Problem Set 8

Due: July 19th, 2025 at 11:59pm EST

Instructions for Completing the Problem Set:

• Please complete all the questions provided; however, note that some may not be graded. Unless
otherwise indicated, you must provide full proofs or justifications for your answers.

• You are welcome to reference any lemmas or theorems that were proven in the textbook or during
lectures. You may also reference lemmas or theorems that were explicitly stated but not proven, as
long as doing so does not trivialize the problem.
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standing. However, it is essential that you personally understand the solutions and are able to explain
them in your own words.
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understanding.
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Remember: The goal here is learning, not just completing an assignment. Focus on understanding the
concepts deeply — the grades will naturally follow. We believe in your ability to grow and succeed!

Questions:
1. Let A, B ⊂ R3 be Jordan measurable sets. Consider the slices:

Az0 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : (x, y, z0 ) ∈ A}

Bz0 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : (x, y, z0 ) ∈ B}

Assume that Az0 and Bz0 are Jordan measurable and vol(Az0 ) = vol(Bz0 ) for all z0 ∈ R. Prove that A
and B have the same volume.

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 Solution: Since A, B are Jordan measurable, they are bounded and hence there exists a rectangle
R = [x1 , x2 ] × [y1 , y2 ] × [z1 , z2 ] such that A, B ⊆ R. Recall that a set S ⊆ Rn is Jordan measurable
if and only if the corresponding indicator function χS is integrable over any rectangle containing S.
Thus, A being Jordan measurable tells us that its indicator function χA is integrable on R. Consider
the z- slices of χA :
χzA (x, y) = χA (x, y, z) = χAz (x, y)
We know that the z- slices Az of A are Jordan measurable subsets of R2 for all z ∈ R. Since χzA and
is the indicator function of a Jordan measurable subset of R2 for all z ∈ R we have that all the z-
slices of χA are integrable.

Since χA and all of its z- slices are integrable, Fubini’s theorem tells us that:
Z Z z2 Z
vol(A) = χA dV = χAz (x, y)dAdz
R z1 [x1 ,x2 ]×[y1 ,y2 ]
Zz2 Z Z z2
= χAz (x, y)dAdz = Area(Az )dz
z1 [x1 ,x2 ]×[y1 ,y2 ] z1

The same argument applied to the set B tells us that χB and all of its z- slices are integrable.
Furthermore:
Z z2
vol(B) = Area(Bz )dz
z1

Since Area(Az ) = Area(Bz ) for all z ∈ R, it follows that:

Z z2 Z z2
vol(A) = Area(Az )dz = Area(Bz )dz = vol(B)
z1 z1

2. Compute the following integrals using an appropriate change of coordinates.

Hint: Use a linear transformation:
(a) T (x + y + 2)dA where T ⊂ R2 is the triangle with vertices (−1, −1), (0, 2) and (1, 1)
R

Solution:
We solve this by using a series of transformations (change of variables). First we start with
a linear translation to move the (−1, −1) to the origin (0, 0). Thus the new variables are
(x′ , y ′ ) = (x + 1, y + 1). Since this is a translation, the derivative is 1 and there is no change
to dA. In the new coordintates (x′ , y ′ ) we have to R integrate over T ′ which is a triangle with
′ ′
vertices (0, 0), (1, 3) and (2, 2) and the integral is T ′ (x + y )dA
Next we use a linear transformation A to transform T ′ into a triangle with verticies at (0, 0),
(1, 0) and (0, 1). This can be done by sending the vertex (1, 3) → (0, 1) and (2, 2) → (1, 0). A
is a 2 × 2 matrix and using A(1, 0) = (1, 3) and A(0, 1) = (2, 2) to see that:
 
1 2
A=
3 2
′ ′ ′′ ′′ ′′ ′′
So the new coordinates R are ′′(x , y )′′= (x ′′+ 2y ,′′3x + 2y ′′ ) and det(A) = 4 thus dA → 4dA so
the integral becomes T ′′ (x + 2y + 3x + 2y )4dA. T is the triangle with verticies (0, 0),
(1, 0) and (0, 1) which is also a simple region T ′ = {(x′′ , y ′′ ) : 0 ≤ x′′ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x′′ }. We

