📘 Basic Geometric Ideas – Class 6 (Complete
Notes)
1. Point
• A point shows an exact position.
• Has no length, breadth, or thickness.
• Represented by a dot and named with a capital letter.
👉 Example: Point A (·A)
2. Line Segment (AB )
• A straight path between two endpoints.
• Has a fixed length.
• Example: AB (from A to B only).
Properties:
- Shortest distance between two points.
- Measurable.
3. Line (AB )
• Extends endlessly in both directions.
• No fixed length.
• Example: AB (line through A and B).
Properties:
- Infinite length.
- Cannot be measured.
4. Ray (AB )
• Has one endpoint and extends endlessly in one direction.
• Example: AB (starts at A, passes through B).
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Properties:
- One fixed endpoint.
- No fixed length.
5. Curve
• A drawing made without lifting the pencil.
• Can be straight or bent.
👉 Types:
- Simple curve → does not cross itself.
- Complex curve → crosses itself.
6. Open and Closed Figures
• Open Figure → start and end points are different.
• Closed Figure → start and end points are the same.
7. Polygon
• A closed figure made of line segments only.
👉 Parts of a Polygon:
- Sides → line segments (AB , BC , etc.)
- Vertices → corner points (A, B, C…).
- Diagonals → line segment joining non-adjacent vertices (AC , BD ).
- Adjacent Sides → two sides sharing a common vertex.
- Adjacent Vertices → two vertices joined by a side.
8. Interior and Exterior of Closed Figures
• Interior → region inside the figure.
• Exterior → region outside the figure.
• Boundary → the figure itself (the sides).
👉 Example: In a triangle △ABC:
- Interior → points inside △ABC.
- Exterior → points outside △ABC.
- Boundary → AB , BC , CA .
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9. Angle
• Formed when two rays meet at a common endpoint.
• Rays = arms of angle, endpoint = vertex.
• Example: ∠ABC (vertex at B).
👉 Interior & Exterior of an Angle
- Interior → inside the opening of angle.
- Exterior → outside the opening.
👉 Types of Angles:
- Acute (< 90°)
- Right (= 90°)
- Obtuse (> 90° and < 180°)
- Straight (= 180°)
- Reflex (> 180° and < 360°)
10. Triangle (△ABC)
• Polygon with 3 sides, 3 vertices, 3 angles.
👉 Properties:
- Angle sum property → ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°.
- Types by sides → Equilateral, Isosceles, Scalene.
- Types by angles → Acute, Right, Obtuse.
11. Quadrilateral (ABCD)
• A polygon with 4 sides, 4 vertices, 4 angles.
• Sum of interior angles = 360°.
🔹 Parts of a Quadrilateral
1. Adjacent Sides → Two sides with a common vertex.
2. Example: AB and BC .
3. Opposite Sides → Two sides that do not share a vertex.
4. Example: AB and CD .
5. Adjacent Angles → Two angles with a common side.
6. Example: ∠A and ∠B share side AB .
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7. Opposite Angles → Two angles that do not share a side and lie opposite.
8. Example: ∠A and ∠C.
9. Diagonals → Line segments joining opposite vertices.
10. Example: AC and BD .
👉 Types of Quadrilaterals:
- Square → all sides equal, all angles 90°.
- Rectangle → opposite sides equal, all angles 90°.
- Rhombus → all sides equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals perpendicular.
- Parallelogram → opposite sides parallel and equal.
- Trapezium → one pair of opposite sides parallel.
- Kite → two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
12. Convex and Concave Quadrilaterals
• Convex Quadrilateral
• All angles < 180°.
• Diagonals lie inside.
• Example: Square, Rectangle.
• Concave Quadrilateral
• One angle > 180°.
• One diagonal lies outside.
• Example: Dart shape.
13. Circle
• Set of all points at the same distance from a fixed point (center O).
👉 Parts of a Circle:
- Center (O) → fixed point.
- Radius (OA ) → line from center to circle.
- Diameter (AB ) → chord through center. (d = 2r)
- Chord (CD ) → line joining any two points on circle.
- Arc → curved part of circle.
- Sector → region between two radii and an arc.
- Minor Sector (smaller area).
- Major Sector (larger area).
- Segment → region between chord and arc.
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- Minor Segment (smaller part).
- Major Segment (larger part).
- Circumference → distance around the circle. (Perimeter of circle).
- Semi-circle → half of a circle, formed by a diameter.
👉 Properties:
- All radii are equal.
- Diameter = 2 × Radius.
- Longest chord = diameter.
- Circumference = 2πr .
- Area = πr 2 .
