The American Period in the Philippines for Manila.

The ship arrived at

Manila Bay two days later.
I. The Spanish-American War
● The Cuban revolution had won the The Siege of Manila
sympathy of the AMERICANS ● The Filipino rebels besieged Manila,
because the latter had big which was then called Intramuros
investment in Cuba which they did or the Walled City.
not want to destroy.
● On February 15, 1898, the American The Mock Battle of Manila
battleship, USS Maine exploded at
Havana Harbor in Cuba

The Battle of Manila Bay

● On May 1, 1898, Commodore
George Dewey ordered his fleet to
sail for Manila Bay.

The Spanish Squadron, commanded by

Admiral Patricio Montojo, was waiting near
Sangley Point, Cavite.

Aguinaldo Goes to Singapore

● In Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his
companions in exile were following
It was August 13, 1898.
the events on the other side of the
- Why were they a? Didn’t they
world.
promise that they would not colonize
● Isabelo Artacho, one of the
the Philippines?
plagiarists of the Cuban Constitution,
- Why were American soldiers
went to Hong Kong and demanded
positioned to enter the battle?
to divide the Php 400,000 indemnity
that was given to the rebels.
The Dictatorial Government
● Aguinaldo asked Mariano Ponce to
The Interview with Pratt
prepare a constitution that provided
● Aguinaldo arrived in Singapore on
for a republican form of government.
April 23, 1898. An Englishman,
● He established a dictatorial form of
Howard Bay, came to visit
government because such
Aguinaldo.
government was very effective in a
● E. Spencer Pratt, wanted to have an
critical period.
interview with Aguinaldo.
● He asked Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista to prepare the machinery
Aguinaldo Returns
for the establishment of a dictatorial
● On May 17, 1898, Aguinaldo
government.
boarded the American revenue
cutter McCulloch, which was bound
The Declaration of Independence
 ● On June 5, Aguinaldo ordered that in remain behind as they continued to
June 12 be set for the proclamation advance.
of independence. He asked Julian The Capture of Aguinaldo
Felipe, a musician to compose a ● Colonel Frederick Funston planned
march which would be played during the capture of Aguinaldo.
the independence day ceremonies.
● The Act of the Declaration of END OF GUERILLA WARFARE
Independence was prepared and ● Upon Aguinaldo's capture many
read in Spanish by Ambrosio Filipino field commanders
Rianzares Bautista. surrendered, while the wealthy
Filipinos happily collaborated with
The “Benevolent Assimilation” the Americans.
Proclamation Simeon Ola
● President McKinley issued the Roman Mnalan
so-called “Benevolent Assimilation” Manuel Tomines
Proclamation. For the first time, ● On February 27, 1902, they
Mckinley officially announced the captured General Vicente Lukban in
American Policy regarding the Samar.
Philippines.
Results of the Philippine-American War
The Kiram-Bates Treaty ● The Philippine-American War
● General John C. Bates tried to win resulted in great loss of lives and
the friendship of the Muslims by decreased economic productivity
negotiating with them and treating which affected the whole population,
them as equals. rich and poor alike.
● The Sultan of Jolo, Datu Kiram,
insisted that the Americans must not Filipinization of the Church
be allowed to occupy any other part ● The story of the birth of the
of Sulu except the town proper of Aglipayan church (Iglesia Filipina
Jolo. Independiente) is to a great extent
● Known as the Bates treaty, it the story of the struggle of the
provided that the "Sovereignty of the Filipino clergy to Filipinize the
United States over the whole Catholic Church in the Philippines.
archipelago of Sulu and its ● They sent Father Gregorio Aglipay, a
dependencies is declared Filipino secular priest who
acknowledged" and that "the rights sympathized with Spain, to persuade
and dignities of His Highness, the the revolutionary leaders, especially
Sultan and his datus shall be fully General Artemio Ricarte, Mariano
respected." Trias, and Emiliano Riego de Dios,
to side with the Spaniards against
The Battle of Pasong Tirad the Americans.
