SSLC

2026

CHEMISTRY
unlocked by Sanjeevkumar

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CHAPTER-1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS isaraddiclasses.com
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2023
1. The reactants that exchange ions by reacting with each other and form a precipitate
among the following are -
(A) BaCl2 and Na2SO4 (B) Al2O3 and HCl
(C) NaOH and H2SO4 (D) Na2O and CO2
2. Packets of chips are flushed with nitrogen gas. Why ?

Ans. : To prevent chips from getting oxidised / to prevent rancidity.

3. An iron nail is dropped into a test tube having copper sulphate solution. The iron nail
gradually turns to brownish colour. Why ?
Ans. : Since iron is more reactive than copper, it displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution / Displaced copper gets deposited on the iron nail.
4. ―Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are produced on heating calcium carbonate.‖
Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Mention the type of this
chemical reaction.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
Ans. : 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

Decomposition reaction / Thermal decomposition reaction / endothermic reaction

(………..any one)

june - 2023
1. Chips manufacturers, flush bags of chips with nitrogen gas because, to

(A) prevent corrosion of chips (B) prevent chips from getting oxidised
(C) make chips undergo rancidity (D) prevent the chips from getting reduced.

2. Name the product produced when calcium oxide reacts with water.
Ans. : Calcium hydroxide / slaked lime OR 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2

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3. Add same amount of barium chloride solution to a test tube containing 5 ml of
sodium sulphate solution. Then i) Which insoluble white precipitate is formed ?
ii) Name the ions responsible for the formation of white precipitate.
iii) Mention the type of chemical reaction that took place here.

Ans. : i) Barium sulphate OR 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4

ii) sulphate radical ( 𝑆𝑂4 −2 ) , Barium ion (𝐵𝑎 +2 )

iii) Double displacement reaction / precipitation reaction.

April - 2024 (exam-1)

1) Identify the substances that are oxidised and reduced in the following chemical
reaction :
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Ans. : a) ZnO — is reduced. C — is oxidised.
2) What is rancidity ? Mention any two methods to prevent rancidity.
 When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid and their smell and taste
change.
 Substances which prevent oxidation (antioxidants) are added to food.
 Keeping food in airtight containers.
 Replacing air by nitrogen

june - 2024 (exam-2)

1. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :
i) Calcium carbonate on heating produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
ii) Burning of natural gas ( methane ) produces carbon dioxide and water.

Heat
i) 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 ↑
ii) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2+ 2H2O + Heat

2. Give reason :
i) Articles made of copper lose their shiny surface when exposed to air.
ii) An iron nail placed in copper sulphate solution slowly turns to brown colour.

i) Copper reacts with atmospheric air to form copper oxide ( CuO )

or Copper carbonate [ CuCO3 ] or copper undergoes corrosion ……. Any one
ii) Displacement reaction takes place. Or Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution. ……. Any one

2
august - 2024 (exam-3)
1. In the electrolysis of water the gases that are released at cathode and anode and their
ratio respectively are,
A) Hydrogen : Oxygen ; 1 : 2 (B) Oxygen : Hydrogen ; 2 : 1

(C) Hydrogen : Oxygen : 2 : 1 (D) Oxygen : Hydrogen ; 1 : 2

2. What are redox reactions ?

A chemical reaction in which one reactant gets oxidised while the other gets reduced is
called redox reaction.

3.An iron nail is immersed in copper sulphate solution. Then what type of chemical
reaction happens here ? Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

 Displacement reaction.
 Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
4. Balance the following equations :
i) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Heat
ii) Pb (NO3)2 PbO + NO2 + O2

i) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Heat
ii) 2Pb (NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

march - 2025 (exam-1)

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
1. CuO + H2 Cu + H2O , In this chemical reaction,
(A) hydrogen is reduced to form water
(B) exchange of ions took place between the reactants
(C) copper oxide is oxidised to form copper
(D) copper oxide is reduced to form copper
2. What is rancidity ? Mention any two methods of preventing rancidity.
Ans : (Refer APRIL 2024 QNo 2)

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3. Write the chemical equations for the following reactions.
i) Quicklime is reacted with water
ii) Zinc pieces are added to copper sulphate solution
iii) Sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution.

i) CaO + H2O → Ca (OH)2

ii) CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu
iii) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3 .
4. Balance the following chemical equations :
i) H2 + O2 → H2O
ii) Na2CO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
iii) N2 + H2 → NH3
i) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

ii) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

iii) N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

may - 2025 (exam-2)

1. The gas flushed to the bags containing chips is-

(A) Hydrogen (B) Oxygen (C) Chlorine (D) Nitrogen

2. CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O ; Mention the oxidised and reduced reactants in this reaction.

 Oxidised reactant H2
 Reduced reactant CuO

3. Complete the following chemical equations :

i) NaCl + AgNO3 → +
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
ii) CaCO3 +

iii) Pb + CuCl 2 → +

i) NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
ii) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
iii) Pb + CuCl 2 → PbCl2 + Cu

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4. a) Mention any two factors that help to determine that a change is a chemical
reaction.
b) Mention the type of chemical reaction that takes place when sodium sulphate
solution is added to barium chloride solution. Write the balanced chemical equation for
this reaction.
a) Factors that help to determine that a change is a chemical reaction.
 Formation of new substances
 Change in colour Change in state
 Change in temperature
 Evolution of a gas. ( Consider any two points )

b) Double displacement reaction.

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2026 ( Including previous year questions )

1. In the following case(s) the combination reaction occurs in :

I. CuO + H2 
II. ZnO + C 
III. Na + O2 
IV. CH4 + O2 

A) I only B) II only C) III only D) IV only

2. Select from the following a decomposition reaction in which source of energy for
decomposition is light :

(A) 2FeSO4  Fe2O3+ SO3 + SO2

(B) 2H20  2H2+ O2

(C) 2AgBr  2Ag+Br2

(D) CaCO3  CaO + CO2

3. A copper coin is kept in a solution of silver nitrate for some time, what will happen
to the coin and the color of the solution?

 Copper coin will get a coating of silver metal,

 The colour of solution will turn blue.

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How could you make a chemical equation more informative ? Give any two examples.

(i) Physical state of reactants must be mentioned,

e.g. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)——– > 2H2O (l)
(ii) Condition in which reaction takes place are written on the arrow head,
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
e.g. CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Consider the following chemical reaction,

X + Barium chloride ——–> Y + Sodium chloride
(White ppt)
(a) Identify ‗X‘ and ‗Y‘
(b) Identify the type of reaction
(c) Write the balanced equation for the reaction

(a) ‗X‘ is Na2SO4 and Y is BaSO4.

(b) The reaction is precipitation reaction. It is also called double displacement reaction.

(c) Equation : Na2SO4 + BaCl2 —–> BaSO4 + 2NaCl

(White ppt)
The following diagram displays a chemical reaction. Observe carefully and answer the
following questions

(a) Identify the type of chemical reaction that will take place and define it.
(b) How will the colour of the salt change? Write the chemical equation of the reaction
that takes place.
(c) Mention one commercial use of this salt.
(a) Photochemical decomposition reaction: Those reactions in which a compound
breaks down into simple substances in presence of light are called photochemical
decomposition reaction.
(b) The colour of salt will change from white to grey.
𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2

(c) Silver chloride is used in photography.

