Building Technology 1

CHAPTER 9

WATERPROOFING, DAMP ROOFING, TERMITE CONTROL

AND INSULATION (Thermal)

Members;
Daigdigan, Nicole G.
Magpayo, Thea Justine
Natividad, Jenn Louise V.

WATERPROOFING
The materials that are keeping the liquid from leaking into the
structures. It is often applied to structures to provide oil control in
construction. It also reduces internal humidity which makes the building’s
furnitures safe from being damage by water vapor or moisture

A.​ Properties
The properties that waterproofing has is to resist UV radiation,
Chemicals and microbial growth.

a.​ Water-tightness
b.​ Flexibility
c.​ Durability
d.​ Breathability
e.​ Chemical resistance
f.​ Fire-resistance
g.​ Crack-bridging ability
h.​ Bonding strength
i.​ Insulation characteristics
 B.​ Characteristics
In terms of their characteristics, there are three ideal
characteristics that waterproofing poses.

a.​ Impermeability - this is because waterproofing materials are

made to prevent water or moisture in penetrating surfaces of a
building.
a.​ Flexibility - this material needs to be flexible enough to
accommodate the structural movement that a building might do.
Liquid waterproofing can form a rubber-like substance when
applied.
b.​ Durability - waterproofing should also withstand several
environmental factors. Thus, this materials helped the
structures to prevent water damage, joint problems and
cracking.

C.​ Types of Waterproofing

a.​ Cementitious Waterproofing

i.​ this waterproofing is considered to be the easiest waterproofing
materials to use. The cementitious waterproofing products are
easy to mix and apply, it is also breathable and act seamlessly
when coated. It adds protection on concrete and masonry
surfaces. This material is commonly used to waterproof
concrete in internal and external applications. For example are
water tanks, swimming pools and wet areas like kitchen,
showers and tile finishes. Ideal for basements, cellars, and
below-ground areas.
b.​ Bituminous Coating waterproofing
i.​ Bituminous coating is also known as asphalt coating. The most
common application of this waterproofing includes areas that
are beneath screed wet. This coating is a flexible protective coat
due to its formulation and polymerization grade.
c.​ Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Method
i.​ this is a popular method that is used for low-sloped roofs due to
their proven endurance. It has a self adhesive waterproofing
membrane that is the reason it performs well. Effective for roofs,
terraces, and foundations.
d.​ Polyurethane Membrane Waterproofing
 i.​ This waterproofing is usually used on flat roofs that are exposed
to weathering. This is the kind of waterproofing that is very
sensitive to moisture, therefore, before applying the coat, it is
vital to be careful in evaluating the moisture content of the
concrete slab. Otherwise, it will soon de-bond the membranes
after some time. Suitable for roofs, terraces, and balconies.
e.​ Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method
i.​ Liquid membrane is a thin coating which usually consists of a
primer coat and two coats of topcoats which are applied by
spray, roller, or trowel. It offers more flexibility than the
cementitious types of waterproofing. Suitable for roofs,
terraces, and other horizontal surfaces.

Waterproofing coatings and washes

i.​ Coatings
1.​ Liquid Waterproofing Membrane
a.​ This is applied in liquid form and they cure to form a
seamless and rubber like membrane
2.​ Cementitious Waterproofing
a.​ This uses cement based materials for waterproofing,
usually used in construction due to its easy
application.
3.​ Bituminous Waterproofing
a.​ This employs asphalt and bitumen based products
to create a waterproof barrier usually used in
exterior applications.
4.​ Polyurethane Coatings
a.​ Known for its durability and ability to fill in the
cracks, creating a strong waterproof barrier.

Integral Waterproofing Compounds

This is the compound that uses different additives that are
added directly to the mortar mix to form a much more solid and
effective water barrier. This is one of the most common methods
that builders use to improve the durability and service of life of
a structure.
​
​ `T̀YPES OF WATERPROOFING ADMIXTURES
➔​ Crystalline Admixtures
 ◆​ this is the reaction that completely seals any waterway. To
prevent any infiltration of water.
➔​ Hydrophobic Admixtures
◆​ this inserts the agent directly into the concrete to prevent
absorption of water. This product is appropriate for outdoor
concrete surfaces, such as driveways, pavements and balconies.
➔​ Silico fume Admixtures
◆​ This is the use of superfine particles to the concrete mixture,
that fills in the pores and capillaries in the concrete mix. This
admixture is usually used in high-rise buildings and marine
structures.
➔​ Latent Hydraulic admixtures
◆​ It combines with water and cement hydration byproducts to
produce further cementitious materials within the concrete.
This is particularly helpful in substructure foundations to
protect against water ingress.

Membrane Waterproofing
This is the layer of water tight material that lies on a surface to
prevent any water leak and damages. The use of this material is to
ensure the safety and to strengthen the structure from any water
vapors and moistures.