● Aguinaldo reached the Mountain
Province. He ordered his trusted II. American Colonial Rule: Policy and
general, Gregorio Del Pilar, to Governance
 prepared to fully assume the
American Policy in the Philippines responsibilities and enjoy the
● McKinley wanted the entire privileges of complete
Philippines for the United States. In independence."
order to help him formulate this
policy, McKinley created what is now The Hares-Hawes-Cutting Act
known as the first Philippine ● This law provided that at the end of
Commission. This was called the a ten-year period, to be named as
Schurman Commission, named after the Commonwealth Period,
its chairman, Dr. Jacob Gould Philippine independence would be
Schurman, President of Cornell granted. As a result of the intensive
University in New York. campaign of the Os-Rox mission
Schurman Commission and the help extended by the
● To investigate conditions in the American pro-independence groups,
islands and make recommendations. the U.S. Congress passed the
In the report that they issued to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act. This law
president the following year, the provided that at the end of a
commissioners acknowledged ten-year period, to be named as the
Filipino aspirations for Commonwealth Period, Philippine
independence; they declared, independence would be granted.
however, that the Philippines was
not ready for it. (Japanese Occupation)
The Commonwealth and World War II
Taft Commission (1935-1945)
● Created in 1900, the Taft
Commission was instructed by Problems of the Commonwealth
McKinley to establish a government The Commonwealth government was a
for the Filipinos and that the steps transition government preparatory to the
toward attaining this goal should be granting of independence.
in accordance with the customs and National Security
traditions of the people. ● Quezon recommended to be passed
by the National Assembly was the
The Public School System National Defense Law.
● The pensionado program, which was Social Problems
inaugurated in 1903, sent Filipino ● Amidst poverty and ignorance, the
students to the United States for masses toiled day after day without
higher education as government any hope of deliverance.
scholars. Economic Problems
● Chinese dominating the retail trade
The Jones Law industry in the country.
● Toward this end, the Jones Act
provided that the domestic affairs of Achievements of the commonwealth
the Filipinos should be administered ● In a span of five years, the
by them so that "they may be better Commonwealth government had
 achieved relative progress in command of General McArthur,
commerce and industry, began to take heavy beating from
transportation and communication, the enemy.
public welfare, and art and literature.
The war in the pacific BATAAN DEATH MARCH
● On December 7, 1941, Hawaiian
time, Japanese bombers attacked The Second Republic
the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, ● On September 4, 1943, the
Hawaii. Provoked by the attack, constitution prepared by the
President Franklin D. Roosevelt Commission was approved by a
spoke before the joint session of the convention.
American congress and urged it to ● On September 25, the National
declare war against japan. Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel as
President of the Second Republic.
GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY
SPHERE The return of McArthur
● On October 20, the American air and
The occupation of Manila naval forces bombarded the
● On December 8 and the succeeding Japanese positions of Leyte. On the
days, the Japanese bombed many same day, the Americans landed on
places, including Manila and its Leyte and the battle for Philippine
suburbs. In order to save Manila Liberation began.
from destruction, General Douglas
McArthur declared it an open city. The End of War
● Hundreds of bombers called
The Underlying Cause Superfortresses, bombed Japan,
Why did the Japanese came to the particularly Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka,
Philippines? and other Japanese cities
● To control the Southwest Pacific
and also to expel American and Evolution of the Philippine Constitution
European influences from the region
CONSTITUTION
The SIEGE of Bataan and Corregidor ● Defined as a set of fundamental
● McArthur suggested that Quezon principle or established precedent
and his family, as well as others according to which a state or other
should go to Corregidor. In organization is governed, thus the
Corregidor. word itself means to be part of a
● On December 30, Quezon took his whole, the coming together of
oath of office to mark the beginning distinct entities into one group with
of his second term as President of the same principles and ideals.
the Commonwealth. These define the nature and extent of
● With Manila and other parts of Luzon government.
in the hands of the Japanese,
Bataan and Corregidor, under the
CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES THE ORGANS OF THE GOVERNMENT
● The Supreme law of the Republic of UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF BIAK
the Philippines NA BATO
● Has been in effect since 1987 1. Supreme council which was vested
● There were only three other with the power of the republic,
constitution that have effectively headed by the president and Four
governed the country: 1935 Departments secretaries: Interior,
Commonwealth Constitution, Foreign Affairs, Treasury, and War.
