VIRTUAL MACHINES
SESSION OVERVIEW
Virtual Machine
History of Virtual Machine
Benefits of Virtual Machine
Features of Virtual Machine
Building Blocks of VM
Advantages , Disadvantages of VM
VIRTUAL MACHINES
A Virtual Machine (VM) is a software-based simulation
that allows to run an operating system and applications
same as a physical computer.
VMs are created and managed by a software layer called
a hypervisor, present in between the hardware & virtual
machines.
A hypervisor is a software layer that splits the
physical machine into many virtual machines & allow
multiple operating systems to run simultaneously.
VM-Diagrammatic Representation
VIRTUAL MACHINE- HISTORY
1960s: Origins of Virtualization:-
• CP-40 Development (1964): IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center
initiated CP-40, an experimental time-sharing system for the IBM
System/360 Model 40.
• CP-67 Implementation (1967): IBM introduced CP-67, a full
virtualization system enabling multiple virtual machines to operate
concurrently on a single physical machine.
1970s: Commercialization and Expansion:-
• VM/370 Release (1972): IBM launched VM/370, a commercial
virtual machine operating system for the System/370 series,
enhancing resource utilization in enterprise environments.
1980s to 1990s: Technological Advancements
• x86 Virtualization Challenges: The x86 architecture's design posed
challenges for virtualization, leading to the development of solutions
like full and paravirtualization, and the emergence of hypervisors
such as VMware Workstation and GSX Server.
2000s to Present: Widespread Adoption and Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing Integration: Virtualization became fundamental to
cloud computing, enabling efficient resource management through
technologies like VMware, Xen, KVM, and Hyper-V.
• Technologies like Docker introduced lightweight, portable
environments for applications, develop traditional virtualization
and enhancing deployment efficiency.
BENEFITS OF VM
There is no overlapping among memory as each
Virtual Memory has its own memory space.
Data does not leak across virtual machines.
Virtual machines are completely isolated from the host machine
and other virtual machines..
Can use multiple operating system environments on the same computer
The cost reduction is possible by using small virtual servers on a
more powerful single server.
FEATURES OF VM
Isolation: VMs operate independently, ensuring that issues in one do
not affect others or the host system
Encapsulation: VMs are encapsulated into files, making them easy to
back up, clone, or migrate across different physical machines.
Hardware Independence: VMs abstract the underlying hardware,
allowing the same VM to run on different physical machines without
modification.
Resource Allocation: VMs enable dynamic allocation of CPU,
memory, and storage resources, optimizing performance based
on workload requirements.
Snapshot and Cloning: VMs support snapshots, capturing
the exact state of a system at a given time, and cloning,
BUILDING BLOCKS OF VM
1.Trap & Emulate
• The guest OS has unrestricted
access to hardware and runs privileged
instructions, unlike user. One guest
cannot have access to another and must be
isolated from other guests.
• When the kernel in the guest attempts
to execute a privileged instruction, an
error occurs because the system is in
user mode and causes a trap to the
VMM in the real machine. The VMM
gains control and executes the action
that was attempted by the guest kernel
returns control to the virtual machine.
This is called trap-and-emulate method.
2.Binary Translation 3.Hardware Assisted
• Static Binary Translation:
The entire program (binary image) is translated before • In hardware-assisted virtualization, the
execution from one CPU architecture to another, using an virtual layer sits in a new root mode privilege
emulated processor or translation tool. level.Guest OS privileged and sensitive calls
are set to auto-trap to the hypervisor, while
• Dynamic Binary Translation: user requests are executed directly by the
Instructions are translated while the program is running
CPU for high performance.
(on the fly).The translated instructions are saved (cached)
so that they can be reused without translating them again.
• Hardware assisted virtualization requires a
• A segment of the original code is first executed in an compatible CPU like Intel VT-x and AMD's
interpreted mode and collected as a segment. It is determined AMD-V to work.
if the code has been executed at least N times, if so, if not
already translated it is translated and it is executed and from
• This technique is not performing as expected
now the translated code will be executed.
because of the high overhead between guest
• The benefit of this approach is that the O/S is fully abstracted O/S-to-hypervisor transition.
from the underlying hardware and thus it doesn't require any
modification.
ADVANTAGES
Cost Efficient: VMs enable multiple operating systems to run on a single
physical server.
Enhanced Security: VMs provide a secure platform for testing
applications or studying security vulnerabilities without affecting
the host system.
Resource Optimization: VMs allow for efficient allocation and
utilization of hardware resources.
Increased Flexibility and Scalability: VMs facilitate the easy
creation, modification, and migration of virtual environments
Easy Maintenance:-Simplified Management and Maintenance
DISADVANTAGES
Reduced Efficiency with Virtual Machines:- Running VMs introduces
performance overhead due to the additional layer of virtualization. This
can lead to reduced efficiency
Increased IT Complexity with VM Management Managing multiple VMs
can add complexity requiring specialized knowledge and tools to handle
tasks like deployment, monitoring, and maintenance.
Hardware Dependency: VMs depend on the underlying physical
hardware. Failures in hardware can affect the performance
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