​ ​ TYPES OF MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING

➔​ Self Adhesive Modified Bituminous membrane
◆​ This membrane is composed of asphalt, polymers and may
contain mineral stabilizer. This may be reinforced with
fiberglass and polyester, or a combination of the two.
➔​ Polymer modified Bitumen Membrane
◆​ This is the most widespread membrane that is commonly used
as an underlay for pitched roofs and as a vapor barrier.
➔​ EPDM Membrane
◆​ It is an elastomeric waterproofing membrane that us made of
high-quality EPDM rubber. It shows high tensor strength,
resistance to weather, heat aging ang more.
➔​ Thermoplastic Membrane
◆​ This is the membrane that is distinct from other commercial
roofing systems. It is a blend of polypropylene and reinforced
with polyester.
➔​ Bituminous Membrane (Asphalt)
 ◆​ It is a bituminous rubber blend structural waterproofing
systems with an underlaid reinforcement xan be used in roof
and podium; to provide seamless waterproofing membrane for
high green roofs.
➔​ Polyurethane Membrane
◆​ This comes with a fiber-enhanced membrane that has been
designed for a range of waterproofing applications where the
membrane is to be covered with tiles and screeds. These
membranes offer excellence adhesion properties to building
substrates.
➔​ Chemical Grouting to Seal Cement Structures
◆​ This has a flexible and resilient full cure, that movement can
occur in the structure without damaging the seal. This
membrane has low viscosity and permeates loose.

D. Benefits / Advantage

a.​ Increased in Property Value

i.​ As waterproofing protects a property, its property value
may increase due to its waterproofing.
b.​ Decreased Maintenance Cost
i.​ This material prevents mold and any structural damages,
which then reduces high maintenance for the structure.
c.​ Improved structural Integrity
i.​ This prevents water and moisture in infiltrating the
building which could weaken the integrity of the building
materials that were used.
d.​ Provides Healthy Environment
i.​ Aside from preventing any moisture buildup in the
buildings, this material also helps to prevent fungi and
mold from growing.
e.​ Efficiency
i.​ This material can help to improve energy efficiency by
simply preventing water from entering a building
f.​ Increased Durability
i.​ This creates a protective barrier moisture that could
extend the lifespan of the building.
g.​ Mold Resistance
 i.​ This material keeps your roof dry that prevents from mold
and mildew from growing
h.​ Easy Installation
i.​ Most waterproofing materials are easy to install and don't
require any special tool or equipment.

E. Disadvantage
a.​ Expensive repairs
i.​ This repairs may cause much due to its expensive material.
Repairing a structural damage that is cause by water leakage can
also cost more.
b.​ Mould and Mildew
i.​ These are common side effects of water damage, mould and
mildew can cause a deterioration in indoor air quality
b.​ Building deterioration
i.​ Due to the concrete's porous characteristics, water penetration
can eventually reach steel reinforcing bars embedded in the
concrete. This water moisture can eventually cause corrosion
and rust.

F. Cost

​ Waterproofing materials are essential in construction to protect

structures from water damage. In the Philippines, various waterproofing
methods are employed, each with associated costs. Here's an overview of
common waterproofing methods and their approximate prices as of 2025

Cementitious Waterproofing Prices: ₱40.00 - 3,000

(Price depends on the liter)

Eg. 8 liters = ₱840.00

Bituminous Coating Price: Usually price starts at ₱1,000

Waterproofing
Bituminous Membrane Price: price starts at ₱2,000 and ranges
Waterproofing from 12,000. (Depending on the brand)

Polyurethane Membrane Price: Ranges around ₱1,300 to ₱1,600 per

Waterproofing liter.

Liquid Waterproofing Price: Usually starts at ₱6,000 and could

Membrane Method also range at ₱22,000

Note: Prices are approximate and may vary based on supplier, location, and
market conditions. It's advisable to contact local suppliers or manufacturers
for the most current pricing and availability.

DAMP PROOFING
Dampproofing is a coating that is usually applied by hand or by
spraying the outside wall. Damp Proofing can provide long lasting
protection for many crawl spaces and basements as it prevents soil
moisture from damaging the exterior wall. Dampproofing can also be added
to the exterior cement and the cement would be water resistant.

A.​ Properties
Damp proofing aims to prevent moisture from entering a building,
protecting it from damage and improving indoor conditions, and it involves
creating a barrier against moisture, often using materials like bitumen or
plastic membranes.
●​ Impervious: The material should be completely resistant to water
penetration.
●​ Durable: It should withstand long-term exposure to moisture and
other environmental factors.
●​ Strong: It should be able to resist loads and stresses without damage.
●​ Flexible: The material should be able to cover most surfaces without
breaking or cracking.
 ●​ Dimensionally Stable: It should maintain its size and shape over time.
●​ Salt-Free: It should be free from deliquescent salts like sulfates,
chlorides, and nitrates, which can attract moisture.
●​ Easy to Install: The material should be easy to install and attach to
various surfaces.
●​ Cost-Effective: It should be readily available and affordable.

B.​ Characteristics
Damp proofing characteristics include being impervious to water, durable,
strong, dimensionally stable, flexible, and free from deliquescent salts. It
should also be readily available, affordable, and easy to apply.