1973 Constitution and 1986 2. Consejo Supremo de Gracia Y
Freedom Constitution. Justicia (Supreme Council of Grace
and Justice) which has given the
1987:CONSTITUTION OF BIAK-NA-BATO authority to make decisions and
● The Constitution of biak na bato was affirm or disprove the sentences
the provisionary Constitution of the rendered by other courts and dictate
Philippine Republic during the rules for the administration of Justice
Philippine Revolution. 3. Asamblea de Representates
● The Katipunan's revolution led to the (Assembly of the Representatives)
Tejeros Convention where, at San which has to be convened after the
Francisco de Malabón, Cavite, on revolution to create a new
March 22, 1897, the first presidential constitution and to elect a new
and vice presidential elections in council of Government and
Philippine history were held-although Representative of the people.
only Katipuneros (members of the
Katipunan) were able to take part, PREAMBLE OF BIAK-NA-BATO
and not the general populace. The separation of the Philippines from the
● A later meeting of the revolutionary Spanish monarchy and their formation into
government established there, held an independent state with its own
on November 1, 1897 at government called the Philippine Republic
Biak-na-Bato in the town of San has been the end sought by the Revolution
Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacán, in the existing war, begun on the 24th of
established the Republic of August, 1896; and, therefore, in its name
Biak-na-Bato. and by the power delegated by the Filipino
● The republic had a constitution people, interpreting faithfully their desires
drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Félix and ambitions, we the representatives of the
Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Revolution, in a meeting at Biak-na-bato,
Constitution. It is known as the November 1, 1897, unanimously adopted
"Constitución Provisional de la the following articles for the constitution of
República de Filipinas", and was the State.
originally written in and promulgated
in the Spanish and tagalog 1899: MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
languages. ● Known as the Constitución Política
de Malolos and it was written in
Spanish
 ● Following the declaration of insure the benefits of liberty, imploring the
independence from Spain on June aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the
12, 1898 and transformation of the Universe for the attainment of these ends,
dictatorial government to a have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the
revolutionary government on 23 june following political constitution.
● Convened in Barasoain Church in
Malolos (now Malolos City, Bulacan) 1935:THE COMMONWEALTH
● Pedro Paterno as president and CONSTITUTION
Gregorio Araneta as vice president ● The 1935 Constitution of the
● Opposed by Apolinario Mabini, the Philippines was written in 1934,
Prime Minister of the revolutionary approved and adopted by the
government. Commonwealth of the Philippines
● Ratified on November 29, 1898, (1935-1946) and later used by the
signed into law on December 23, Third Republic of the Philippines
approved on January 20, 1899 (1946-1972). It was written with an
● Sanctioned by President Emilio eye to meeting the approval of the
Aguinaldo on january 21, and United States Government as well,
promulgated on January 22 so as to ensure that the U.S. would
● Anchored in democratic traditions live up to its promise to grant the
that ultimately had their roots in Philippines independence and not
American soil, modeled on the have a premise to hold on to its
constitutions of France, Belgium, "possession" on the grounds that it
and Latin American countries was too politically immature and
● States that the people have hence unready for full, real
exclusive sovereignty independence.
● It states basic civil rights, separated ● The original 1935 Constitution
the church from the state, and called provides, inter alia, for a unicameral
for the creation of an Assembly of Legislature and a single six-year
Representatives which would act as term for the President. It was
the legislative body. amended in 1940 to have a
● It also calls for a Presidential form of bicameral Congress composed of a
government with the president Senate and House of
elected for a term of four years by a Representatives, as well the creation
majority of the Assembly of an independent Commission on
● The authentic and official Elections. The Constitution limited
constitution of La Republica Filipina the President to a four-year term
(Philippine Republic). with a maximum of two consecutive
terms in office.