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Define combination reaction. Give one example of a combination reaction which is also
exothermic.
A reaction in which two elements or compounds combine to form a single compound is
called combination reaction.
e.g. Addition of quicklime (Calcium oxide) to the water
 CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + Heat
It is also an exothermic reaction along with a combination reaction because heat is
evolved.
4. When lead nitrate is heated strongly in a boiling tube, two gases are liberated and a
solid residue is left behind in the test tube.
(i) Name the type of chemical reaction and define it.
(ii) Write the name and formula of the coloured gas liberated.
(iii) Name the residue left in the test tube
(iv) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

(i) Decomposition reaction. When a reactant decomposes to form two are more
products, such type of reaction is called decomposition reaction
(ii) Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2)

(iii) Lead oxide ( PbO )

iv) 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

5. What is a precipitation reaction? Give an example.

If an insoluble solid substance was formed in a reaction is called precipitation reaction.
(OR Precipitation is a type of double displacement reaction in which one of the
products is formed in the solid state.)
Example : The reaction between Silver nitrate and Sodium chloride
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3
6. Name the type of reactions in the following cases:
a. Garbage producing foul smell
b. Burning of natural gas.
c. Carbon dioxide gas passed through lime water.

a. Garbage producing foul smell - Decomposition reaction

b. Burning of natural gas. - Combination reaction (Exothermic reaction)
c. Carbon dioxide gas passed through lime water. - Precipitation reaction

7. What happens when CO2 gas is passed through lime water and why does it disappear
on passing excess CO2?

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Lime water turns milky due to the formation of insoluble salt Calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
When excess of CO2 is passed through this solution Calcium carbonate turns in to
soluble form of Calcium bicarbonate (OR Calcium hydrogen carbonate)
CaCO3 + H2O+ CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2
8. A shiny brown colored element ‗X‘ on heating in air becomes a black colored
compound. Name the element ‗X‘ & the black colored compound formed. Also write
the equation.

 Element X is - Copper
 Black colored compound is - CuO ( Copper oxide)
2Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
9. Give an example, each for thermal decomposition and photochemical decomposition
reactions. Write balanced equation for the same.
Thermal decomposition : If the decomposition is carried out by heating is called
thermal decomposition
Example : On heating limestone is converted in to quick lime
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Photolytic Decomposition : If the decomposition is carried out in presence of sunlight is

called Photolytic decomposition
Example : Exposure of Silver chloride in sunlight

𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2

10.What happens when food materials containing fats and oils are left for a long time.
List two observable changes and suggest two ways by which this phenomenon can be
prevented.
When food materials containing fats and oils are left for a long time they undergo
oxidation and their taste and smell change.
This can be prevented by–
1. Using antioxidants like vitamin A and C
2. Filling nitrogen gas in chips container

11. In electrolysis of water :

(a) Name the gas collected at cathode and anode.
(b) Why is volume of one gas collected at one electrode is double of another ?
(c) Why are few drops of dil. H2SO4 added to water ?

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(a) Gas collected at cathode is Hydrogen and at anode is Oxygen
(b) This is because water contains two parts of hydrogen element as compared to one
part of oxygen element by volume.
(c) Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity. So to carryout electrolysis it is essential
to add few drops of dil. H2SO4 , hence electricity is conducted.
12. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a
black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid so formed
remains in the solution. Name the type of reaction and give reason. Write the balanced
equation of the reaction.
 Double displacement reaction
 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑆 → 𝐶𝑢𝑆 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
 𝑆𝑂4−2 and 𝑆 −2 ions are exchaned ,
13. Observe the situations given below. In situation (I) atmospheric air is being passed
into lime water with a syringe while in situation (II) air is being exhaled into lime
water. What will be your observation? Give reason

 There is no change is observed in situation (I) when atmospheric air is being

passed into lime water
 In situation (II) when air is being exhaled into lime water it turns milky
 Carbon dioxide present in exhaled air reacts with lime water to form insoluble
salt of calcium carbonate.
 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 ↓+ H2O

14. Write the balanced equation and name the type of reaction takes place :
i) When hydrogen burns in oxygen, water is formed
ii) When water is electrolysed, then hydrogen and oxygen are produced.

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i) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O is the combination reaction
ii) 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 is the decomposition reaction / electrolytic decomposition

15. Why we store silver chloride in dark coloured bottles ?

This compound easily undergo photolytic decomposition, hence it was kept in dark
colored bottles to avoid light.
16. Study the experimental set-up shown in the diagram and write chemical equation for
the chemical reaction involved. Name and define the type of reaction. List two other
metals which can be used in place of iron to show the same type of reaction with copper
sulphate solution.

 Chemical displacement
 It is a reaction in which a highly reactive metal displaces the least reactive metal
from its salt.
 Equation : 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑢
 Metals like lead, zinc, alluminium can show the same type of reaction with
copper sulphate solution.

17. How can we say that (I) electrolysis of water, and (II) blackening of silver bromide
when exposed to sunlight, are decomposition reactions ? Write the balanced euations
and mention the type of energy involved in each case.
 In both cases, a reactant decomposes in to two are more products
 In electrolysis of water, water decomposes in to hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Electricity
 2𝐻2 𝑂 2𝐻2 + 𝑂2
 The energy involved in this case is - Electricity
 When silver bromide is exposed to sunlight, it decomposes in to silver and
bromine
Sunlight
 2𝐴𝑔𝐵𝑟 2𝐴𝑔 + 𝐵𝑟2
 The energy involved in this case is - Sunlight (solar energy)

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18. When SO2 gas is passed through saturated solution of H2S, the following reaction
occurs : SO2 + 2H2S → 2H2O + 3S
In this reaction, which substance is oxidised and which one is reduced ?

SO2 is reduced to S and H2S is oxidized to H2O

19. The type of reactions in which (I) calcium oxide is formed, and (II) calcium
hydroxide is formed are opposite reactions to each other. Justify this statement with the
help of chemical equations.
 Yes, both the reactions are indeed opposite reactions.
 Calcium oxide is formed by the decomposition of calcium carbonate.
 CaCO3  CaO + CO2
 Calcium hydroxide is formed by the combination of calcium oxide and water
 CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2

20. Give one example of each :

(a) Chemical reaction showing evolution of gas.
(b) Chemical reaction showing liberation of heat.
(c) Chemical reaction showing formation of precipitate.
(d) Change in substance‘s colour during a chemical reaction.

(a) Chemical reaction showing evolution of gas.

 Brown fumes Nitrogen dioxide liberated when lead nitrate is heated.
 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(b) Chemical reaction showing liberation of heat.
 A piece of Sodium metal is dipped in water
 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
(c) Chemical reaction showing formation of precipitate.
 CO2 gas is passed through lime water
 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 ↓+ H2O
(d) Change in substance‘s colour during a chemical reaction.
 Shiny brown colored Copper on heating in air becomes a black colored
compound.
 2Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
21. Giving reason identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the following
cases and write the balanced chemical equation for the reactions.
a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.

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b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and lead
iodide.

a) The type of the reaction is - Displacement reaction

 Zinc displaces Silver from Silver nitrate to form zinc nitrate and silver.

Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag

b) The type of the reaction is - Double Displacement reaction

There is an exchange of (I ̅ ) ion and (NO3̅ ) radical between the reactants Potassium
iodide and lead nitrate

2KI + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + PbI2

22. A shining metal ‗M‘, on burning gives a dazzling white flame and changes to a
white powder ‗N‘.
(a) Identify ‗M‘ and ‗N‘.
(b) Represent the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
(C) Does ‗M‘ undergo oxidation or reduction in this reaction? Justify.

(a) ‗M‘ is - Magnessium and ‗N‘ is Magnessium oxide

(b) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

(c) It‘s an oxidation reaction , because Mg get oxidised in to MgO

23. Mention with reason the colour changes observe when:

(i) silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(ii) copper powder is strongly heated in the presence of oxygen.
(iii) a piece of zinc is dropped in copper sulphate solution.

(i) When white silver chloride is left exposed to sunlight, its colour changes to grey as it
decomposes to silver in the presence of sunlight.

(ii) When copper powder is strongly heated in presence of oxygen, the reddish brown
surface of copper powder becomes coated with a black substance which is copper
oxide.

(iii) When a piece of zinc is dropped in copper sulphate solution, then the blue colour of
copper sulphate fades gradually due to the formation of colourless zinc sulphate
solution and reddish brown copper metal gets deposited on zinc piece.