Here's a more detailed explanation of these characteristics:

●​ Imperviousness:
A good damp proofing material should not allow water to
penetrate.
●​ Durability:
The material should be able to withstand long-term exposure to
moisture and other environmental factors without degrading or
failing.
●​ Strength:
The material should be strong enough to resist the weight and
pressure exerted on it, especially in areas like foundations and
walls.
●​ Dimensional Stability:
The material should maintain its original dimensions and shape
over time, even when exposed to moisture or temperature
changes.
●​ Flexibility:
The material should be flexible enough to accommodate slight
movements in the structure without cracking or losing its
effectiveness.
●​ Free from Deliquescent Salts:
The material should not contain salts like sulfates, chlorides, or
nitrates, which can attract moisture and cause damage.
●​ Readily Available and Affordable:
The material should be easy to obtain and cost-effective,
making it accessible for a wide range of projects.
●​ Easy to Apply:
 The material should be easy to install and integrate into the
construction process.

C.​ Types of Damp Proofing

—> Damp Proof Course (DPC)

A damp-proof course (DPC) is a treatment applied to all property types to

protect them from damage posed by dampness.

You’ll find this treatment available in several forms, each with its own
unique qualities and installation method. We’ll go over some of them in the
points below. For now, let’s introduce you to the two main reasons we install
a DPC.

●​ Rising Damp: This is a major damp problem in which groundwater

rises through the walls via capillary action. Water then seeps into
various structural parts of the building, causing extensive damage.
●​ Penetrating Damp: This happens when moisture travels from the
exterior wall to the interior due to accumulated rain or else. It’s one of
the damp issues that are quite popular in buildings with walls made of
porous materials such as brick, which can easily absorb water.

—> Damp Proof Membrane (DPM)

One of the most effective DPC varieties is the damp-proof membrane (DPM),
which is also referred to as a damp-proof sheet. It’s a thin, water-tight layer
laid beneath the concrete slab to act as a physical barrier. This way, it
prevents moisture from penetrating the structure.

Although DPM is available in several materials, polyethylene is the most

commonly used due to its exceptional durability and water resistance.

—> Damp Proof Injection

We usually use damp-proof injection when the original DPC of a property

has deteriorated over time or is damaged. This treatment is one of the
easiest to apply, and it effectively restores a wall’s ability to combat damp
issues.
To apply this DPC variety, we drill holes in the affected walls and inject a
chemical solution into them. Within hours, this solution spreads
horizontally within the brickwork, forming a long-lasting, water-repellent
layer.

—> Damp Proof Plaster

Applying damp-proof plaster is a complementary measure that we use in

conjunction with DPC treatments. This means that these plasters won’t
prevent damp issues on their own; a DPC must be installed. Now, let’s
explain how they differ from traditional plaster.

Plaster is a material used to coat walls, ceilings, and so on. When rising
damp occurs in a traditional plastered wall, it leaves behind salt build-up
and decay signs.

This is because the groundwater that migrates up the brickwork carries salt
that deposits on the plaster. How is salt harmful? It attracts moisture and
water droplets in the air, which eventually causes water damage to the wall.

→ Damp Proof Paint

Damp-proof paint is another complementary damp-proofing method

applied along with DPC treatments. We primarily use it to protect the
appeal of the interior walls and ceilings of a property.

Excess moisture can leave wet stains that ruin the interior aesthetic. So to
avoid that, we apply damp-proof paint because it’s made with
water-repellent substances and has a thick consistency that keeps moisture
from surfacing.

—> Damp Proof Cream

Remember the chemical solution we discussed earlier in damp-proof

injection? Well, that’s usually damp-proofing silicone-based creams that we
inject into the walls.

Chemically formulated to expand within the masonry and penetrate

surrounding building materials to form a water-repellent barrier.

—> Damp Proof Spray

When you notice a damp patch on your wall or ceiling, you’ll first need to
make sure that you address the underlying issue. Then, to permanently get
rid of this spot, you can use a damp-proof spray.

Damp-proof sprays are a quick fix for water stains and are fairly simple to
use; you can apply them yourself. All you have to do is spray the affected
area, and this will keep moisture from resurfacing. You can even repaint the
wall after allowing the spray to dry for a few hours.

—> Tanking Slurries

Tanking slurry is the main character in a waterproofing method called

taking.

When dealing with spaces prone to damp penetration, such as basements

and cellars, we resort to wall tanking. The process entails either installing a
water-proof tanking membrane or painting a tanking slurry on the wall’s
surface.

Tanking slurry, which also goes by cementitious tanking, is a liquid with a

thick consistency due to the presence of cement polymers. Once it’s
applied, it seeps into the pores of the masonry, effectively blocking them so
that water can’t pass.

D.​ Benefits / Advantage

Damp Proofing offers numerous benefits, including preventing structural
damage, reducing health risks from mold and mildew, and enhancing
energy efficiency by keeping walls and floors dry.