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 can solve this integral as follows:
Z
(x′′ + 2y ′′ + 3x′′ + 2y ′′ )4dA
T ′′
Z1 Z 1−x′′
= 16(x′′ + y ′′ )dy ′′ dx′′
0 0
Z 1
1 16
=16 (x′′ (1 − x′′ ) + (1 − x′′ )2 )dx′′ =
0 2 3

(3x + 6y)2 dA where D is the quadrilateral with vertices (0, 1), (2, 0), (0, −1) and (−2, 0)
R
(b) D

Solution: We approach this similar to above by using linear transformation to transform

the quadrilateral into the rectangle R = [−2, 2] × [−2, 2]. We can do this by finding a map
that sends the vertex of quadrilaterals to the vertex of the rectangle: (0, 1) → (2, 2) and
(2, 0) → (2, −2) (note that because A is linear, these two conditions ensure the other two vertices
are also mapped correctly.) Thus solving the syytem of equations given by A(2, 2) = (0, 1) and
A(2, −2) = (2, 0) we obtaing:
1
− 12

A = 21 1 (1)
4 4

So we have: (x, y) = ( 21 u − 21 v, 14 u + 14 v) and det(A) = 14

Z
(3x + 6y)2 dA
D
Z
1 1 1 1 1
= (3( u − v) + 6( u + v))2 dA
2 2 4 4 4
ZR
1
= 9u2 dA
R 4
9 2 2 2
Z Z
= u dudv
4 −2 −2
=48

3. For each of the following, compute the integral or show it doesn’t exist:
x2 2 2
R
(a) C (x2 +y 2 )2 dA where C = {(x, y) : 0 < x + y < 1}

Solution: Note this integrand is not defined at (x, y) = (0, 0). We consider the sequence of
measurable sets Sn = {(x, y) : n12 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}. This sequence of sets is increasing and equals

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 C\{a} as n → ∞. We consider:

x2
Z
lim dA
n→∞ S (x2 + y 2 )2
n
Z 1 Z 2π 2
r cos2 (θ)
= lim rdθdr
n→∞ 1
n 0 r4
Z 1 Z 2π
1
= lim dr cos2 (θ)dθ
n→∞ 1 r 0
n

=π lim log(n)
n→∞

x2
R
Since this limit DNE implies that C (x2 +y 2 )2
dA DNE.

1
where S = {(x, y) : 1 < x, 0 < y < x1 }
R
(b) √
S x y
dA

Solution: We have that this integrand is not defined at y = 0 and the set is unbounded.
Consider the sequence of measurable sets Sn = {(x, y) : 1 ≤ x ≤ n, n1 ≤ y ≤ x1 }. This sequence
of sets is increasing and equals S\{y = 0} as n → ∞. We consider:
Z
1
lim √ dA
n→∞ S x y
n
Z n Z x1
1
= lim √ dydx
n→∞ 1 1
n
x y
Z n r r
2 1 1
= lim ( − )dx
n→∞ 1 x x n
r
−2 1
=2 lim ( √ + 2) − log(n)
n→∞ n n
−1
=2 lim √ (2 + log(n)) + 2
n→∞ n
=4

Since the integrand isR positive, the above implies by the absolute convergence theorem that
1
the integral exists and S x√ y dA = 4

1
R
(c) R3 1+x2 +y 2 +z 2
dV
(Use improper integral in Chapter 10. hint: consider increasing radius balls to
3
exhaust R . Since we did not formally cover improper integral (c) will not be graded.)

Solution: We consider the sequence of sets Sn = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ n2 }. Then Sn is

sequence of increasing measurable sets that equals R3 as n → ∞. (more formally Sn ⊂ Sn + 1

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 = R3 ). We consider:
S
and n sn
Z
1
lim 2 + y2 + z2
dV
n→∞ Sn 1 + x
Z n Z 2π Z π
1
= lim 2
r2 sin(θ)dθdϕdr
n→∞ 0 0 0 1+r
Z n
r2
= lim 4π 2
dr
n→∞ 0 1+r
= lim 4π(r − arctan(r))r=n
r=0
n→∞
=4π 2 (n − arctan(n))

x2
R
Since this limit DNE implies that C (x2 +y 2 )2 dA DNE. Please note that with spherical coordi-

nates, different textbooks use different conventions for θ and ϕ.