24.Strong heating of ferrous sulphate leads to the formation of a brown solid and two
gases. Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction. This reaction can be
categorised as decomposition and redox reaction. Why ? Explain briefly

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Equation : 2FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
 Ferrous sulphate(FeSO4) decomposes into Ferric oxide(Fe2O3), Sulphur
dioxide(SO2) and Sulphur trioxide(SO3).
 Hence we can call it a decomposition reaction.

 The oxidation number of Iron in Ferrous sulphate is +2, which gets changed
to +3in Ferric oxide after being heated. That is Iron is getting oxidised here.
 On the other hand oxidation number of Sulphur in Ferric sulphate is+6, which
gets changed to +4in Sulphur dioxide. That is Sulphur is getting reduced here.
 Hence we can call it a redox reaction.

25. A metal X forms a water soluble salt XNO3. When an aqueous solution of XNO3 is
added to common salt solution, then a white precipitate of compound Y is formed along
with sodium nitrate solution. Metal X is said to be the best conductor of electricity and
it does not evolve hydrogen when put in dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) What is metal X ?
(b) What is salt XNO3 ?
(c) Name the compound Y.
(d) Write the chemical equation of the reaction
(e) What type of chemical reaction is illustrated by the above equation ?

(a) Metal X is - Silver (Ag)

(b) Salt XNO3 is - Silver nitrate AgNO3
(c) Compound Y is - Silver chloride
(d) Chemical equation of the reaction

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3

(e) Type of chemical reaction is - Double displacement reaction

26. What are anti-oxidants ? Why are they added to fat and oil containing foods ?

 The chemicals used to prevent oxidation reaction are called anti-oxidants.

 They added to fat and oil containing foods to reduce the oxidation of fats and oils
and prevents from the development of rancidity.

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CHAPTER-2 isaraddiclasses.com
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2023
1. Name the salts used in the following situations and write their molecular formula :
a) To remove permanent hardness of water.
b) To make drinking water free from germs.
c) To support fractured bones in their right position.

a) To remove permanent hardness of water. :

Washing soda / sodium carbonate 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ∙ 10𝐻2 𝑂
b) To make drinking water free from germs.:
Bleaching powder / Calcium oxychloride 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙2
c) To support fractured bones in their right position:
1
Plaster of Paris / Calcium sulphate hemihydrates 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐻2 𝑂
2

2. The pH values of four solutions are given in the below table. Classify these into
acidic and basic solutions :

Ans : Acidic solutions : e & h , Basic solutions : f & g

3. Name the antacid used to neutralise excess of acid in the stomach.

Ans : Milk of magnesia / Magnesium hydroxide OR Sodium hydrogen carbonate

june - 2023

1.Name the ions responsible for acidic and basic natures of the substances.

 Acidic → H+ / H3O+ / Hydrogen / Hydronium

 Basic → OH− / Hydroxyl / Hydroxide

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2. Explain the manufacturing of bleaching powder. Write any two uses of it.
 Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Uses :
 For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, wood pulp in paper
factories.
 For bleaching washed clothes in laundry
 As an oxidising agent in chemical industry
 to make drinking water free from germs. ( Any two )
3. A strong solution of sodium hydroxide is added to the strong solution of hydrochloric
acid. What is the nature of the salt solution formed here ? Write a balanced chemical
equation for this reaction.
 The salt solution is a neutral solution.
 NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O.

April - 2024 (exam-1)

1. Ferrous sulphate crystals lose green colour when heated. Because this compound
(A) decomposes into simpler products
(B) loses water molecules
(C) releases sulphur dioxide gas
(D) produces brown fumes
2. Write any two uses of washing soda.
 In glass, soap and paper industries.
 In the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
 As a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
 For removing permanent hardness of water. ( any two )
3. Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus showing the reaction of
zinc grannules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning.

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4. Simultaneously red and blue litmus papers are dipped in the brine solution and in the
aqueous product produced by subjecting that solution to electrolysis. What changes do
you observe in litmus papers ? Support your answer with reasons.
 No colour change is observed in the litmus papers dipped in the brine solution.
 Because it is a neutral solution.
 Red litmus paper dipped in aqueous product obtained by electrolysis of brine
solution turns to blue colour.
 Because it is a basic solution.
5. Observe the pH values of four solutions given in the following table and answer the
questions below.
Solutions P Q R S
pH value 10.0 13.7 7.0 1.2
i) Which solution can be used to prepare an antacid ? Why ?
ii) Which two solutions can be used to get a neutral salt ? Why ?

i) Solution „P‟ can be used to prepare an antacid. Because it is a mild base.

ii) Solution „Q‟ and „S‟ can be used to get a neutral salt. Because „Q‟ is a
strong base and „S‟ is a strong acid.

june - 2024 (exam-2)

1. 1M acetic acid is mixed with 1M sodium hydroxide solution. Determine the nature
of the salt forms here with suitable reason.
Ans. : It is a basic salt. Because sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
2. What is the chemical formula of bleaching powder ? Write any two uses of this salt.
 Bleaching powder : CaOCl2
 Used as bleaching agent in paper, cloth & laundry industries
 Used as oxidising agent in chemical industries
 Used as disinfectant. ( Any two )
3. Name the acid present in the following substances. i) Curd ii) Gastric juice
i) Curd - Lactic acid
ii) Gastric juice - Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

augyst - 2024 (exam-3)

1. The compound used to remove the permanent hardness of water is
(A) sodium carbonate (B) sodium hydroxide
(C) sodium hydrogen carbonate (D) sodium chloride

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2. Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus showing the reaction of zinc
granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing of hydrogen gas by burning and label the
hydrogen gas bubbles.
(Refer April-2024, QNo 3)
3. Solutions „A‟, „B‟, „C‟ and „D‟ are having pH values of 2, 6, 8 and 13 respectively.
Then -
i) which solution has more H + and which solution has more OH − ions concentration ?
Why ?

ii) which solutions can be made to react each other to get neutral salts ?

i) Solution „A‟ has more H+ ions concentration.

Reason : If pH value is less, then H+ concentration is more.
Solution „D‟ has more OH− ions concentration.
Reason : As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, there is an increase in OH− ions
concentration.
ii) Solutions „A‟ and „D‟.
Solutions „B‟ and „C‟.

march - 2025 (exam-1)

1. How is concentrated acid diluted ?

Ans. : By adding the acid slowly to the water with constant stirring.

2. a) NaOH, Ca(OH)2 , H2 and Cl2 materials are given to you. By using which of these
materials you can prepare bleaching powder ? Write the chemical name and one use of
the bleaching powder.
b) i) How do you identify a solution as basic solution by using blue litmus paper ?
ii) Under what condition does a farmer treat the soil of his field with slaked lime ?
Ans : a) Ca(OH)2 and Cl2 are used to prepare bleaching powder.
It‟s chemical name is Calcium Oxychloride ( CaOCl2 )
Uses :
 for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry
 for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories
 for bleaching washed clothes in laundry
 as disinfectant to make drinking water free from germs. ( any one )

b) i) The blue litmus paper does not change its colour in basic solution.
ii) When acidic property of soil increases a farmer treat the soil of his field with
slaked lime

17
may - 2025 (exam-2)

1. The pH value of a solution that turns blue litmus paper into red colour is
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 14

2. Aqueous solution of nitric acid ( HNO3 ) shows acidic nature but the solution of
alcohol does not show this nature. Why ?
 H+ ions in aqueous solution are responsible for acidic character.
 HNO3 releases H+ ions in water while alcohol do not release H+ ion in water.
 Therefore, alcohol do not show acidic character.
3.The solution of baking soda is applied on the part of the skin stung by the stinging
hairs of the leaves of the nettle plant. Give reason.
 Stinging hairs of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid to the skin causes burning.
 To get relief from this burning, solution of baking soda is applied to neutralize
the action of acid as it is a mild base.