1. Protects Structural Integrity:

●​ Prevents Rising Damp:
-​ Damp proofing creates a barrier that stops moisture from
seeping up through walls and floors from the ground,
preventing rising damp.
●​ Protects Building Materials:
-​ By preventing moisture damage, damp proofing safeguards
wood, plaster, paint, and other materials from rot, decay, and
deterioration.
●​ Prevents Structural Problems:
 -​ Dampness can lead to weakened foundations, rotting wood, and
corrosion, all of which can compromise the structural integrity
of a building.
2. Reduces Health Risks:
●​ Minimizes Mold and Mildew Growth:
-​ Damp environments are breeding grounds for mold and mildew,
which can cause respiratory problems, allergies, and other
health issues.
●​ Improves Indoor Air Quality:
-​ By preventing moisture buildup, damp proofing helps to
maintain a healthier indoor environment with better air quality.
●​ Reduces Health Issues:
-​ Dampness can also lead to unpleasant smells and make a home
feel musty, which can impact comfort and well-being.
3. Enhances Energy Efficiency:
●​ Keeps Walls and Floors Dry:
-​ Dry walls and floors retain heat more effectively, reducing the
need for excessive heating and cooling, leading to energy
savings.
●​ Preserves Insulation Performance:
-​ Dampness can compromise the effectiveness of insulation,
leading to higher energy consumption.
4. Other Benefits:
●​ Reduces Maintenance Costs:
-​ By preventing moisture-related damage, damp proofing can
significantly reduce the need for costly repairs and
replacements.
●​ Improves Aesthetics:
-​ Dampness can cause unsightly staining, discoloration, and
peeling paint, which damp proofing helps to prevent.
●​ Increases Property Value:
-​ A well-damp-proofed property is more attractive to potential
buyers, as it demonstrates good maintenance and a sound
structure.
●​ Avoids unpleasant smells
-​ Dampness can lead to musty smells, which damp proofing can
help prevent.
E.​ Disadvantage
 a.​ Reduced Wall Breathability: Impermeable plaster significantly
reduces the natural breathability of the wall. Traditional building
materials, like brick and lime plaster, naturally allow moisture to be
absorbed and then evaporated. The use of impermeable slurry can
trap moisture, leading to potential problems.
b.​ Increased Risk of Condensation: The interface between the new,
impermeable plaster and the original material can become a site for
condensation. Moisture in the air, seeking to balance its levels,
becomes trapped at this juncture, leading to dampness, blistering,
and potential mould growth.
c.​ Temporary Concealment of Damp Issues: While such treatments
might initially appear to resolve damp issues, they often merely mask
the symptoms without addressing the underlying cause. Over time,
the damp is likely to reappear, potentially causing more extensive
damage.
d.​ Damage to Historical Features: In older properties, these treatments
can lead to the loss of original plaster and features, significantly
impacting the building’s historical integrity and value.
e.​ Hygroscopic Salts: Often used as a justification for rising damp
treatment, hygroscopic salts (like calcium nitrate) are present not
only in groundwater but also in historic deposits of burnt coal and
equine urine. A simpler and less invasive solution for covering
hygroscopic salts is the local application of an oil-based primer, such
as Zinsser B.I.N.

F.​ Cost

Damp Proof Course (DPC) Prices: ₱17,556 for a 600ml

(Price depends on the liter and brand)

Damp Proof Membrane Price: Usual price starts at ₱500 per square
(DPM) meter

Damp Proof Injection Price: the price usually is similar as DPC

 -​ ₱17, 556 for a 600ml

Damp Proof Plaster Price: Ranges around ₱1,000 per bag

(availability may varies)

Damp Proof Paint Price: Usually starts at ₱77.20 for a 400ml

Damp Proof Cream Price: price begins at ₱17,556 for a 600ml

(similar with DPC and Injection)

Damp Proof Spray Price: it ranges around ₱500.00 per liter (it
may vary with the supplier)

Tanking Slurries Price: Price usually starts at ₱2,000 per

25kg bag (may differ by brand)

TERMITE CONTROL
Termites are parasites that destroy wood furniture or just wood in
general. In addition, termites are not that harmful to people, but it is truly
harmful to the wood furniture that one will have on their house or building.
Termite control is the use of insecticide to kill termite to prevent future
infestations, and to also prevent your furniture from rotting.

A.​ Properties
a.​ Ground Treatments: These target termites at the source,
disrupting their access points and breeding grounds.
b.​ Bait Stations: These can be in-ground or above-ground
and attract termites to a slow-acting insecticide.
c.​ Moisture Control: Termites thrive in moist environments,
so fixing leaks and ensuring proper ventilation are crucial.
 d.​ Structural Integrity: Maintaining a sound foundation and
addressing any cracks or damage can prevent termite
entry.
e.​ Remove potential attractants: Keep mulch, firewood,
and wooden structures away from the home's foundation.

B.​ Characteristics
Termite control involves preventing infestations and
addressing existing ones, focusing on methods like eliminating
food sources, reducing moisture, and using chemical or
non-chemical treatments.

a.​ Inspection – Identifying termite species, infestation level,

and entry points.
b.​ Soil Treatment – Applying termiticides around the
foundation to create a barrier.
c.​ Bait Systems – Using bait stations to attract and eliminate
termite colonies.
d.​ Wood Treatment – Applying borate solutions to wood to
prevent infestations.
e.​ Fumigation – Using gas treatment for severe infestations
in structures.
f.​ Moisture Control – Reducing humidity and fixing leaks to
deter termites.
g.​ Barrier Methods – Installing physical barriers like metal
mesh or sand.

C.​ Types of Termite Control

1.​ Liquid-Soil Treatment

a.​ A long-lasting barrier treatment (up to 5 years)
where liquid termiticide is applied in a trench
around the home's foundation to kill and prevent
termites.
2.​ Bait Treatments
a.​ Bait stations with slow-acting termiticide are placed
around the home. Termites carry the poison back to
their nests, requiring regular monitoring.
3.​ Wood Treatments
 a.​ Surface sprays, injected foams, or treatments
applied directly to wood to kill termites and prevent
future infestations. More effective in new
construction
4.​ Pre-Treated Materials
a.​ Used in new construction, where termiticide is
sprayed or brushed onto building materials or soil to
prevent termite infestations.