PREAMBLE OF MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION ACTS OF THE UNITED STATES
We, the Representatives of the Filipino CONGRESS
people, lawfully convened, in order to ● The Philippines was a United States
establish justice, provide for common Territory from December 10, 1898 to
defense, promote the general welfare, and March 24, 2934 and therefore under
 the jurisdiction of the Federal Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
Government of the United States. ● Though not a constitution itself, the
Two acts of the United States Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
Congress passed during this period provided authority and defined
can be considered Philippine mechanisms for the establishment of
constitutions in that those acts a formal constitution via a
defined the fundamental political constitutional convention.
principles and established the
structure, procedures, powers and PREAMBLE OF COMMONWEALTH
duties of the Philippine government. CONSTITUTION
Philippine Organic Act of 1902 The Filipino people, imploring the aid of
● The Philippine Organic Act of 1902, Divine Providence, in order to establish a
sometimes known as the "Philippine government that shall embody their ideals,
Bill of 1902" or the "Cooper Act", conserve and develop the patrimony of the
was the first organic law for the nation, promote the general welfare, and
Philippine Islands enacted by the secure to themselves and their posterity the
United States Congress. It provided blessings of independence under a regime
for the (lower house). Its key of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain
provisions included a bill of rights for and promulgate this constitution.
the Filipinos and the appointment of
two non-voting Filipino Resident 1973: CONSTITUTIONAL
Commissioner of the Philippines to AUTHORITARIANISM
represent the Philippines in the ● On 24 August 1970, Congress
United States House of enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise
Representatives. known as the Constitutional
Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 Convention Act, for the purpose of
● The Philippine Autonomy Act of convening a Constitutional
1916, sometimes known as "Jones Convention.
Law"', modified the structure of the ● While in the process of drafting a
Philippine government by removing new Constitution, President
the Philippine Commission as the Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial
legislative upper house and Law on 21 September 1972
replacing it with a Senate elected by ● The 1973 Constitution, promulgated
Filipino voters, creating the after Marcos' declaration of martial
Philippines' first fully elected national law, was supposed to introduce a
legislature. This act also explicitly parliamentary-style government.
stated that if was and had always Legislative power was vested in a
been the purpose of the people of unicameral National Assembly
the United States to end their whose members were elected for
sovereignty over the Philippine six-year terms. The President was
Islands and to recognise Philippine ideally elected as the symbolic and
independence as soon as a stable purely ceremonial head of state
government can be established chosen from amongst the Members
therein. of the National Assembly for a
 six-year term and could be PREAMBLE OF 1973 CONSTITUTION
re-elected to an unlimited number of We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring
terms. Upon election, the President the aid of Divine Providence, in order to
ceased to be a Member of the establish a Government that shall embody
National Assembly. During his term, our ideals, promote the general welfare,
the President was not allowed to be conserve and develop the patrimony of our
a member of a political party or hold Nation, and secure to ourselves and our
any other office. posterity the blessings of democracy under
a regime of justice, peace, liberty, and
From 16-17 October 1976, a majority of equality, do ordain and promulgate this
barangay voters (also called "Citizen Constitution.
Assemblies") approved that martial law
should be continued and ratified the 1987: FREEDOM CONSTITUTION
amendments to the Constitution proposed (CONSTITUTION AFTER MARTIAL LAW)
by President Marcos. ● On February 11, 1987, the new
constitution was proclaimed ratified
The 1976 amendments were: and took effect.
● an Interim Batasang Pambansa ● Establishes the Philippines as a
(IBP) substituting for the Interim "democratic and republican State",
National Assembly; where "sovereignty resides in the
● the President would also become people and all government authority
the Prime Minister and he would emanates from them".
continue to exercise legislative ● Corazon Aquino issued
powers until such time as martial law Proclamation No. 3, declaring a
was lifted. national policy to implement the
The Sixth Amendment authorized the reforms mandated by the people,
President to legislate on his own on an protecting their basic rights, adopting
"emergency basis: a provisional constitution, and
● Whenever in the judgment of the providing for an orderly translation to
President there exists a grave a government under a new
emergency or a threat or imminence constitution.
