Inorganic Chemistry
Chemical Bonding
Lecture No- 22
By – OM PANDEY, IIT Delhi
Topics
1 Ionic Bonding ( part -2 )
Ionic character AlN Al2O3 AlF3
AlF3 AlCl3
BeF2 BeCl2
BeCl2 MgCl2
Note : Cation having pseudo-inert gas configuration, has more polarising power
than other cations .
CuCl NaCl
Ionic character Melting point
melting point of covalent compound < melting point of ionic compound
BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2
CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2
Colour The colour of some compounds can be explained on the basis of
polarisation of their bigger negative anion .
The bigger anions are more polarised and hence their electrons
get excited by partial absorption of visible light.
1. AgCl is white AgBr, AgI is yellow .
2. SnCl2 is white but SnI2 is red .
3. PbCl2 is white but PbI2 is yellow .
QUESTION
Which of the following is in order of increasing covalent character?
A CCl4 < BeCl2 < BCl3 < LiCl
B LiCl < CCl4 < BeCl2 < BCl3
C LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4
D LiCl < BeCl2 < CCl4 < BCl3
Sol. As charge on cations increases, their polarizing power increases and thus
covalent character increases.
+ 2+ 3+ 4+
LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < C Cl4
QUESTION
Which of the following combination of ion will have highest polarization?
A Fe2+, Br–
B Ni4+, Br–
C Ni2+, Br–
D Fe, Br–
Sol. Increase in oxidation state (Ni4+) increases the polarizing power of cation and
thus increases the polarization of Br– ion.
QUESTION
The correct order of decreasing polarizability of ion is :
A Cl–, Br–, I–, F–
B F–, I–, Br–, Cl–
C I–, Br–, Cl–, F–
D F–, Cl–, Br–, I–
Sol. As the size of anions decrease the distance of valence shell electrons from nucleus
decreases and so polarizability decreases.
Born-Haber Cycle
Na + Cl2 NaCl
Mg + O2 MgO
QUESTION
Which of the following can be calculated from the Born-Haber cycle for Al2O3?
A The lattice energy of Al2O3
B Electron affinity of O-atom
C The ionization energy of Al
D All of these
Thermal Stability
Li2CO3 Thermal Decomposition
Na2CO3
Thermally Stable : Strong lattice Lattice Energy
Ionic Character
Mono atomic anions Anions Poly atomic anions
F– Cl – Br– I – O2– SO24− , NO2− , CO32− OH–
Lattice Energy Ionic character
LiCl LiH Li2SO4 Li2CO3
NaCl NaH Na2SO4 Na2CO3
KCl KH K2SO4 K2CO3
RbCl RbH Rb2SO4 Rb2CO3
CsCl CsH Cs2SO4 Cs2CO3
BeO BeCO3 LiOH
MgO MgCO3 NaOH
CaO CaCO3 KOH
SrO SrCO3 RbOH
BaO BaCO3 CsOH
QUESTION
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their covalent character.
(a) NaF, Na3N and Na2O (b) NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4 and PCl5
Sol. (a) NaF, Na2O , Na3N (b) NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4 , PCl5
According to Fajan’s rule as size of anion increases and charge on anion increases
polarizability of anions increases and thus covalent character increases. Hence
they follow the following order.
QUESTION
SnCl4 has melting point –15°C where as SnCl2 has melting point 535°C. why?
Sol. According to Fajan’s rule as charge on cation increases its polarizing power
increases resulting in to the greater polarization of anion. Thus covalent character
increases and melting point decreases.
QUESTION
SnCl2 is white but SnI2 is red. Why?