4. What is brine solution ? What products will obtain when this solution is subjected to
electrolysis ?
 Aqueous solution of sodium chloride is called brine solution.
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) , Hydrogen (H2)gas and Chlorine(Cl2) gas
5. Write the diagram to show the reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid
and testing hydrogen gas by burning. Label the following :-
i) Zinc granules ii) Hydrogen gas.
(Refer April-2024, QNo 3)

MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2026 ( Including previous year questions )

1. Select from the following, a salt whose aqueous solution will have pH less than
seven.
(a) Sodium chloride
(b) Potassium sulphate
(c) Sodium carbonate
(d) Ammonium chloride
2. The acid produced in our stomach during digestion and the base used to neutralise the
excess acid during indigestion respectively are :
(A) HCl and Mg(OH)2 (B) HCl and Ca(OH)2
(C) H2SO4 and Mg(OH)2 (D) H2SO4 and Ca(OH)2

18
3. There are four solutions A, B, C and D with their pH values given below

Solutions A B C D
pH values 2.0 7.0 8.0 13.0

Which solution(s) would liberate hydrogen gas with Zinc

A) Only A B) Only D C) Both A and D D) B and C

4. The pH of an aqueous solution of a salt is 9. The types of acid and base from which
this salt is formed are :
(A) weak acid and weak base
(B) weak acid and strong base
(C) strong acid and weak base
(D) strong acid and strong base

5. An aqueous solution of a salt turns blue litmus to red. The salt could be the one
obtained by the reaction of :
(A) HNO3 and NaOH (B) H2SO4 and KOH
(C) CH3COOH and NaOH (D) HCl and NH4OH

6. A few drops of turmeric solution are added to a colourless liquid. If the liquid
becomes red, the liquid may be :
(A) Hydrochloric acid (B) Distilled water
(C) Ammonium hydroxide (D) Lemon juice
7. Which among the following has minimum number of water of crystallisation ?
(A) Washing soda (B) Gypsum
(C) Ferrous sulphate (D) Copper sulphate
8. After burning a magnesium ribbon a student collected the ash so formed in a watch
glass. He then dissolved this ash in water and tested the nature (acidic or basic) of the
solution using pH paper and litmus solution. His correct observation would be :
(a) Its pH is 10 and it turns blue litmus to red.
(b) Its pH is 4 and it turns blue litmus to red.
(c) Its pH is 4 and it turns red litmus to blue.
(d) Its pH is 10 and it turns red litmus to blue.

9. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Ans : Dry HCl gas does not give H+ ions and therefore does not change the colour of
dry litmus paper.

19
10. Among 1mol of HCl solution and 1mol of CH3COOH , which of these have a
higher concentration of H+ ions? Give reason

 1mol of HCl solution have a higher concentration of H+ ions.

 Since, HCl is a strong acid, it completely dissociates in water and produce more
H+ ions.
11. You are given 50ml of water and 50ml of HCl separately. State the method to be
followed to mix them in a beaker.What is this process called ?

 The acid is to be added slowly in water with constant stirring to prevent the
mixture to be splashed because, the reaction is highly exothermic.
 The process is called dilution.

12. Identify the acid and the base from which the following salts are obtained :
(I) Sodium chloride
(II) Ammonium sulphate
Write the nature of each of the above mentioned salts, giving reason for your answer.

(I) Sodium chloride HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Salt formed NaCl is neutral as it is formed by strong acid and strong base

(II) Ammonium sulphate H2SO4 + 2NH4OH NH4(SO4)2 + 2H2O

Salt formed is NH4(SO4)2 is acidic as it is formed by strong acid and weak base.

13. An aqueous solution „A‟ turns to pink when few drops of phenolphthalein added.
When another aqueous solution „B‟ is added to this pink solution, the pink color will
disappear. Which solution is acidic and which one is basic in nature ?
 Solution „A‟ is basic
 Solution „B‟ is acidic
14. Consider the following substances :
NaCl , Ca(OH)2, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, NH3, H2O, Cl2, CO2, CaOCl2
(a) Which two substances combine to form bleaching powder ?
(b) Which four substances are utilised in the production of washing soda ?
(e) Which compound is used as an antacid ?

(a) Ca(OH)2 and Cl2 are combined to get bleaching powder

(b) NaCl , NH3, H2O, and CO2, are used in the production of washing soda

(c) NaHCO3 is used as an antacid

20
15. Why do we call Hydrochloric acid as strong acid and acetic acid as weak ?
Ans : Hydrochloric acid dissociates completely in water and give more H+ ions , while
Acetic acid dissociates incompletely and give less H+ ions.
16. A white coloured powder is used by doctors for supporting fractured bones.
(a) Write chemical name and formula of the powder.
(b) Name the hard solid mass obtained when this white powder is mixed with water.
(c) Write balanced chemical equation for the change.
(a) Chemical name - Calcium sulphate hemihydrates
1
Molecular formula - 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐻2 𝑂
2

(b) Gypsum
1 1
(c) 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐻2 𝑂 + 1 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 2𝐻2 𝑂
2 2

17. 1 gram of solid sodium chloride was taken in a clean and dry test tube and
concentrated sulphuric acid was added to it.
(i) Name the gas evolved in the reaction.
(ii) What will be observed when this gas is tested with dry and wet blue litmus paper ?
Give reason.

(i) HCl gas evolved in the reaction.

(ii) When tested with dry blue litmus there is no change in color
When tested with wet blue litmus paper it turns to red
Because, acids exhibit their properties in aqueous medim
18. Consider the following salts :
Na2CO3, NaCl, NH4Cl, CH3COONa, K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4
Which of these salts will give :
(a) acidic solutions ?
(b) neutral solutions ?
(c) basic solutions (or alkaline solutions) ?

(a) Acidic solutions - Na2CO3, CH3COONa

(b) Neutral solutions - NaCl, K2SO4
(c) Basic solutions - NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4

19. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?

21
(a) Milk is made slightly alkaline so that it may not get sour easily due to the formation
of lactic acid in it.
(b) The alkaline milk takes a longer time to set into curd because the lactic acid being
formed has to first neutralise the alkali present in it.
20. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water
and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you
are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
 Put the red litmus paper in all the test tubes, turn by turn. The solution which
turns red litmus to blue will be a basic solution. The blue litmus paper formed
here can now be used to test the acidic solution.
 Put the blue litmus paper obtained above in the remaining two test-tubes, turn-
by-turn. The solution which turns the blue litmus paper to red will be the acidic
solution.
 The solution which has no effect on any litmus paper will be neutral and hence it
will be distilled water.
21. Define water of crystallization. Give the chemical formula for two compounds as
examples. How can it be proved that the water of crystallization makes a difference in
the state and colour of the compounds?

Answer: Water of crystallization is the number of molecules of water which are loosely
bonded to one molecule of salt.

Washing Soda , Na2CO3.10H2O

Gypsum , CaSO4.2H2O
Blue vitriol (Copper sulphate) , CuSO4. 5H2O.
 Copper sulphate crystals containing water of crystallization are blue but on
heating they turn white.
 Similarly plaster of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with water it changes
to gypsum which forms a hard solid mass.

22. How is sodium hydroxide manufactured in industries ? Name the process. In this
process a gas X is formed as by-product. This gas reacts with lime water to give a
compound Y, which is used as a bleaching agent in the chemical industry. Identify X
and Y and write the chemical equation of the reactions involved.

Ans : Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by Chlor-Alkali process

 „X‟ is - Chlorine gas (Cl2)
 „Y‟ is - Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl2)

Reaction : Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O

22
23. You are given two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution
B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic
and which one is basic?
 Solution A has more hydrogen ion concentration.
 Solution „A‟ is acidic , and solution „B‟ is basic in nature

24. An aqueous solution „A‟ turns phenolphthalein solution pink. On addition of an

aqueous solution „B‟ to „A‟ the pink colour disappears. What would be the pH of
solution „A‟ and „B‟
 Since A is basic in nature its pH should be greater than 7
 B is acidic , hence its pH is less than 7

25.„The liquid „X‟ turns blue litmus red. List the observations when the liquid „X‟
reacts with (a) Zinc granules (b) Sodium carbonate

Liquid „X‟ is acidic,

(a) When Zinc granules react with acid , hydrogen gas will be evolved
(b) When Sodium carbonate reacts with acid, Carbon dioxide will be evolved

26. A student heated a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry boiling tube.
(a) What will be the color of the copper sulphate after heating?
(b) Will you notice water droplets in the boiling tube?
(c) Where have these come from

Ans. (a) Blue colour of crystals changes in to White

(b) Yes , water droplets seen inside the test tube
(c) Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallization.