thereof, or whenever the Interim ● The 1987 Constitution established a
Batasang Pambansa or the regular representative democracy with
National Assembly fails or is unable power divided among three separate
to act adequately on any matter for and independent branches of
any reason that in his judgment government: the Executive, a
requires immediate action, he may, bicameral Legislature, and the
in order to meet the exigency, issue Judiciary. There were three
the necessary decrees, orders or independent constitutional
letters of instructions, which shall commissions as well: the
form part of the law of the land. Commission on Audit, the Civil
Service Commission, and the
Commission on Elections. Integrated
into the Constitution was a full Bill of
 Rights, which guaranteed Senate are elected at large by a popular
fundamental civil and and political vote and can serve no more than two
rights, and it provided for free, fair, consecutive 6-year terms.
and periodic elections.
The House is composed of 250 elected
EXECUTIVE BRANCH members. Most of these Representatives
The Executive branch is headed by the are elected by district for 3-year terms, but
President and his appointed Cabinet. The 20% of the total membership is chosen in
President is the head of the state and the proportion to party representation. Besides
chief executive, but he is subject to the exclusive power to legislate, one of the
significant checks from the branches, most important powers of Congress is the
especially in times of emergency, which ability to declare war, which it can do
given the history of the country, was through a two-thirds vote in both houses.
obviously intended to be a safeguard
against a repeat of Marcos' martial law Even the power to legislate, however, is
despotism. subject to an executive check. The
President retains the power to veto a bill
For example, in cases of national passed by both houses, and Congress may
emergency, the President can still declare override this veto only with a two-thirds vote
martial law, but not for a period longer than in both houses.
60 days. Congress can revoke this decision
by a majority vote, or it can extend it for a JUDICIAL BRANCH
period to be determined by the congress. The Court system in the Philippines
Additionally, the Supreme Court Can review exercises the judicial power of government
the declaration to decide if there were and it is made up of a Supreme Court and
sufficient facts to justify martial law. lower courts created by law. The Supreme
Court is a 15-member court appointed by
The President can grant pardons and the President without need for confirmation
amnesty. He is also empowered to make or by Congress.
accept foreign loans. He cannot, however,
enter into treaties without the consent of the Appointment, however, is limited to a list of
Senate. The President and Vice-President nominees presented to the President by a
are elected at large by a direct vote, but the constitutionally-specified Judicial and Bar
President may only serve one 6-year term. Council.
The Cabinet, consisting of the President's
advisers and heads of departments, is This Council consists of 7 members: the
appointed by the President and it assists Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the
him in his governance functions. Secretary of Justice, a representative from
Congress, a representative of the Integrated
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH Bar, a professor of law, a retired member of
The legislative power is vested in a the Supreme Court, and a representative of
Congress which is divided into two Houses, the private sector. The first four serve for
the Senate and the House of four years, the law professor for three, the
Representatives. The 24 members of the
retired Justice for two, and the private - Anti-government and
sector representative for one year. negative
The Supreme Court Justices may hear, on - Supported by laboring class
appeal, any cases dealing with the ● Threat of Jose Ma. Sison’s
constitutionality of any law, treaty, or decree New Peoples Army (NPA)
of the government, cases where questions ● Critical situation since 1965
of jurisdiction or judicial error are ● Widespread discontent and
concerned, or cases where the penalty is pessimistic forebodings
sufficiently grave. It may also exercise Demonstrations
original jurisdiction over cases involving 1. Disruption of classes in Greater
government or international officials. The Manila
Supreme Court also is charged with 2. Clashes between Students
overseeing the functioning and 3. Officers of the Law
administration of the lower courts and their
personnel. Proclamation No. 1081
● Demonstrations become unwieldy
CHANGING OF THE CONSTITUTION and uncontrollable
● Constitutional reform in the ● Pres. Marcos availing himself of
Philippines, also known as Charter Article VII, Section 10, and
Change (colloquially Cha-Cha) paragraph 2 of the Constitution on
refers to the political and legal September 21, 1971 placed the
processes needed to amend the entire country into Martial Law.
