CONTROL VOLUME FOR
BALANCES
• The laws for the conservation of mass, energy, and momentum are
all stated in terms of a system; these laws help govern the
interaction of a system with its surroundings.
• A system is defined as a collection of fluid (sometimes called fluid
particles) of fixed identity. However, for the flow of fluids, individual
particles are not easily identifiable.
• As a result, attention is focused on a given space through which the
fluid flows rather than on a given mass of fluid.
• The method used, which is more convenient, is to select a control
volume, a region fixed in space through which the fluid flows.
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
EQUATIONS
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
• In deriving the general equation for the overall balance of the
property mass, the law of conservation of mass may be stated
as follows for a control volume where no mass is being
generated
[IN] – [OUT] + [GENERATION] – [CONSUMPTION] = [ACCUMULATION]
For no mass generation:
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
• The second property to be considered in the overall balances on a
control volume is energy.
• The Conservation of Energy is applied to a control volume fixed in
space in much the same manner as the principle of conservation of
mass was used to obtain the overall mass balance.
• The energy-conservation equation will then be combined with the
first law of thermodynamics to obtain the final overall energy-
balance equation.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
• The general energy balance can be written as,
ΔE = q - w
• In which ΔE is total energy, q is the heat absorbed, and w is the
work done of all kinds. ΔE, q, and w are expressed as energy
per unit mass of fluid.
• In calculations, each term in the equation must be expressed in
the same type of units, such as J/kg (SI), BTU/lbm, or (ft · lbf)/lbm
(English).
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
• Since mass carries with it associated energy due to its position,
motion, or physical state, we will find that each of these types of
energy will appear in the energy balance.
• In addition, we can also transport energy across the boundary
of the system without transferring mass.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATION
• The overall balance for a conserved quantity such as energy is
similar to:
[IN] – [OUT] + [GENERATION] – [CONSUMPTION] = [ACCUMULATION]
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATION
• The energy E present within a system can be classified in three
ways:
POTENTIAL ENERGY zg of a unit mass of fluid is the energy present
because of the position of the mass in a gravitational field g, where
z is the relative height in meters from a reference plane. The units
for zg in the SI system are m · m/s2.
Multiplying and dividing by kg mass, the units can be expressed as
(kg · m/s2)·(m/kg), or J/kg. In English units, the potential energy is
zg/gc in ft · lbf/lbm.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATION
• The energy E present within a system can be classified in three
ways:
KINETIC ENERGY v2/2 of a unit mass of fluid is the energy present
because of translational or rotational motion of the mass, where v
is the velocity in m/s relative to the boundary of the system at a
given point.
Again, in the SI system, the units of v2/2 are J/kg. In the English
system, the kinetic energy is v2/2gc in (ft · lbf)/lbm.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATION
• The energy E present within a system can be classified in three
ways:
INTERNAL ENERGY U of a unit mass of a fluid is all of the
other energy present, such as rotational and vibrational
energy in chemical bonds. Again, the units are in J/kg or (ft ·
lbf)/lbm.
• The total energy of the fluid per unit mass is then,
𝐯𝟐 𝐯𝟐 𝐳𝐠
𝟐 𝟐𝐠 𝐜 𝐠𝐜
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE FOR
A STEADY-STATE FLOW SYSTEM
• A common special case of the overall or macroscopic energy balance is that of
a steady-state system with one-dimensional flow across the boundaries, a
single inlet, a single outlet, and negligible variation of height z, density ρ, and
enthalpy H across either inlet or outlet area.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE FOR A
STEADY-STATE FLOW SYSTEM
• Given the steady-state flow, overall energy balance in unit mass
basis is,
𝟐
𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝐬
= kinetic-energy velocity correction factor
= 0.5 (laminar)
= 1.0 (turbulent)
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
3. Water enters a boiler at 18.33°C and 137.9
kPa through a pipe at an average velocity of
1.52 m/s. Exit steam at a height of 15.2 m
above the liquid inlet leaves at 137.9 kPa,
148.9oC, and 9.14 m/s in the outlet line. At
steady state how much heat must be added
per kg mass of steam? The flow in the two
pipes is turbulent.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
4. Water at 85.0°C is being stored in a large, insulated
tank at atmospheric pressure. It is being pumped at
steady state from this tank at point 1 by a pump at the
rate of 0.567 m3/min. The motor driving the pump
supplies energy at the rate of 7.45 kW. The water
passes through a heat exchanger, where it gives up
1408 kW of heat. The cooled water is then delivered to
a second, large open tank at point 2, which is 20 m
above the first tank. Calculate the final temperature of
the water delivered to the second tank.