27. Give any two practical applications of neutralization reaction.

Ans. (a) Antacids are used to neutralize the acidity of stomach.
(b) Toothpaste is a basic substance that helps to neutralize the acid in our mouth
(c) Farmer uses slacked lime to neutralize the acidic soil
(d) Baking soda is used to neutralize the acid released by the ant or bee sting.

28. A first aid manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp sting and
baking soda for bee stings. What does this information tell you about the chemical
nature of the wasp stings and bee stings

 Vinegar is acidic and it neutralizes the base present in wasp sting.

 Baking soda is basic in nature and it neutralizes acid present in bee sting.

23
29. How could you test the following gases liberated in a chemical reaction
(a) Hydrogen gas (b) Carbon dioxide gas

(a) When a burning candle brings near the liberated gas a popping sound will heard, this
indicates the liberated gas is hydrogen.
(b) When a liberated gas made it passing through lime water, if white precipitation
appears it confirms that the liberated gas is carbon dioxide.

30. Rajesh prepares HCl gas in his school laboratory using certain chemicals. He puts
both dry and wet blue litmus papers in contact with the gas.
(i) Name the reactants used by Rajesh to prepare HCl gas.
(ii) State the colour changes observed with the dry and wet blue litmus papers.

(i) Reactants used in the preparation of HCl are Sodium chloride and conc. H2SO4

𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙

(ii) There is no change in the colour of „dry‟ blue litmus paper but „moist‟ blue litmus
paper turns red if brought near the mouth of the test tube.
This shows that HCl gas does not show acidic behaviour in absence of water but it
shows acidic behaviour in presence of water.

31. Which will determine acids and bases more accurately litmus paper or pH paper ?
Give reason
 Litmus paper determines only if the substance is acidic or alkaline while the pH
paper determines the pH value.
 pH paper gives a more precise reading than litmus paper.

32. What is observed when carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water
(i) for a short duration?
(ii) for a long duration? Also write the chemical equations for the reactions involved.

(i) When CO2 is passed through lime water for short interval of time, it turns milky due
to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate.
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ↓ + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑡

(ii) If CO2 is passed for long duration through lime water, the white precipitate formed
dissolves due to the formation of soluble calcium hydrogen carbonate and the solution
becomes clear.
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ↓ +𝐶𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒

24
33. “Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a basic salt”. Justify this statement. How is it
converted into washing soda?

 Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is basic in nature as on hydrolysis it gives

a mixture of strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (H2CO3).
 Sodium hydrogen carbonate is converted to washing soda by thermal
decomposition
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂2 ↑ + 𝐻2 𝑂 ↑
𝑤𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑎

34. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. hydrochloric
acid is added to test tube A, while acetic acid is added to test B. In which test tube will
the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?

 Hydrochloric acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.

 Therefore, H+ ions concentration in test tube A will be more than that in test tube
B. hence, reaction will take place faster in test tube A than in test tube B.
 So, fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube B.

35. What is tooth enamel chemically? State the condition when it starts corroding. Why
do doctors suggest use of toothpaste to prevent tooth decay?

 Tooth enamel is made up of calcium hydroxyapatite ( or calcium phosphate)

 It starts corroding when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5 (acidic)
 Toothpastes are generally basic, and they can neutralise the excess acid and
prevent tooth decay.

36. State the chemical properties of baking soda in the following uses:
(i) as an antacid
(ii) as a soda acid fire extiguisher
(iii) to make bread and cake soft and spongy.

(i) Baking soda is a mild base and neutralizes excess acid

(ii) In fire extinguisher it produce CO2 on reacting with acid which extinguish the fire
(iii) It liberates CO2 on heating which makes bread and cake soft and sponge.

25
CHAPTER-3 isaraddiclasses.com
METALS AND NON-METALS
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2023
1. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus to show the action of steam on a
metal.

2. Depict the formation of magnesium chloride with the help of electron dot structure.

𝑀𝑔 → 𝑀𝑔+2 + 2𝑒 −
2𝐶𝑙 + 2− → 𝐶𝑙2

3. Hydrogen gas is not liberated when a metal like zinc reacts with nitric acid. Why ?
 Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent
 It oxidises the hydrogen produced to water and itself gets reduced to oxides of
nitrogen.
4. How are metals in the middle of the reactivity series extracted from their ores ?
Explain.

 Metals in the middle of the activity series are in the form of sulphide or carbonate
ores.
 The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by roasting. Roasting is heating the
ores strongly in the presence of excess air.
 The carbonate ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in limited air in
calcination.
 The metal oxides are then reduced to the corresponding metals by using reducing
agents such as carbon.

26
june- 2023
1. Ionic compounds have high melting point and boiling point. Why ?
Ans. : Considerable amount / more amount of energy is required to break the strong
inter ionic attraction between the molecules.
2. What are alloys ? Write the constituent elements present in bronze and solder metal.
An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or metals and non-metals.
 Bronze → Copper and tin / Cu and Sn
 Solder metal → Lead and tin / Pb and Sn
3. What are ores ? Name the respective methods used to convert sulphide and carbonate
ores of metals into their oxides.
Minerals contain a very high percentage of a particular metal and the metal can be
profitably extracted from it.
 sulphide ore → Roasting
 carbonate ore → Calcination
4. Draw the diagram of arrangement of the apparatus used to show the action of steam
on metal. Label the following parts :
i) Metal sample ii) Delivery tube. ( see April-2024)

April - 2024 (exam-1)

1. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus showing the electrolytic refining of
copper and label ‘acidified copper sulphate’ solution.

2. How silver and copper articles lose their shining surface ? How galvanisation
protects iron articles ?
 Silver articles when exposed to air react with sulphur to form a black layer of
sulphur dioxide.
 Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air to form a green layer of
copper carbonate.
 Layer of zinc formed by the galvanisation reacts with oxygen to form a layer
of zinc oxide which prevents further oxidation.

27
3. Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide. Why ?
Aluminium oxide reacts with both acid and base to form salt and water.

june- 2024 (exam-2)

1.Aluminium, Iron, Magnesium and Zinc metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
The series that indicates decreasing order of reactivity of these metals is
(A) Mg > Al > Zn > Fe (B) Al > Mg > Fe > Zn
(C) Fe > Zn > Al > Mg (D) Fe > Mg > Zn > Al

2. Generally ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points. Why ?
Ionic compounds require considerable amount of energy to break the strong inter-ionic
attraction.
3.What are alloys ? Name two alloys of copper.
 Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals, or metal and non-
metals.
 Alloys of copper — bronze and brass.

4. What are amphoteric oxides ? Give two examples.

Metallic oxides that react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are
called amphoteric oxides.
Ex. : Aluminium oxide ( Al2O3)
Zinc oxide ( ZnO )

5. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus to show the action of steam on metal.
( see April-2024)

august - 2024 (exam-3)

1. 250 ml of water is taken in each of beaker „A‟ and beaker Total „B‟. About 5 gm of
sodium metal is added to the beaker „A‟ and about 5 gm of calcium metal is added to
beaker „B‟. What are the reasons for the observations that have been noticed here ?
 Beaker „A‟ — Since the reaction between sodium and water is so violent and
exothermic, the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.
 Beaker „B‟ — The reaction of calcium with water is less violent and the heat
evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire.

2. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus showing the electrolytic refining of

copper and label the‘anode mud‟.
(Refer APRIL -2024 QNo 1 )

28
3. What are ionic compounds ? Write any four properties of ionic compounds.
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.
Properties of ionic compounds :
 Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard
 Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points
 compounds are generally soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents
 ionic compounds conduct electricity in the molten state or aqueous state.