current 1987 Constitution of the Danger of rebellion
Philippines. Under the common 1. Paralyzed the function of National
interpretation of the Constitution, and Local Government
amendments can be proposed by 2. Schools closed
one of three methods: a People's 3. Judiciary unable to administer
Initiative, a Constituent Assembly or Justice
a Constitutional Convention. 4. Business operations stopped
5. Citizens compelled to stay at home
6. Lawlessness and criminality have
MARTIAL LAW increasingly escalated beyond the
According to E W Killiam (1989) Martial capability of the local police and
law involves the temporary substitution of civilian authorities
military authority for civilian rule and is
usually invoked in time of war, rebellion, or ● To allay the people’s fear that the
natural disaster. When martial law is in military might take over
effect, the military commander of an area ● Never his intention to have the
or country has unlimited authority to military take over the civil function of
make and enforce laws. the government
● “The officials and employees of our
Reason for Declaration national and local governments
● 1970’s student power - “parliament continue in the office.”
of the streets”
General Order 2-A – orders the Secretary ● Set curfew - to minimize if not
of National Defense to arrest and detain completely eradicate robbery and
persons who committed other unlawful activities.
“crimes and offense in furtherance or on the ● Midnight to four in the morning
occasion of our incident to or in connection
with the crimes of insurrection and The New Constitution
rebellion.” ● Constitutional Convention- meeting
since June 1971 to frame a new
Initial Measures constitution to replace that of 1935
● Improve social and economic - “voted unanimously” to
condition of masses continue deliberations on
● PD No. 2, Sept. 26, 1972 Land vital issues.”
Reform Program- entire Philippines ● President Marcos advised the
as a land reform area 26,000 Citizens Assemblies all over
1. Tenants should be given 3 the country
hectares of irrigated rice or ● The Kapulungan or General
corn lands and 5 hectares of Assembly of all citizens assemblies
unirrigated met from January 10 to 15, 1973 to
2. Department of Agrarian consider the provisions of the new
Reform- expedite the transfer charter.
of land titles
Three questions were submitted to the
● National Grains Authority - Kapulungan:
minimize the effects of crisis in rice ● "Do you approve of the
and corn and regulate the Citizens Assembly as a way of
distribution of grains popular government to decide
● Make masses less open to the issues affecting our people?"
activities of hoarders, black ● "Do you approve of
marketeers, and manipulator of the new Constitution?“
prices. ● "Do you want a plebiscite to be
● PD No. 6 (Sept. 27, 1972) - called to ratify the new
response to the demand of the “New Constitution?"
Society”, prescribing the rules and President Marcos, signed three
regulations regarding discipline in resolutions before the Kapulungan:
the government service. 1. Proclamation No. 1102 which
● First year of martial law - change in announced the ratification by the
behavior of the government officials Filipino people of the 1973
and employees. Constitution as of noon of January
● Second year - return of old habits 17, 1973.
● Resignations of many officials and 2. Proclamation No. 1103 which
employees whom he considered declared the interim National
misfits of dishonesty and inefficiency Assembly, provided for in Article
XVII of the new Constitution, not
convened.
 3. Proclamation No. 1104 which ceasefire in the affected areas in
declared continuation of Martial law. Mindanao and Sulu.
● offered amnesty to all those
The New Constitution Resulted in: connected with the secessionist
1. the official abolition of the legislative movement and promised to bring the
body Muslims to the "level similar to the
2. the exercise by President Marcos of areas in Luzon...."
the powers of the President ● During truce period - MNLF
and of the Prime Minister attacked Philippine Constabulary
3. the change of form of government forces in Mindanao
from presidential to parliamentary ● Marcos invited Muslim
4. the exercise by the President of countries to investigate
the power to call the interim the condition of Muslim
Assembly Filipinos in order to determine for
themselves what his government
Distribution of Wealth was.
● obvious disparity in the ● Partido Komunista ng
distribution of wealth - the wealthy Pilipinas (PKP), the
became wealthier and the poor Moscow-oriented communist
poorer was one of the causes of group, volunteered to cooperate with
discontent. the President.
