EDUC 104 - SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE

EDUCATION
REVIEWER

I. DEFINITION, GOALS, AND SCOPE OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

A. Inclusive Education in the Philippines

Definition: Inclusive education is a philosophy and practice of providing all students—regardless of

their abilities or backgrounds—access to quality education in regular school settings.

VMGO: The Vision, Mission, Goals, and Objectives of inclusive education aim to uphold equal access,
quality education, and the holistic development of all learners.

Scope: Covers learners with disabilities, learners from indigenous groups, gifted and talented learners,
learners in difficult circumstances, and others with special educational needs.

B. Inclusive Education in Other Countries

IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act - USA): A law ensuring services to children with
disabilities throughout the nation, including special education and related services.

Other Countries: Countries like Canada, Finland, and Australia also support inclusive education
through national policies, funding, and teacher training programs.

II. BASES AND POLICIES OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

A. Review of the Bases

1. Psychological Bases

1.1 Piaget's Cognitive Development: Children learn in stages; teaching should match the child's
developmental stage.

1.2 Bandura's Social Learning Theory: Learners acquire knowledge by observing others, imitating,
and modeling.

1.3 Vygotsky's Scaffolding: Learning is most effective when support is provided within a learner's zone
of proximal development.

1.4 Jean Lave's Situated Learning: Learning happens best when it is applied in real-life contexts.

2. Philosophical Bases

2.1 Inclusivity: Every learner has the right to be included in education.

2.2 Equality: All learners should be treated fairly and have access to the same quality of education.

3. Historical/Sociological Bases

3.1 Convention on the Rights of the Child: Advocates for every child’s right to education.

3.2 UNESCO: Promotes inclusive education policies globally.

3.3 Education for All (EFA): A global movement to provide quality education for all.

3.4 K to 12 Inclusion Policy: Integrates inclusive practices in the national curriculum.

4. Legal Bases (Philippines)

4.1 1987 Constitution, Art. XIV, Sec. 1 & 2: Education is a right of every citizen.

4.2 RA 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act): Recognizes learners with special needs.

4.3 RA 8371 (Indigenous People’s Rights Act): Protects the educational rights of indigenous peoples.

4.4 PD 603: Child and Youth Welfare Code.

4.5 RA 7610: Protection against child abuse and exploitation.

4.6 RA 9344: Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act.

4.7 RA 9442: Magna Carta for Disabled Persons.

4.8 RA 10665: Open High School System.

4.9 RA 7277: Rehabilitation and integration of persons with disabilities.

B. Principles, Policies, and Dimensions

Early Intervention: Providing support at an early age for children with developmental delays or
disabilities.

Process of Inclusion (Philippine Model): Cooperation between SPED centers and regular schools.

Transition Program: Assists learners with special needs in moving from school to work or higher
education.

Sustaining Programs: Continuous improvement and funding of inclusive initiatives.

National IP Education Policy: Ensures culturally relevant education for indigenous learners.

III. TYPOLOGY OF LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

A. Learners with Intellectual Disabilities

Cerebral Palsy: A motor disorder affecting movement and posture.

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome): A genetic disorder causing developmental delays.

B. Learners with Learning Disabilities

Dyslexia: Difficulty in reading.

Dysgraphia: Difficulty in writing.

Dyscalculia: Difficulty in understanding numbers.

C. Learners with Physical Disabilities

Visual Impairment: Partial or total loss of vision.

Hearing Impairment: Partial or total loss of hearing.

Speech Impairment: Difficulty in speaking or being understood.

Multiple Physical Impairments: Combination of two or more physical challenges.

D. Learners Who Are Gifted and Talented

Visual Arts: Artistic talents in drawing, painting, etc.

Music: Talent in singing or playing instruments.

Intellectual Giftedness: High academic or problem-solving ability.

Performing Arts: Talents in acting, dancing, etc.

E. Learners with Socio-Emotional Disorders

Emotional Behavioral Disorder: Behavioral and emotional responses that interfere with learning.

Anxiety Attack: Sudden intense fear or discomfort.

Depression: Persistent sadness or loss of interest.

OCD: Uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and behaviors.

Bipolar Disorder: Mood swings from high (mania) to low (depression).

F. Learners with Chronic Illnesses

Asthma: Breathing difficulty.

Diabetes: Body’s inability to regulate blood sugar.

Epilepsy: Seizure disorder.

Allergy: Sensitivity to substances causing reactions.

G. Learners in Difficult Circumstances

Living in Remote Places: Limited access to schools.

Victims of War: Learners affected by conflict.

Products of Broken Families: Emotional/psychological effects from family issues.

Street Children: Learners without stable homes.

Victims of Abuse: Physical, emotional, or sexual harm.

H. Learners from Indigenous Groups

Learners with unique cultural and linguistic needs.

IV. ASSESSMENT, LEARNING RESOURCES, AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACCOMMODATION

A. Types of Assessment

Observation Checklist: Tool for tracking observable behaviors.

Anecdotal Report: Short narrative about student actions.

Portfolio Assessment: Compilation of student work over time.

B. Learning Resources and Instructional Accommodation

Special Education Programs: Services for learners with disabilities.

Inclusion Programs: Integrate learners with special needs in regular classrooms.

Indigenization and Contextualization: Adapting curriculum to local cultures.

ALS (Alternative Learning System): Flexible education for out-of-school youth and adults.

OSY Programs: Target out-of-school youth with learning opportunities.

Disadvantaged Children: Programs designed for learners with fewer opportunities.

Adult Learners: Education for mature learners who may have missed formal schooling.

Madrasah ALIVE: Arabic Language and Islamic Values Education for Muslim learners.

Special Interest Programs: Focused programs in arts, sports, etc.

Quality Differentiated Instructions: Adapting teaching methods to diverse learners.

Home/Distance Learning: Learning from home via modules or online platforms.