4. What are alloys ? Write any four physical properties of metals.

Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal.
Physical properties :
 Generally solids and have lustrous in appearance
 Exhibit ductility and malleability property
 They are good conductors of heat and electricity
 They are sonorous

march - 2025 (exam-1)

1. Mention any two measures for preventing corrosion of iron.
Ans. : Painting , Oiling , Greasing , Galvanising , Making alloys, Chromium plating
( any two )
2. Give reason : a) Zinc oxide is called as an amphoteric oxide
b) Sodium metal is stored in kerosene.
a) Zinc oxide reacts with both acids and bases to produce salt and water.
b) Sodium metal reacts violently with water and atmospheric oxygen but does not react
with kerosene.
3. Give reason : a) Gold is used to make jewellery
b) Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity.
a) Gold has lustrous in appearance,
has ductile property,
has malleable property
It is least reactive. ( any two )
b) Movement of ions in the solid is not possible due to their rigid structure. OR
Free ions will not form. ( any one )
4. Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus used to show the electrolytic
refining of copper. Label the following parts :
i) Cathode ii) Impurities.
(Refer APRIL -2024 QNo 1 )

29
may - 2025 (exam-2)
1. The electronic configuration of the three elements P, Q and R respectively are 2, 8, 2
; 2, 8 and 2, 8, 7. Among these, the elements that can react with each other to produce
an ionic compound are -
(A) P and Q (B) P and R (C) Q and R (D) P, Q and R

2. Observe the test tubes A, B and C given in the following figures.

i) Total In which test tube the iron nail undergoes rust ? Why ?
ii) Iron nails present in other two test tubes do not rust. Why ?
i) Iron nail present in test tube A undergoes rust.

Because, both moisture and air are required for rusting

ii) In test tube B only moisture is available but not oxygen.

In test tube C only air is available but not moisture.

3. How do calcium and sodium metals react with cold water ? Explain. Which of these
metals is more reactive ?
(Refer August 2024, QNo-1)
4. Write the steps involved in the extraction of zinc from zinc carbonate. Highly
reactive metal oxides cannot be reduced by using carbon. Why ?
 Zinc carbonate converted in to zinc oxide by calcinations process
Calcinations
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 ↑
 Zinc oxide reduced to zinc by using carbon
𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 𝐶 → 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑂
 Highly reactive metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon.

30
MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2026 ( Including previous year questions )

1. Give an example of metal which

(i) is a liquid at room temperature - Mercury

(ii) can be easily cut with knife - Sodium , Potassium

(iii) is best conductor of heat - Silver

(iv) is poor conductor of heat - Lead

2. Define ductility and malleability

 The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires is called ductility.
 Some metals can be beaten into thin sheets. This property is called malleability
3. Give reasons -
(a) Platinum , Gold , Silver are used in making ornaments
Ans - Shining surface / Metallic lustre , Ductility and Malleability , Less reactivity
(b) Sodium , Potassium are stored in kerosene
Ans : These metals are highly reactive with air and water. So they are kept in kerosene.
(c) Aluminium is used in utensils even it is more reactive.
Ans : Aluminium is lighter and good conductor
Aluminium forms oxide layer to prevent itself from further corrosion
4. Differentiate between a metal and a non¬metal on the basis of chemical properties

Metals Non-metals
Metals generally form basic oxides. Non-metals generally form acidic
oxides.
Metals which lie above hydrogen in Non-metals (except F) do not react
the reactivity series displace hydrogen with water.
from water.
Metals generally behave as reducing Non-metals generally behave as
agents. oxidising agents.

5. Why the metal oxides are said to be basic oxides. Explain with an example.
Metal oxides when dissolved in water they form alkalis which are basic in nature
Ex : Sodium hydroxide is formed on dissolving sodium oxide in water
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

31
6. Classify the following oxides as acidic , basic and amphoteric oxides
ZnO , MgO , SO2 , CO2 , Na2O , CaO , Al2O3

Ans : Acidic oxides : SO2 , CO2

Basic oxides : MgO , Na2O , CaO ,
Amphoteric oxides : ZnO , Al2O3

7. Why do Aluminium oxide is called amphoteric oxide? Explain with help of chemical
equations
Ans : Aluminium oxide ( Al2O3 ) reacts with both acids as well as bases to produce
salt and water, hence it is called as amphoteric oxide.
 Aluminium oxide reacts with an acid -
Al2O3 +6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
 Aluminium oxide reacts with base-
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
8. Name any two metals those displaces hydrogen from the dilute acids and two metals
those does not displaces hydrogen from the dilute acids.
Metals those are more reactive than hydrogen displaces it from the dilute acids
Example : Sodium , Potassium , Zinc , Iron
Metals those are less reactive than hydrogen does not displaces it from the dilute acids
Example : Copper , Silver
9. You are given cold water and hot water in two separate test tubes. If you kept a piece
of magnesium in test tube containing cold water it shrinks, while in hot water it floats.
Give reason
 Magnesium do not react with cold water
 Magnesium liberates hydrogen gas when it reacts with hot water.
 It also starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to its surface.
10. (a) Why does calcium start floating when it reacts with water? Write the balanced
chemical equation of the reaction.
(b) Name two metals which do not react with water.

(a) Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and liberates hydrogen
gas.
The bubbles of hydrogen gas produced stick to the surface of calcium and hence, it
starts floating on the surface of water.
(b) Gold and silver do not react with water.

32
11. You are provided with three metals: sodium, magnesium and copper, Using only
water as the reactant, how will you identify each of them

Ans: (a) The metal which reacts violently with cold water and catches fire is sodium
(b) The metal which evolves hydrogen gas upon heating with water is magnesium
(c) The metal which does not react with water even on strong heating is copper

12. Corrosion of metals is not always harmful. Illustrate.

 Metals corrodes when exposed air , water or acids
 When metals exposed to air they forms an oxide layer on the surface which
prevents the further corrosion of the metal.
 Example : In aluminium , a protective layer of oxide is formed and prevents the
attacks of water, air, acids or alkalis.

13. Metals are arranged in the reactivity series. Why hydrogen is kept in the series
though it is not a metal?
Ans. Hydrogen is a non metal but still it is placed in the reactivity series because it
behaves as an electropositive elements like metals i.e can loose electrons to form
positive ions.

14. What is Galvanization ? How does Galvanization prevent rusting of iron?

 Galvanization means coating the surface of iron metal with zinc.
 Since in activity series zinc lies above iron so it sacrifices itself for the sake of
iron and prevents iron from rusting.

15. Why are metals called electropositive elements whereas non-metals are called
electronegative elements ?
 Metals have a tendency to loose their electrons present in the outermost shell
 Non-metals gain electrons to fulfill their outermost shell.

16. You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind
juice Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels

Ans. Copper, on keeping in air reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form a green
layer of copper carbonate Copper carbonate is soluble when combines with acid
present in lemon or tamarind.The vessels are thus cleaned using water.

17. A metal acts as a good reducing agent. It reduces Fe2O3 and the reaction is used for
welding broken railway tracks. Identify the metal and name the process. Write the
chemical equation of this process.

 Name of the metal - Aluminium

 Name of the process - Thermit process
 Equation : Fe2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe

33
18. An ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces brisk effervescence.
Name the type of ore with one example. What steps will be required to obtain metal
from the enriched ore? Also write the chemical equations for the reactions involved in
the process.

The ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces brisk effervescence hence,
it must be a carbonate ore.
Steps required to obtain metal from the enriched carbonate Are:
(a) Conversion of the carbonate ore into metal oxide : This is done by calcinations. In
this process the ore is heated strongly in absence of air. The zinc carbonate on heating
decomposes to form zinc oxide
Heat
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 ↑

b) Reduction of the metal oxide to metal using carbon as reducing agent

𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 𝐶 → 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑂

19.Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium and aluminium to their
respective metals. Why? Where are these metals placed in the reactivity series? How
are these metals obtained form their ores?