Treatment choice depends on factors like termite type, infestation severity,

home structure, and cost.

D.​ Advantage

Termite control offers significant advantages, including protecting

your property's structural integrity, preventing costly repairs, and
maintaining or enhancing property value by safeguarding against damage.
●​ Prevents Structural Damage: Termites can cause extensive
damage to wood, flooring, and even wallpaper, compromising
the structural integrity of your
home or business.
●​ Cost Savings: Early detection and treatment can prevent costly
repairs and replacements that can occur if termites are left
unchecked.
●​ Maintains Property Value: A property free from termite damage
is more attractive to potential buyers or tenants, helping to
maintain or even increase its value.
●​ Peace of Mind: Knowing your property is protected from
termites allows you to enjoy your space without worrying about
hidden damage.

E.​ Disadvantage
a.​ Cost: Termite control can be expensive, especially for
large infestations or complex treatments.
b.​ Disruption: Some treatments, like fumigation, can
require temporary evacuation of the home, causing
disruption.
c.​ Ongoing Maintenance: Some termite control methods,
like baiting systems, require ongoing monitoring and
 maintenance, including bait station replenishment and
professional inspections.
d.​ Chemical Concerns: Chemical treatments can raise
concerns about potential health and environmental
impacts, although many products are designed to be safe
when used properly.
e.​ Limited Reach: Some treatments, like heat treatments,
may be effective only in limited areas and may not be
suitable for larger infestations.
f.​ Time Delay: Baiting systems can take time to work, as
termites need to find and bring the bait back to the
colony.
g.​ Re-infestation: Even with effective treatment, termites
can re-infest if preventive measures are not taken,
highlighting the importance of regular inspections.
F.​ Benefits
a.​ Health Benefits: Termites can also attract other pests, and
termite infestations can create conditions that may lead to
health issues.
b.​ Environmental Responsibility: Some termite control
methods, like baiting systems, are more environmentally
friendly than others, minimizing disruption to your
property.
c.​ Applicable Pest Knowledge: Professionals can also provide
valuable knowledge about other potential pests and
conditions that can lead to infestations.
d.​ Food Safety: Pest control, including termite control, can
help ensure a clean and safe environment, free from
disease-carrying vermin.
e.​ Improved Hygiene: Eliminating pests like termites
contributes to a cleaner and more hygienic environment.

G.​ Cost

TYPE COST/PRICE

Liquid-Soil Treatment ₱2,288 to ₱6,800 per liter of

termiticide, depending on the brand
and type.

Bait Treatments ₱6,500 for the Termite Bait (1 kilo)

 Wood Treatments ₱2,500 to ₱6,800 per liter
Pre-Treated Materials 2,288 to ₱6,800 per liter, depending
on the specific product and retailer.

INSULATION (Thermal)

Insulation helps regulate indoor temperatures by reducing heat

transfer between the inside and outside of a building. A well-insulated home
enhances energy efficiency and creates a more comfortable living
environment. Insulation is typically placed in:

1.​ Walls: Insulating exterior walls is key to preventing heat loss or gain.
You can also insulate interior walls for soundproofing or temperature
control between rooms.
2.​ Roof/Ceiling: Insulating the ceiling or attic space helps prevent heat
from escaping in winter and keeps the house cool in the summer. This
is especially important for homes with attic spaces.
3.​ Floors: Insulating floors, particularly above unheated spaces like
garages or crawlspaces, helps to prevent heat loss and keep floors
warmer in colder months.
4.​ Windows and Doors: While not technically insulation, adding
weatherstripping or caulking around windows and doors prevents
drafts and improves the overall efficiency of insulation.
5.​ Basement or Foundation: If your home has a basement, insulating
the foundation helps to regulate temperature and prevent moisture
issues.

R-VALUE​
R-value tells us how well insulation can stop heat from passing through. A
higher R-value means better insulation, keeping homes warm in cool
weather and cooler in hot weather. The R-value depends on the type of
insulation, its thickness, and how dense it is. If insulation gets squished or
wet, it might not work as well. To make a home comfortable, it's important
to choose the right insulation for the weather and place it correctly.

Properties

a.​ Thermal Conductivity (k-value)

b.​ Thermal Resistance (R-value)
c.​ Density
 d.​ Moisture Resistance
e.​ Fire Resistance
f.​ Sound Insulation (Acoustic Insulation)
g.​ Aging and Deterioration
h.​ Compression Strength
i.​ Vapor Permeability (Breathability)
j.​ Environmental Impact