● Social stability was threatened and ● "Memorandum of
what Marxists call a "revolutionary Cooperation" dated October
situation" seemed to prevail in 1, 1974, signed by Felicisimo
society. Macapagal, secretary-general of the
● Pres. Marcos issued an order PKP
urging business corporations and ● President Marcos granted the PKP
companies to open their doors to the members safe conduct passes and
public directed that all assistance
● distribution of land above Help civic action units
seven hectares to landless ● ended the dissidence of the PKP
tenants, and those who owned which was founded in 1930 by the
seven or less were required to till late Crisanto Evangelista
their lands personally ● capture of Commander Dante
(Bernabe Buscayno), head of the
Peace and Order NPA, and of Lt. Victor Corpus, who
● Curfew - was enforced strictly so defected from Phil. Army to the NPA
that the usual nocturnal activities of ● Communist Party of the Philippines
lawless elements were minimized. weakened
● MNLF (Moro National Liberation
Front) - a truce movement in Infrastructure
February, 1975 by appealing to the ● Infrastructure initiative needed
members of the ASEAN and to the financial support - tightened
Muslim countries to help force a tax regulations
 ● Bureau of Internal Revenue and 6. To find a new basis, compatible with
Bureau of Customs - placed in the emerging realities in Asia, for a
the hands of dedicated officials continuing healthy relationship with
and influential tax payers. the United States.
● Tax Amnesty - a decree extending
tax amnesty to those who, ● Philippines established diplomatic
deliberately or not, failed to pay relations with socialist countries
the correct amount of tax. ● The Philippines ratified the
● Construction of first-class roads, long-pending Treaty of Amity,
bridges, highways, irrigation Commerce, and Navigation with
facilities, airfields, hospitals, public Japan in December 1973.
buildings. ● Diplomatic links with socialist Asia
and Europe led to progressive
The Shift in Foreign Policy commercial and cultural exchange
● Claro M. Recto- criticized the programs
“Mendicant Policy” and pleaded ● The Philippines' official contacts
for independent foreign policy with socialist countries ended its
(Self-reliance) mendicant foreign policy and
- Chimerical began a new age of self-reliance
● Recto's plans were realized during and alignment
martial law 20 years later. ● In December 1976, the Philippines
● On May 23, 1975, President Marcos and US negotiated the "bases
gave a foreign policy speech question“
outlining six recommendations "to ● US should pay rent for the right use
help the country survive the current of bases
security crisis in Asia" caused by the
American debacle in Vietnam. Labor and Human Welfare
a. Construction leads employment
1. To intensify, along with a broader b. Department of Labor’s Agencies
field, Philippine relations with the 1. Overseas Employment
members of the Association of Development Board (OEBD)
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2. Public Employment Office
2. To pursue more vigorously the (PEO)
establishment of diplomatic relations 3. National Seaman Board
with the socialist states, particularly (NSB)
with the People's Republic of China 4. National Manpower and
and with the Soviet Union Youth Council (NMYC)
3. To seek closer identification with the 5. Bureau of Apprenticeship
Third World (the so-called (BA)
developing countries of the world) - Lessening the
4. To continue relationship with Japan number of
5. To support the Arab countries in their unemployed
struggle for a just and enduring
peace in the Middle East; and
 -Projection of good
image of Filipino
Laborers
- Increase of
government income
c. Employment Abroad
d. Employee
e. Trade Unions Congress of the
Philippines (TUCP) - restructuring
agent of the Philippine labor
movement

The Economy: Gains and Losses

● 1975 recessionary tendency-
country has maintained its 1974
growth rate until 1976.
● The Philippines did lose trade.
- Spiraling cost of oil imports
and lowering the prices of
traditional exports
● In 1975, the trade deficit was P1,164
million due to rising oil imports and
falling prices of conventional exports
such sugar, copper and ore
concentrates, ply wood, coconut oil,
logs and timber, and abaca. This
deficit is expected to increase in
1976
- Increase sugar price for
domestic consumption

Land Transfer and Leasehold

● Land reform program - After three
years of martial law land reform
program, rice yield per hectare
increased by 40–45%.
● Resettlement program - led a
program for landless farmers
to be relocated to
government-owned agricultural
settlements.