Sodium, magnesium and aluminium have higher affinity towards oxygen than that of
carbon. Hence, carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium and aluminium
to their respective metals.

These metals are placed at the top of the reactivity series.

The highly reactive metals like Na, Mg, Al, etc. are extracted by electrolytic process

20. What is ionic bond ? Explain the formation of ionic bond taking sodium chloride as
an example.
 A strong electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions is
called ionic bond.
 Sodium has an atomic number 11, its electron configuration is 2 , 8 , 1
 Chlorine has an atomic number 17, its electron configuration is 2 , 8 , 7
 So , sodium has 1 and chlorine has 7 electrons in their outer most orbit.
 To attain octave configuration sodium donates one electron to chlorine atom,
then it will becomes positive ion
 As chlorine atom receive one electron from sodium, it becomes negative ion
 Hence there is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between Na+ and Cl- ions
results in the formation of ionic bond between sodium and chlorine.

34
21. Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
Ans :
Na2O

MgO

22. “All the ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores” Justify the statement.

 All ores are minerals because ores are a type of mineral that contains metal
compounds.
 But not all minerals are ores because many minerals do not contain metals or the
metal content is too low or too difficult to extract economically.

23. Name the ore of mercury. How the mercury is extracted from its ore and write the
equations of the reactions involved.
Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury.
When the cinnabar is heated in air, it is first converted into mercuric oxide (HgO).

2HgS + 3O2 → 2HgO + 2SO2

Mercuric oxide is then reduced to mercury on further heating.

2HgO → 2Hg + O2
24. Give reason :
(a) Carbon cannot be used as reducing agent to obtain Mg from MgO.
(b) Aluminium is more reactive than iron yet there is less corrosion of aluminium as
compared to iron

(a) Magnesium is more reactive than carbon

(b) Aluminium forms oxide layer on its surface which does not further react with air

25. Give reason for the following:

(a) School bells are made up of metals.
(b) Electric wires are made up of copper.
(a) It is because metals are sonorous, i.e. they produce sound when struck with a hard
substance.
(b) It is because copper is good conductor of electricity.

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26. State the reasons for the following-
(a) Magnesium is a metal
(b) It‟s shiny surface become dull when exposed to air
(c) It floats on a hot water
(a) Magnesium exhibit ductility , malleability , conductivity of heat and electricity.
(b) A layer of oxide form on the surface,
(c) It liberates hydrogen gas and starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas
sticking to its surface

27.The metals which are found in both free state as well as combined state are :
(A) Gold and platinum (B) Platinum and silver
(C) Copper and silver (D) Gold and silver

28.A metal and a non-metal that exists in liquid state at the room temperature are
respectively :
(A) Bromine and Mercury (B) Mercury and Iodine
(C) Mercury and Bromine (D) Iodine and Mercury
29.The least reactive metal among the following towards cold water is :
(A) Copper (B) Magnesium (C) Sodium (D) Calcium

30. Distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds

Ionic compound Covalent compound

They have strong forces of They have weak forces of
attraction attraction
They are soluble in water They are insoluble in water
They have high melting and They have low melting and
boiling points boiling points
They conduct electricity in They do not conduct electricity
aqueous state

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CHAPTER-4 isaraddiclasses.com
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2023
1.The general formula of cycloalkanes is 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 and its first member is cyclopropane
𝐶3 𝐻6 Write the molecular formula and structural arrangement of the fourth member of
this homologous series.

Molecular formula : C6H12

Structural arrangement :

2.What is hydrogenation ?
Ans. : Hydrogen is added to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of catalyst such
as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons. This is known as hydrogenation.
OR
Conversion of unsaturated oils into saturated fats by adding hydrogen in the presence of
palladium / nickel like catalyst.

3. How will ethanol be oxidised ?

Ethanol is oxidised into ethanoic acid by heating with oxidising agents like alkaline
potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate

OR

4. Explain the cleaning action of soaps.

 Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
 Soap molecules form micelles, in which the ionic end interacts with water and
faces outside
 Carbon chain of the soap interacts with oil or dirt.
 This forms emulsion in water. The soap molecules pull out the dirt and wash the
clothes clean.

37
june - 2023
1. Why are detergents more suitable for cleansing clothes in hard water ?
Ans. : Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium / magnesium ions
present in hard water

2. In a homologous series, the first member of hydrocarbon group has the molecular
formula CH4. Then find out the molecular formula of the fourth member and write two
types of structural formula of it.

Ans : 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 +2 If n = 4

Molecular formula of the fourth member 𝐶4 𝐻2𝑥4+2 = 𝐶4 𝐻10

Structural formula :

OR

3. Identify unsaturated hydrocarbons in the following carbon compounds and write their
structural formula.
𝐶6 𝐻6 , 𝐶5 𝐻12 , 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 , 𝐶2 𝐻2

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons are -

i) 𝐶6 𝐻6 :
Structural formula

ii) 𝐶2 𝐻2 :
Structural formula

4. Write the difference between esterification and saponification.

Esterification : Reaction between an acid and an alcohol to produce esters.
Saponification : Reaction between an alkaline base and long chain carboxylic acid to
produce soaps [ or sodium / potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acid ]

38
5. Write electron dot structure of oxygen molecule.

6. Carbon atom does not form C4 − anion and C 4 + cation. Why ?

Carbon can gain four electrons. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six
protons to hold on to ten electrons, that is four extra electrons.
It can lose four electrons but it would require a large amount of energy to remove
four electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus holding on
to just two electrons.

April - 2024 (exam-1)

1. Organic compounds obtained by the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol are

(A) Aldehydes (B) Ketones (C) Esters (D) Hydrocarbons

2. Given below incomplete equation represents a chemical process of converting an
unsaturated carbon compound to saturated carbon compound.

i) Complete the equation

ii) Name the gas ‘x’ and the substance ‘y’
iii) What happens if the end products of this reaction reacts with chlorine in the
presence of sunlight ?
i)

ii) x = Hydrogen y = Nickel / Palladium

iii)  Undergoes substitution reactions.

 Chlorine replaces hydrogen one by one
3. Carbon atom does not form C4 − anion and C 4 + cation. Why ?
(Refer JUNE 2023, QNo 6)

39
4. Write the electron dot structure of methane.

5. How micelles are formed during cleansing action of soap ?

 Micelles are formed by the interaction of ionic end of the soap with water while the
carbon chain with the oil.
6. Which are the salts responsible for hardness of water ? Detergents are
effective even in hard water. Why ?
 Calcium and magnesium salts.

 Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and magnesium ions
in hard water.

june- 2024 (exam-2)

1. The molecular formula of propanal is -

(A) C2H5COOH (B) C2H5CHO

(C) C3H5CHO (D) C3H5COOH

2. Write the structures of isomers of butane.
(see April - 2022 , QNo - 2a)
3.“Detergents are better cleansers than soaps.” Justify this statement.

 They clean dirt even in hard water without forming a scum.

4. If the molecular formula of first member of a homologous series is C2 H2 , then write

the names and the molecular formulae of the next two members of the same series.

 C3 H4 → Propyne
 C4 H5 → Butyne
5. Generally vegetable oils are subjected to hydrogenation. Why ?

To increase the shelf life of vegetable oils / to prevent oxidation of oils / to prevent
rancidity.

40
august- 2024 (exam-3)

1. The molecular formula of the fourth member of a homologous series is C5H10 . Then,
determine and write the molecular formulae of first two members of the same series.