Characteristics

a.​ Thermal Insulation Efficiency - Insulation is good at keeping

heat inside or outside because it traps air and stops it from
moving, which helps keep things warm or cool.
b.​ Ease of Installation - Some types of insulation are easy to put
in because they come in shapes that fit well, so you don't need
special tools or skills.
c.​ Durability - Good insulation lasts for a long time and doesn’t
get damaged easily, so it keeps working for many years without
needing to be replaced.
d.​ Flexibility - Flexible insulation can bend and fit into different
spaces, making it easier to use in places that aren't perfectly
shaped.
e.​ Fire Safety - Some insulation materials can stop fires from
spreading because they are made to resist heat and flames.
f.​ Eco-Friendliness - Eco-friendly insulation is made from
materials that are good for the environment, like recycled
materials or things that don’t harm nature.
g.​ Non-toxicity - Non-toxic insulation doesn’t release harmful
chemicals into the air, so it is safe for people and pets.
h.​ Water Resistance - Water-resistant insulation doesn’t soak up
water, which helps it stay effective and prevents mold or rot
from forming.
i.​ Compression and Resilience - Resilient insulation can return to
its original shape after being squished, so it continues to work
well even when pressure is applied.
j.​ Cost-Effectiveness - Some insulation materials are cheaper to
buy and install, making them a good choice for saving money
while still keeping homes comfortable.
 Types of Insulation

a.​ Blanket: Batt and Roll Insulation

i.​ Blanket insulation is a common type of insulation that comes
in batts or rolls. It’s made from soft fibers, like fiberglass, but
can also be made from other materials like cotton or sheep’s
wool. Batts and rolls fit into the spaces between walls, floors,
and ceilings. They come in different sizes and can be cut to fit
any space. Some batts have a special layer on them to stop
moisture and air from getting through.
b.​ Concrete Block Insulation
i.​ Concrete blocks are used to build walls in homes, and there
are different ways to keep them warm or cool. One way is by
filling the empty spaces inside the blocks with insulation, but
this doesn't always help save energy. A better way is to put
insulation on the outside or inside of the block walls. Some
concrete blocks already have tiny beads of foam inside them
to make them better at keeping heat in or out. Special types
of concrete blocks, like autoclaved aerated concrete, are
light, strong, and can insulate even better than regular
concrete blocks.
c.​ Foam Board or Rigid Board
i.​ Foam board, or rigid foam, is a type of insulation that comes
in stiff, flat panels. It can be used to insulate many parts of a
home, like walls, roofs, and basements. Foam boards are very
good at keeping heat in or out, working better than many
other types of insulation of the same thickness. They also
help stop heat from moving through wood and metal parts of
a house. Foam boards are usually made from materials like
polystyrene, polyiso, and polyurethane.
d.​ Insulation Concrete Forms
i.​ Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs) are special blocks used to
make strong, insulated concrete walls. These forms stay in
the wall after the concrete is poured, helping to keep the
home warm or cool. ICF walls are made from foam blocks or
foam boards that are put together with plastic ties, and
sometimes steel rods are added for extra strength. Even
though the walls are made of concrete, they can look like
regular houses with wooden frames. To keep out insects and
water, special blocks and protective methods can be used.
e.​ Loose-fill and blow-in insulation
 i.​ Loose-fill and blow-in insulation are made up of tiny pieces
of materials like foam, fiber, or recycled items. These small
pieces can fit into any space, even in places where other
types of insulation are hard to install. The most common
types are made from recycled paper, glass, and rock.
Loose-fill insulation can be blown into walls or attics by a
special machine, or in some cases, poured into the space. It
helps keep homes warm or cool by filling every gap and
preventing heat from moving easily through the walls.
f.​ Radiant barriers and reflective insulation System
i.​ Radiant barriers and reflective insulation work by reflecting
heat away instead of absorbing it. They are usually placed in
attics to keep homes cooler during hot weather and help
lower cooling costs. Radiant barriers are made of shiny
materials like aluminum foil that reflect the sun’s heat. They
work best in warm places, especially when air ducts are in
the attic. By reducing heat, radiant barriers can even help
your air conditioner work less and save energy.
g.​ RIGID FIBERBOARD AND FOAMED-IN-PLACE INSULATION
i.​ Rigid fiberboard insulation is made from materials like
fiberglass or mineral wool and is mainly used to insulate air
ducts in homes. It can also be used where insulation needs to
handle high temperatures. The boards come in different
thicknesses, usually between 1 inch and 2.5 inches. Special
contractors usually install this insulation, especially around
air ducts, to keep them from losing or gaining heat. The
boards can be held in place with special clips or cement, and
the joints are sealed to make sure the insulation works well.
h.​ Sprayed-foam and foamed-in-place insulation
i.​ Sprayed-foam and foamed-in-place insulation are special
liquids that expand into foam when sprayed or poured. This
foam can be used in walls, attics, or under floors to keep
homes warm or cool and stop air from leaking. It works
better than some other insulations because it can fill small
spaces and cracks. People also use small cans of foam to seal
gaps around windows, doors, and pipes. This type of
insulation helps make homes more energy-efficient and
comfortable.

TYPES OF FOAM INSULATION

There are two types of foam insulation: closed-cell and open-cell.
Closed-cell foam is dense and filled with gas, which makes it strong and
good at blocking air and moisture. Open-cell foam is softer, filled with air,
and has a spongy texture. Closed-cell foam works better but is more
expensive, while open-cell foam is lighter and cheaper. The best type to
choose depends on where you need it and how much you want to spend.

Other available foam insulation materials include:

●​ Cementitious
●​ Phenolic
●​ Polyisocyanurate (polyiso)

There are also other types of foam insulation, like Icynene foam and
Tripolymer foam. Icynene foam can be sprayed or injected, making it very
useful in different places. It helps block air and water from getting inside.
Tripolymer foam is a special foam that is injected into walls. It is very good
at stopping fire and air from coming through.

