Grammar reference

• an annoying habit (often with a/ways, continually,

Unit 1 constantly and forever).
My sister is always borrowing my laptop without asking.
1.1 Present simple and present continuous
• what is happening in a picture.
Present simple Someone is getting off the bus.
Affirmative • plans and arrangements for t he future.
1/ We / You / They work. They're meeting their friends at the sports centre.
He / She / lt works.
• situations t hat are changing or developing in the present.
Negative Electric cars are becoming more popular.
1/ We / You / They don't work. Note: Sorne verbs are not usually used in continuous forms.
He / She / lt doesn't work. They are called stative verbs because they describe stat es
Ouestions and not actions. The most common are:
Do 1/ we / you / t hey work? • verbs of emotion: hate, like, /ove, need, prefer, want.
Does he / she / it work? She /oves ice cream.
Short answers • verbs of senses: hear, see, sme/1, sound, taste.
Yes, 1/ we / you / they do. No, 1/ we / you / they don't. This milk tastes a bit funny.
Yes, he/ she / it does. No, he / she / it doesn't.
• verbs which express a state of mind: believe, doubt,
Spelling: watch ➔ watches, study ➔ studies, enjoy ➔ enjoys forget, imagine, know, remember, seem, suppose, think,
We use the present simple for: understand.
I don't believe in ghosts.
• facts o r general t rut hs.
Polar bears live in the Arctic. • verbs of possession: belong to, have, own, possess.
• routines or habits (often with adverbs of frequency). This phone belongs to my teacher.
We usual/y watch 1V after dinner. • other verbs: be, consist, contain, cost, inc/ude, mean.
• permanent situations. Do these jeans cost more than those ones?
Rania works at the hospital.
Sorne verbs can be both stative verbs and action verbs, but
• timetabled events in the future. with a different meaning. The most common of these verbs
The concert starts at half past seven. are: be, expect, have, look, taste, think, see, sme//, weigh.
• narratives (a joke, a plot, sports commentaries, etc.). I think your new jacket is /ove/y.
The woman decides she wants to change her /ife, ... l'm thinking of buying a new jacket.
This food tastes delicious!
Present continuous The chef is tasting the sauce before he serves it to his
Affirmative customers.
1 am ('m) working .
He/ She / lt is ('s) working . 1.2 Present perfect simple and present perfect
We / You / They are ('re) working. continuous
Negative Present perfect simple
1am ('m) not working. Affirmative
He/ She / lt is not (isn't) working.
We / You / They are not (aren't) working. 1/ We / You / They have ('ve) arrived .
He/ She / lt has ('s) arrived.
Questions
Negative
Am I working?
Is he/ she / it working? 1/ We / You / They have not (haven't) arrived.
Are we / you / they working? He/ She / lt has not (hasn't) arrived.
Short answers Ouestions
Yes, 1am. No, l'm not. Have 1/ we / you / they arrived?
Yes, he / she / it is. No, he/ she / it isn't. Has he / she / it arrived?
Yes, we / you / they are. No, we / you / they aren't. Short answers
Spelling: write ➔ writing, stop ➔ stopping, try ➔ trying Yes, 1/ we / you / they No, 1/ we / you / t hey
We use t he present continuous for: have. haven't.
Yes, he / she / it has. No, he/ she / it hasn't.
• actions that are in progress at the time of speaking.
We're driving to my aunt's house at the moment. Spelling: visit ➔ visited, live ➔ lived , stop ➔ stopped,
try ➔ tried, play ➔ played
• actions that are in progress around the t ime of speaking.
l'm studying psychology at university. Note: Sorne verbs are irregular and do not follow these
• situations that are temporary. spelling ru les. See a list of irregular verbs and their past
He's staying with us until his roof is fixed. participles on page 1OO.

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 Grammar reference

We use the present perfect simple: We use the present perfect continuous to talk about how
long something has been happening up to the present. lt is
• for a state that started in the past and is still true now.
not important whether it has finished or not.
He has lived in the same house since 2015.
Kykoko's been waiting far you far over an hour. (he's
• for something that happened in the past , but it's not finished waiting now)
important exactly when.
We can use either the present perfect simple or the present
Jasmine has seen ali his films.
perfect continuous with very little difference in meaning
• for something that happened in the past and has a direct when we use the verbs work, study, live or stay.
result that affects the present. James has worked here far ten years.
She's thirsty because she hasn't had anything to drink. James has been working here far ten years.
• for an action that finished very recently. 1.3 Time expressions
We have just come home.
We often use time expressions with certai n tenses.
• for experiences and achievements.
Thom has won severa/ competitions. When we use time phrases such as when, befare, after,
until, once, by the time, etc. to talk about the future, the
• for an action that happened several times up to now. phrase is followed by a present ora present perfect tense,
/'ve asked him severa/ times not to be late! nota future tense.
• with superlatives and expressions like the first / second /'// cal/ you when 1get to Rachel's house.
time. We use the present perfect simple to emphasise that t he
lt's the first time 1 have ever run a marathon. first action must be finished before the other one starts.
Remember: We use have been when someone went She'/1 go out after she's finished her homework.
somewhere and has now returned, but we use have gone We use the following t ime expressions with the present
when someone went somewhere and is st ill there. simple: a/ways, usual/y, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever,
often, once a week, every day, from time to time, at
Present perfect continuous
the weekend, in January, in the afternoon, at night, on
Affirmative Wednesdays.
1/ We / You / Thel have ('ve) been studying. We use the following t ime expressions with the present
He/ She / lt has ( s) been studying. continuous: at the moment, right now, currently, far the
Negative time being, this week, today, a/ways (with annoying habit s).
1/ We / You / They have not (haven't) been studying. We use the following t ime expressions with the past simple:
He/ She / lt has not (hasn't) been studying. yesterday, /ast week, two years ago, in 2012, on Tuesday, at
Ouestions the weekend, in April.
Have 1/ we / you / they been studying? We use the following t ime expressions with the present
Has he/ she / it been studying? perfect simple: just, already, yet, since, far, recently, late/y,
Short answers sti/1, befare, far ages.

Yes, 1/ we / you / they No, 1/ we / you / they

have. haven't.
Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn't. Unit 2
We use t he present perfect continuous:
2.1 Past simple and present perfect simple
• for actions that started in the past and are still in
progress now or have happened repeatedly until now. Past simple
We have been learning about the American Civil War in
Affirmative
our history lessons.
1/ He/ She / lt / We / You / They studied.
• for actions that continued until recently and have
finished, but that have results affecting t he present. Negative
Noemie is hot because she's been sitting outside in the 1/ He / She / lt / We / You / They didn't study.
sun today.
Ouestions
• to state how long actions have been in progress for. Did 1/ he/ she / it / we / you / they study?
She's been talking on the phone far the last hour.
Short answers
• for a recent unfinished action.
We've been preparing faod far the party. Yes, 1/he/ she / it / we / you / they did.
No, 1/ he/ she / it / we / you / t hey didn't.
Present perfect simple or continuous? Spelling: work ➔ worked, move ➔ moved,
We use the present perfect simple to talk about something stop ➔ stopped, hurry ➔ hurried
we have done or achieved, oran action that is complete. lt Note: Sorne verbs are irregular and do not follow these
is also used to say how many times somet hing happened. spelling rules. See a list of irregular verbs on page 1OO.
He has bought his own house.
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