 First member C2H4

 Second member C3H6
2. Write the structures for the following carbon compounds.
i) Cyclohexane ii) b) Propanoic acid
i) Cyclohexane ii) b) Propanoic acid

3. Write any two differences between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds.

Saturated carbon compounds Unsaturated carbon compounds

i) Single bond exists between i) Double and triple bond exists
two consecutive carbon atoms
ii) Less reactive ii) More reactive
iii) Give clean flame when they iii) Give yellow / black flame
burnt
iv) Subjected to substitution iv) Subjected to both addition
reaction and substitution reactions
v) Ex. : Alkanes, cycloalkanes etc. v) Ex. : Alkenes, alkynes,
benzene etc.

march - 2025 (exam-1)

1. Correct statement related to the soaps among the following is, soaps
(A) easily give excess of foam in hard water
(B) form insoluble precipitate in hard water
(C) easily clean oils like dirt in hard water
(D) are sodium salts of sulphonic acid

41
2. Complete the following oxidation reaction and name the functional group that is
found in the product :

 Alkaline - KMnO4
 Acidified - K2Cr2O7
 Product - Carboxylic acid

3. a) Write any two differences between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds.
b) What are structural isomers ? Write the structural isomers of butane.
c) Write the electron dot structure of methane molecule.
a) Differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
( Refer AUGUST 2024 QNo 3 )
b) Carbon compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are
called structural isomers.
 Isomers of Butane :

n - butane iso - butane

c) ( Refer APRIL 2024 QNo 4 )

may- 2025 (exam-2)

1. a) Write the electron dot structure of hydrogen molecule.
b) Write the structure of benzene molecule.
Hydrogen molecule Benzene molecule

2. How do soaps and detergents react with hard water ? Explain.

 Soaps form insoluble precipitate with hard water and they do not give foam with
hard water
 Detergents do not form insoluble precipitate / scum with hard water and they give
foam with hard water.

42
3. a) How does the addition reaction of carbon compounds is different from substitution
reaction ? Give an example for each.
Addition reaction is the conversion of unsaturated hydrocarbons and into saturated
hydrocarbons in the presence of catalysts such as nickel / palladiun by adding hydrogen.
Example : Conversion of ethene in to ethane

Substitution reaction is the process of replacing hydrogen atom / atoms present in

saturated carbon compounds by chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
𝑆𝑢𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡
Example : CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
b) Name the carbon compounds having the following structural formula :

i) — Chloropropane ii) — Propanal

iii) — Propyne iv) — Propanoic acid

MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2026( Including previous year questions )

1. Name the members belongs to alcohol , aldeyde and ketone having three carbon
atoms and write their structural formula .
OR
Molecular formula of a compound is C3H6O. Draw three possible structures of this
compound and write their names.
Alcohol : Propanol Aldehyde : Propanal Ketone : Propanone

43
2.A hydrocarbon molecule contain 4 hydrogen atom. Write its molecular and structural
formula if it is - (i) Alkane (ii) Alkene and (iii) Alkyne

(i) Alkane : Molecular formula CH4 ,

Structural formula

(ii) Alkene : Molecular formula C2H4

Structural formula

(iii) Alkyne : Molecular formula C3H4

Structural formula

3.Name the second member that belongs to homologous series of Alkynes. Write its
molecular and structural formula.
Name of the compound : Propyne

Molecular formula : C3H4

Structural formula

4. Consider the following organic compounds :

C2H5CHO, CH3COOH, C2H5OH, CH3COCH3
(a) Which one of these compounds when heated at 443 K in excess conc. H2SO4 forms
ethene as its major product ? State the role of conc. H2SO4 in the reaction. Also, write
the chemical equation for the chemical reaction involved.

 C2H5OH
 The concentrated sulphuric acid act as a dehydrating agent which removes water
from ethanol.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
 CH3CH2OH C2H4 + H2O
(b) Name the product obtained when CH3COOH and C2H5OH react in the presence of
conc. H2SO4. and mention its uses
 Esters
 These are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.

44
5. Two organic compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C6H12. Write the
names and structural formulae :
(a) if A is a cyclic compound
(b) if B is an open chain compound

(a) Cyclic compound ‘A’ is Cyclohexane (b) Open chain compound ‘B’ is Hexene

6. Ethanol have 2 carbon atoms and Hexanal have 6 carbon atoms. Both have same
chemical properties. Give reason .
Ans : Chemical properties of carbon compounds does not depend on the number of
carbon atoms they have. It depends on functional group.
Ethanol and Hexanol have same functional group (alcohol)
7. On the basis of molecular formula and molecular mass prove that propane and butane
are in homologous series.

Molecular formula Molecular mass

Propane C3 H8 44 u
Butane C4 H10 58 u
Difference CH2 14 u
These compounds differ by - CH2 unit and 14 u. Hence they are said to be in
homologous series.
8. Write the electron dot structure for the followings -
i) Ethane ii) Eathene iii) Eathyne
i) Ethane ii) Eathene iii) Eathyne

9. The total number of electrons shared in the formation of an ethyne molecule is :

(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 10 (D) 4

45
10. Molecular formula C4H8O can represent an aldehyde as well as a ketone . Write
their names and structural formulae.

Aldehyde : Butanal Ketone : Butanone

11. Write the name and structural formula for the following compounds-
(a) C4H9OH (b) C4H9Cl

(a) C4H9OH : Butanol (b) C4H9Cl : Chlorobutane

12. Write the molecular and structural formula of a saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbon in which 6 carbon atoms arranged in the form of a ring.
Saturated hydrocarbon :
Molecular formula : C6H12

Structural formula :

Unsaturated hydrocarbon :
Molecular formula : C6H6

Structural formula :

13. Given a chemical test to distinguish between

(i) Ethanol and ethanoic acid (ii) Soaps and Detergents

(i) Ethanoic acid gives a brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate while
ethanol does not.
 Ethanoic acid turns blue litmus in to red while ethanol does not show any colour
changes with litmus
(ii) Soaps form curdy white precipitate or scum with hard water while detergents do not
form any precipitate.

46
14. Which of the following compounds can have a triple bond ?

(A) C2H4, (B) C3H4, (C) C3H6, (D) C2H6

15. What is the next higher homologue of methanol (CH3OH) ?

The next higher homologue is Ethanol CH3CH2OH OR C2H5OH

16.Write three important uses of ethanol

(i) It is used as a solvent to dissolve various substances like medicine , varnishes and
other organic compounds.
(ii) It is used as beverage
(iii) In many industries it is used in the form of denatured spirit.

17. State one advantage and disadvantage of soaps over detergents.

Advantage : Soaps are biodegradable while detergents are non-biodegradable and
causes pollution
Disadvantage : Soaps are not suitable for hard water. Detergent forms lather easily
even with hard water
18. Write the molecular formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Molecular formula : C5H10

Electron dot structure :

19. Why do we found large number of carbon compounds in the nature ?

Ans : Carbon can easily perform catenation that forms covalent bonds with other
carbon atoms to form longer chains and higher mass structures. This is the reason for
the presence of the vast number of organic compounds made of carbon in nature.

20. How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Write their structural
formula.
Ans : Pentane shows three isomers.

47
21. Mention any two properties of the compounds in a homologous series.
They have same general formula
These compounds differ from each other by a constant unit - CH2
Compounds in a homologous series exhibit similar chemical properties due to the
presence of the same functional group.
The physical properties such as boiling point and melting point, change gradually as the
molecular weight increases.
22. How can saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons be differentiated by burning?

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons can be differentiated by burning based on the

type of flame they produce:
 Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) burn with a clean, blue flame because they
undergo complete combustion due to sufficient hydrogen content and less carbon.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) burn with a sooty, yellow flame
because they undergo incomplete combustion due to a higher carbon content and
less hydrogen.

23. Give reason

a) Hydrocarbons are weak conductors of electricity
b) Hydrocarbons have lower melting and boiling points

a) In hydrocarbons, carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded covalently and they do not
have free electrons or ions to carry electric current,

b) In hydrocarbons, molecules have weak intermolecular forces and less energy is

required to break their bonds, resulting in lower melting and boiling points.

24. Name the following compounds -

a) an aldehyde derived from ethane
b) a ketone derived from butane
c) an alcohol derived from propane
d) a carboxylic acid derived from methane

a) an aldehyde derived from ethane - Ethanal

b) a ketone derived from butane - Butanone

c) an alcohol derived from propane - Propanol

d) a carboxylic acid derived from methane - Methanoic acid

48