Structural Insulated Panels

Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) are strong, pre-made panels used to build
walls, ceilings, floors, and roofs. They are better at keeping homes warm or
cool compared to traditional building methods, saving energy. SIPs are
made of foam insulation sandwiched between two strong boards, which
helps make houses more airtight, quiet, and comfortable. These panels
come in different sizes, and some can be as big as 8 by 24 feet, which need a
crane to lift. It's important that SIPs are made correctly, with smooth
surfaces and strong bonds, to last a long time and work well.

a.​ INSULATION MATERIALS

i.​ Insulation materials are made from different things to help keep
homes warm or cool. Some common materials include
fiberglass, rock wool, and cellulose, which are soft and bulky
and stop heat from moving through walls. Rigid foam boards are
harder and trap air or gas inside to keep heat from escaping.
There are also reflective foils that reflect heat away, which
works great for keeping cool in hot places. Other special
materials like vermiculite and perlite can also be used for
insulation in some buildings.
1.​ Fiberglass
 a.​ Fiberglass is a material made from tiny glass fibers
and is often used to keep homes warm or cool. It
comes in different forms like soft blankets (called
batts and rolls), loose-fill, and hard boards. Some
types of fiberglass are thicker and provide better
insulation, especially for small spaces like ceilings
and walls. Many fiberglass products are made using
recycled glass, which helps the environment.
Special systems like the Blow-In-Blanket System
(BIBS) fill walls more completely, making them
better at stopping heat from escaping.
2.​ Mineral Wool
a.​ its a type of insulation that helps keep homes cool
during hot days and warm during rainy days. There
are two kinds: rock wool, made from natural rocks,
and slag wool, made from leftover metal materials.
It is good for the environment because it uses 75%
recycled materials. Mineral wool is naturally
fire-resistant, so it does not need extra chemicals to
protect against fire. You can find it in soft blankets
(batts and rolls) or loose pieces that can be blown
into spaces.
3.​ Cellulose
a.​ Cellulose insulation is made from recycled paper,
like old newspapers, and is very eco-friendly
because it uses 82% to 85% recycled materials. It is
cut into small pieces and then turned into fibers,
which makes it great for filling spaces in walls and
attics. To make sure it is safe from fire and bugs,
manufacturers add a special mineral called borate.
Cellulose insulation can be blown into spaces in
both new and old homes, and it stays in place once
it's packed tightly. For new homes, it can be sprayed
with a little water to make it stick, or blown into
netting to fill the walls.
4.​ Natural fibers - Each type of natural fiber has special
qualities that make it useful for insulation.
a.​ Cotton insulation is made from 85% recycled cotton
and 15% plastic fibers. It is treated with borate to
keep bugs and fire away. Some cotton insulation is
even made from leftover blue jean material, making
it easy to recycle and safe to use in homes.
 b.​ Sheep's wool is also treated with borate to prevent
pests, fire, and mold. It comes in thick sheets called
batts that fit inside walls. Wool keeps homes warm
in the rainy season and cool during hot days, making
it a good choice for insulation.
c.​ Straw has been used for building homes for over 150
years. Straw can be pressed into thick boards
without glue and is covered with heavy paper on
both sides. These boards can also block noise,
making rooms quieter and more comfortable.
d.​ Hemp insulation is not very common but works like
other fiber insulations. It helps keep homes warm or
cool and is made from the hemp plant. Although it is
not widely used, it is a natural and safe option for
insulation.

b.​ POLYSTYRENE

Polystyrene is a type of plastic that is often used to make foam boards and
small foam beads for insulation. It helps keep buildings cool or warm by
trapping air inside its tiny pockets. This material is lightweight and can be
shaped into different forms for easy use in construction.

●​ Molded Expanded Polystyrene (MEPS) – This type is commonly used

for foam board insulation and is also available as small foam beads.
These beads can be poured into hollow spaces, like concrete blocks,
to provide insulation. However, because they are very light, they can
be tricky to handle.
●​ Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) – EPS is made of small plastic beads
that are fused together to form insulation boards. It is often used in
construction for insulating walls, floors, and roofs. EPS blocks can be
easily cut into different shapes for specific uses.
●​ Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) – XPS starts as a melted material that is
shaped into solid sheets. It is commonly used as foam board
insulation and has a smooth surface. This type is known for being
strong and water-resistant.

c.​ POLYISOCYANURATE
Polyisocyanurate, or polyiso, is a type of foam insulation made from a
special plastic that traps gas inside to keep heat from moving through it.
This foam is used in many types of building materials, such as panels and
spray foam, to keep buildings warm or cool. It is also used in special panels
called Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs), which are strong and help to keep
homes insulated even better.

Polyisocyanurate insulation is available as:

●​ Liquid
●​ Sprayed Foam
●​ Rigid Foam Board

It can also be made into laminated insulation panels with a variety of

facings.

●​ POLYURETHANE

Polyurethane is a thermoset foam material used to help keep buildings

warm or cool by trapping air in its cells. It is often used in rigid foam panels,
which can have foil or plastic layers to help improve their insulation. Some
buildings also use polyurethane in structural insulated panels (SIPs), which
are made by injecting foam between two layers of wood to create strong,
insulated walls and ceilings.

