will used random sample technique; because it avoids the possibility of making
personal bias. In the first stage the study area will purposely select based on the extent of
sorghum production. In second stage three kebeles was selected by simple random sample from
35 rural kebeles. Finally, sample size for the study is determined based on the following formula
developed by Cochran’s (1963).

17
 Where

e=level of precision (3%, 5%, 7% and 10%)

z= level of confidence for 90% is (1.64)

The three kebele has 2200 house hold heads. From these house heads 1995 house hold heads
were Sorghum producers in 2023/2024. G.C from these first calculate p.

The stratum also calculated as follow.

Ni= ( ) where

Ni= the total number of observation in the I the kebele.

N= total numbers of house hold heads in the I the kebele.

So by using the above stratified sampling formula the proportional number of respondent in each
kebele is calculated as follows.

From FINKILLE kebele( )x50 = 22

From EFA BATE Kebele ( )x50 = 15

From Demote Kebele ( )x50 = 13

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 Methodsofdataanalysis
The data was analyzed byusing different methods of quantitative data [Link]
employ such analysis bothdescriptive statistics and econometric model models
intensively use for for agiven phenomenon.
Model specification of sorghum production
Themodel shows the relation ship between the productivity of sorghum and its
[Link] researcheruses the
multiple linear regression models because sorghum productivity is determined by
more than one variable

Yi = β1 + β2Xi +β3xi+β4xi+ ui

Yi. = quantity of Sorghum produced measured in quintal

= number of oxen used in production of Sorghum
β1

= the land used for Sorghum production measured in hectares.

β2xi

= familysize of the farmer.

β3xi

= the amount of improved seed measured in Kilogram.

β4xi

= the amount of fertilizers used in Sorghum production measured in kilograms.

β5xi

ui= error term

Diagnosis Regression
i).Multicollinerity
Multicollinarity refers to the existence of high(perfect)linear relationship among
regressors cantest the presence of multicolinarity by variance inflationfactor,

19
Givenby;VIF=
Where R2 iis coefficient of determination obtained from xion theother explanation
[Link] value of VIF lessthan10 then there is no multicolinarity inthe data.
ii)Test forHeteroskedactiy
This type test is used in order to examine the pattern of the error terms variance are
constant or to test theassumption homosecdasticity. Hetroshedsticity is present if
variance of error term is not constant or different variance for different segments of the
population or sample size.

iii)Test for model specification

Testing the model specification is very important to check out whether one or more
relevant variables are omittedfrom the model or one or more irrelevant variables are
included in the model. There are different methods to check specification error of
[Link] Ramsey reset test for omitted variables are com

. CHAPTER 4

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WORK PLAN AND COST BUDGET

4.1 Work PlaN

The work plan is prepared as follows which starts from proposal finalization up to finalizing of
the research

.Table 1 Work plan

Sr. no Activities Time needed

Proposal finalization March10, 2023

Study tool development March15-30, 2023

Pre-testing April 1-10, 2023

Data collection Apr11-25, 2023

Data management: entry, cleaning April 26-31, 2023

Data Analysis May 1-25, 2023

Draft research paper May 28, 2023

Final research submission June15, 2023

Defense examination June 30, 2023

Finalizing research July 11, 2023

4.2 CostBudget

The total budget required to conduct the research is ETB 6,100.00. Of the total budget, birr
3,840.00 will be needed for data collection and processing. The remaining ETB 1,705.00 will be

21
used for supplies while ETB 554.50 will be for contingency. The details are presented in the
following table.

Table 2. Cost budget

Data collection & processing

S/N Description No Rate/day No of days Total

Data collection 3 160.00 5 2400.00

Data entry 3 160.00 3 1440.00

personnel

Sub Total 3,840.00

22
Table 3 Cost budget

Supplies

S/Number Item Quantity Unit price Total

Duplication A-4 papers 4 47.5 190.00

Printing 500 0.50 250.00

Typing 15 3.00 45.00

Photo copy 200 0.50 100.00

Pencil 10 0.60 6.00

Pen 10 5.00 50.00

Eraser 8 0.50 4.00

Calculator 1 250.00 120.00

Mobile card of 50 birr 10 25.00 250.00

Internet service 2 hours 0.50 60.00

Transportation 500.00

Sub Total 1705.00

23
Cost summary schedule:

Data collection and processing 3,840.00

Supplies 1705.00

Total cost Budget 5,545.00

Contingency (10%) 554.50

Total Budget required 6,100.00

REFERENCE

Central agricultural census [Link] large and medium scale farmers result
at country level, Addis Ababa,2001/02.

24
CSA, Agricultural sample survey report on area and production. Addis
Ababa .2010.

Damoder N, Gujarati, Basic econometrics. fourth edition. London ,Tata McGraw

Hill, 2004.

EEA, “Annual report on Ethiopia Economy .“Addis Ababa. 2004

EEPRI,” Research report on land genure and agricultural development in

Ethiopia.” Addis Ababa. 2002.

EDRI , “Preliminary study report on agricultural extension, adoption, and socio

–economic impacts in factor regions (Tigray, Amhara, Oromia & the South) of
Ethiopia, a paper presented to the relational workshop on Feb, 26 2004, at Gion
Hotel, unpublished”. 2004.

Engdawork,Tadesse, “A review of supply and marketing issues.” Msc thesis,

Mekele university ,Ethiopia . 2009.

FAO. knowledge and communication department world food Day Tele Food, Italy,
2009.

GesayePheters, “The Ethiopia economy.” Cereal crop production 12, no 2 (2

Miliken, Hapgood , “Easy harvest the dilemma of agriculture in under developing

countries”. phD thesis,Nairob university,Kenya,1967.

Ministry of Agriculture , Annual report cereal crop [Link] , 2005.

World bank .Annual report on Ethiopian Economy. 2011

Sen, Robert.”Relationship between family size and output productive.” phD

thesis,oxoford university, British ,1962.

25
 APPENDEX

. HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

. DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMCIS

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear respondent this questionnaire has been prepared to examine the

determinant of sorghum production in Haramaya woreda. The information you
are going to provide will be used purely for the study only. Therefore, you are
kindly requested to give genuine responses.

I would like to thank you in advance

Thank you for your cooperation

Direction: - for close ended question mark (Ö) in a given box for open ended
question give short & precise answer.

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

1,Sex of respondents

Male o Female o

2,Age of respondents

Below 20o 20 - 30o 31 - 40 o 41 - 50o 51-64oabove 65

3,Marital status

Married o Single o Divorced o

4,Educational level,

26
Illiterate o Fist Cycle o Second Cycle o Above Secondary Cycle o

5,Household family size

Age of family 0-14 o 15-65 o > 65 o

II QUESTION RELATED TO OBJECTIVES

6,Did you produce sorghum in 2015/16 Yes oNo o

7,Based on question number 7, if your answer is yes please fill the following
question.

8,How many quintals of sorghum did you produce per year?

9,What size of land did you plough to produce sorghum in hectare?

10,How many number of oxen did you use to produce sorghum

11,,How many labors did you use to produce sorghum?

12,Did you use modern inputs to produce sorghum?

Yes o No o

13,,If your answer is no for question no (13) what is the main reason?

Lack of access o Price expensiveness o

Lack of awareness o other (specify)

14,For question number “13” if your answer is yes what inputs did you use?

Fertilizer o Composite o Other Specify

15,If your answer is fertilizer for question no 15, how many kilograms of fertilizer
did you use to produce sorghum?

16,Did you use in proved (selected) seed of sorghum?

Yes o Noo

27
17,If your answer is yes for question 17, how much kilograms of selected seed did
you use?

28