defects in solid
Imperfection or
>
- At OK
,
crystals tend to have
perfectly
.
ordered
arrangement
↑ order
! disordert
deviation from orderd
>
-
Any perfectly
arrangement constitutes a defect or
. These defects
imperfection are
sometime called
Thermodynamic
defect
due to
which arise
>
- The
defects
in the arrangement of
inegularity atomi
called
atoms/ims are
imperfection
>
-
The atomic defects/imperfection
misplaced
caused by missing or
ions are called point defect
Point defects
~
1- Non-stoichiombic
stoichiometric
.
defects
defects
-
Free schottky
stoichiometric
defects
which the number of
>
- The compounds in
2
in the ratio
exactly
:
are
the and-re ions
their chemical formula
.
indicated by
called strichiometric defects
.
are
stoichiometric
>
- There are
two
types of
defects.
1)
Schottky defects
created when
>
-
type of defect
This is
cation and one anion are
one
from their respective position
missing
>
- occurs in the compounds having
coordination
high
no
cation
>
- occurs when size
of
and anion are almost equal
>
-
eg Nad, Cod , Br -
AgBrr
will dee.
>
-
density
Frenkel
defect
leave its
arises when ion
Defect
an
>
-
lattice site and occupies an
correct
(void)
interstical site
no
>
- Low coordination
should be high
>
- size diffrence
.
>
-
No effect on
density
>
- es zns , Agg ,
AgBr , AgI
Non-stoichiometric
Defects
>
- At B - from
From Non-metal .
metal
due to anion vacancies
metal excess defect
Hole (F-Centre)
T
the absence
.
>
- Excess of
metal ion
by site
from its lattice
of-re ion
.
heated
when alkali halides
are
>
alkali
in the atmosphere of
metal vapours this
,
defect arises ↑
Navapoy
~
·
NacNa
ce Nal
NaC Nig
SSS Heating
conversion
>
- The election released
during
of metal atom into ion
diffuse into
the site vacated
and occupy
crystal hole occupied
the anion The
by
.
the anios is known as
by
colors
F-centre (Farbazacentre) ,
Centre .
Wall (Excess sodiums
-
-eg
white - Yellow
KC1 (Excess of potassium)
white-violet
via (Excess of (i)
while -
Pink
Intensity ↑
- No
of f-centre t of colors
>
-
Dur to f-centre , paramagnetic
nature increases
.
due to Interstitallation
Metal Excess
defect
cation is present in
>
- when an extra
the interstital .
site Electrical neutrality
the presence of extra
.
is maintained
by
e in the interstitial site :
Ino heated
.
eg
>
-
due to cation vacancies
.
Metal deficiency
from its lattice .
missing
site
>
- cation is
is balanced by an
and the charge
cation
adjacent .
This
>
-
type of defect
is
generally
.
shown transition metal
by
Metal
>
- excess or
deficiary defect
turns lonic compand into semi-conductor
Impurity Defect
atom intersticl
>
-
Foreign can
occupy
sites in a
crystal .
Impurity
-
Holes
-
Cation vacary)
ions have diffrent valence
>
-
If the impurity
that the host ins, cation
state than of
vacancies are created accordingly
.
doped into Nac creats 1
suck
g
cation side .
vacany per
per A43
Allz-2 vacancy
+2 77
1942-Agd
2
NV
Agt Agt
. Then
a If 10 % sucz diped in wall
% cation as
vacary
10 % Sut2
-
100-10 % cation
vac
- ↑
>
2
definis
-
Cation
-
#20 960
.
un
Non-stoichiometric
↓
metal
definery
.
Fetsion in Feo. O
① calculate the % of
1920
Fe090 >
-
E 0 , so
/
x atoms have 13 our state
have
96-x atoms
+2 a
20
xx( + 3) + (96 x)x(2)
- = +
x=
% fetion
%
3x + 192 -
2x = 200
=
x100
96
200 192 = 8
x=
-
= 8 33 %
.
96-fetz-88 -8 -
&
Properties of solids ↓
H20