4. (a) Let U, V ∈ Rn be open sets and let g : U → V be a diffeomorphism. Show that if Ω ⊂ U is compact
then g(Ωo ) = g(Ω)o and g(∂Ω) = ∂g(Ω).

Solution:
g(∂Ω) = ∂g(Ω) :

• Let a ∈ ∂Ω. Then a is a limit point for Ω and for U \ Ω, so there exist sequences
{an }∞ ∞
n=1 ⊆ Ω and {bn }n=1 ⊆ U \ Ω with an → a and bn → a.

• Note that g(an ) ∈ g(Ω) and bn ∈ g(U \ Ω). Since g is bijective, g(U \ Ω) = V \ g(Ω).

• Furthermore, since g is continuous, we also have that g(an ) → g(a) and g(bn ) → b.
• Therefore, g(a) ∈ ∂g(Ω).
• For b ∈ ∂g(Ω), applying the same argument with g −1 instead gives that g −1 (b) ∈ ∂Ω, so
that b ∈ g(∂Ω).

• So we have g(∂Ω) = ∂g(Ω).

g(Ωo ) = g(Ω)o :

• Since Ω = (∂Ω) ∪ (Ωo ) is a disjoint union and since g is injective, g(∂Ω) ∩ g(Ωo ) = ∅ and
g(∂Ω) ∪ g(Ωo ) = g(Ω).

• Therefore,
g(Ωo ) = g(Ω) \ g(∂Ω) = g(Ω) \ (∂g(Ω)) = g(Ω)o .

(b) Consider P = {(x, y) ∈ (0, ∞)2 : x ≤ y ≤ 2x, x3 ≤ y ≤ 3x3 }. Let (u, v) = h(x, y) = ( xy , xy3 ).
(This is an example in the textbook 9.8.12). Use part a) to rigorously show that h maps P to the
rectangle [1, 2] × [1, 3].

Solution: First note that h is indeed a diffeomorphism since its C 1 (components are quotients
of monomials where the denominator in non-zero in the domain) and h has a C 1 inverse:
r r 3!
−1 u u
h (u, v) = ,
v v

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The topologically boundary of the rectangle R consists of 4 line segments:

∂R = {(u, v) : u = 1, 1 ≤ v ≤ 3} ∪ {(u, v) : u = 2, 1 ≤ v ≤ 3}∪

{(u, v) : v = 1, 1 ≤ u ≤ 2} ∪ {(u, v) : v = 3, 1 ≤ u ≤ 2}

Call these line segments L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 . For the first line segment we have that:
  !
h−1 L1 = h−1 {(u, v) : u = 1, 1 ≤ v ≤ 3}

y y
={(x, y) : = 1, 1 ≤ 3 ≤ 3}
x x
x
={(x, y) : y = x, 1 ≤ 3 ≤ 3}
x
1
={(x, y) : y = x, √3
≤ x ≤ 1}
3

We repeat similar computation for other three line segments to get:

h−1 (∂R) = h−1 (L1 ) ∪ h−1 (L2 ) ∪ h−1 (L3 ) ∪ h−1 (L4 )
√
r
1 2
= {(x, y) : y = x, √
3
≤ x ≤ 1} ∪ {(x, y) : y = 2x, ≤ x ≤ 2}
3 3
√ 2 √
r
3 3 1
∪ {(x, y) : y = x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2} ∪ {(x, y) : y = 3x , √ 3
≤ ≤ 2}
3 3
= ∂P

Since h is bijective, we have h maps ∂P to ∂R. By part a), we must have that h maps P to a
set whose boundary is ∂R. There are only 2 such sets: R and R2 \ R. Since P is compact and
h is continuous, the image must also be compact which eliminates R2 \ R. Therefore h must
map P to R as desired.

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