Polyurethane insulation is available as:

●​ Liquid
●​ Sprayed Foam
●​ Rigid Foam Board

It can also be made into laminated insulation panels with a variety of

facings.

Polyurethane foam insulation is available in:

●​ Closed-cell foam: In closed-cell foam, the cells are tightly packed and
filled with a gas that helps the foam expand to fill spaces around it.
This type of foam is often used for high-density insulation that helps
keep heat in or out of a building. The foam is strong and durable,
making it perfect for various insulation needs.
●​ Open-cell foam: Open-cell foam has cells that are not as tightly
packed and are filled with air. This type of foam is spongy and
flexible, making it great for insulation in places where flexibility is
 important. It also has a lower R-value, which means it doesn’t trap as
much heat compared to closed-cell foam.

d.​ PERLITE

Perlite is a lightweight material made from small rock pellets that are heated
until they pop. This creates tiny, airy pellets that are used as loose-fill
insulation in places like attics, especially in older homes. It helps keep the
house cool in summer and warm in winter by filling spaces with tiny air
pockets.

e.​ CEMENTITIOUS FOAM

Cementitious foam is a special type of foam made from cement, which is

sprayed or poured into walls and other spaces for insulation. One type,
called aircrete, is light and creamy like shaving foam when it’s first mixed.
This material is made from minerals and is non-toxic and fire-resistant,
making it a safe choice for insulation.

f.​ PHENOLIC FOAM

Phenolic foam is a kind of foam used in some types of insulation, usually in

the form of rigid foam boards or sprayed foam. It was popular a long time
ago, but now it’s less common because it can shrink a little after being used.
It’s good for insulation but not as widely used today because of this
shrinking problem.

g.​ INSULATION FACINGS

Insulation Facings are materials that cover insulation to help protect it and
keep it in place. They can also act as barriers that stop air or moisture from
passing through, like kraft paper, vinyl, or aluminum foil. The type of facing
you need depends on where and how the insulation is used, as it helps keep
your home more energy-efficient and safe.

Benefits / Advantage

a.​ Energy Efficiency:Insulation helps keep the temperature

stable inside your home, reducing the need for heating or
cooling, which saves energy and lowers electricity bills.
b.​ Comfort:Insulation makes your home more comfortable
by keeping it warm in cold weather and cool in hot
weather.
 c.​ Noise Reduction:It helps reduce the amount of noise
coming from outside or from other rooms, making your
home quieter.
d.​ Moisture Control:Insulation can prevent moisture from
building up inside walls, reducing the risk of mold and
mildew.
e.​ Environmental Impact:By reducing energy consumption,
insulation helps decrease the amount of energy we use,
which is good for the environment.
f.​ Increased Property Value:Homes with good insulation
are often worth more because they are more
energy-efficient and comfortable.
g.​ Improved Air Quality:Insulation helps keep dust,
allergens, and pollutants from entering your home, which
can improve air quality inside.

Disadvantage

a.​ Initial Cost:Some types of insulation can be expensive to

buy and install, especially if professional help is needed.
b.​ Maintenance:Over time, insulation can degrade or get
damaged, especially if it gets wet, and may need repairs or
replacement.
c.​ Limited Effectiveness with Poor Installation:If
insulation isn’t installed correctly, it may not perform as
well, leading to wasted energy and discomfort.
d.​ Space Limitations:Insulation may take up space in areas
like walls or attics, which can be a concern in smaller
homes or rooms.
e.​ Potential Health Concerns:Certain types of insulation,
like fiberglass, can irritate the skin or lungs if not handled
carefully during installation.
f.​ Installation Complexity:Some types of insulation, like
spray foam or dense materials, may require professional
installation, adding to the cost and complexity.
g.​ Environmental Impact of Some Materials: Not all
insulation materials are eco-friendly, especially those
made with chemicals or non-recyclable materials.
 Cost

BLANKET: BATT AND ROLL Price: ₱1,500 for a 50mm x 0.6m x 5m roll
INSULATION of Rockwool or Mineral Wool insulation.

CONCRETE BLOCK Price: Prices typically start at around ₱200

INSULATION per block, but this can vary depending on
brand and type.

FOAM BOARD OR RIGID Price: ₱810 for a 25mm thick fiberglass

FOAM board (1.2m x 2.3m).

INSULATION CONCRETE Price: Around ₱800 to ₱1,000 per form

FORMS (ICFs) (varies by manufacturer).

LOOSE-FILL AND BLOW-IN Price: Typically starts at ₱45 per bag of

INSULATION fiberglass or cellulose material (for about
20-30 kg).

RADIANT BARRIERS AND Price: Around ₱200 to ₱300 per meter for
REFLECTIVE INSULATION basic reflective foil insulation.
SYSTEMS

RIGID FIBER BOARD AND Price: Around ₱1,000 for basic fiberboard
FOAMED-IN-PLACE insulation (1.2m x 1.2m x 25mm thickness).
INSULATION

SPRAYED-FOAM AND Price: Starting at around ₱1,500 per square

FOAMED-IN-PLACE meter for basic spray foam insulation.
INSULATION
These are rough starting prices and can vary depending on the brand,
specific type, and local suppliers.